Robustness of different pattern recognition methods is one of the key challenges in autonomous driving, especially when driving in the high variety of road environments and weather conditions, such as gravel roads and snowfall. Although one can collect data from these adverse conditions using cars equipped with sensors, it is quite tedious to annotate the data for training. In this work, we address this limitation and propose a CNN-based method that can leverage the steering wheel angle information to improve the road area semantic segmentation. As the steering wheel angle data can be easily acquired with the associated images, one could improve the accuracy of road area semantic segmentation by collecting data in new road environments without manual data annotation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach on two challenging data sets for autonomous driving and show that when the steering task is used in our segmentation model training, it leads to a 0.1-2.9% gain in the road area mIoU (mean Intersection over Union) compared to the corresponding reference transfer learning model.
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当标签稀缺时,域的适应性是使学习能够学习的重要任务。尽管大多数作品仅着眼于图像模式,但有许多重要的多模式数据集。为了利用多模式的域适应性,我们提出了跨模式学习,在这种学习中,我们通过相互模仿在两种模式的预测之间执行一致性。我们限制了我们的网络,以对未标记的目标域数据进行正确预测,并在标记的数据和跨模式的一致预测中进行预测。在无监督和半监督的域适应设置中进行的实验证明了这种新型域适应策略的有效性。具体而言,我们评估了从2D图像,3D点云或两者都从3D语义分割的任务进行评估。我们利用最近的驾驶数据集生产各种域名适应场景,包括场景布局,照明,传感器设置和天气以及合成到现实的设置的变化。我们的方法在所有适应方案上都显着改善了以前的单模式适应基线。我们的代码可在https://github.com/valeoai/xmuda_journal上公开获取
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Convolutional neural network-based approaches for semantic segmentation rely on supervision with pixel-level ground truth, but may not generalize well to unseen image domains. As the labeling process is tedious and labor intensive, developing algorithms that can adapt source ground truth labels to the target domain is of great interest. In this paper, we propose an adversarial learning method for domain adaptation in the context of semantic segmentation. Considering semantic segmentations as structured outputs that contain spatial similarities between the source and target domains, we adopt adversarial learning in the output space. To further enhance the adapted model, we construct a multi-level adversarial network to effectively perform output space domain adaptation at different feature levels. Extensive experiments and ablation study are conducted under various domain adaptation settings, including synthetic-to-real and cross-city scenarios. We show that the proposed method performs favorably against the stateof-the-art methods in terms of accuracy and visual quality.
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In this paper, we propose a unified panoptic segmentation network (UPSNet) for tackling the newly proposed panoptic segmentation task. On top of a single backbone residual network, we first design a deformable convolution based semantic segmentation head and a Mask R-CNN style instance segmentation head which solve these two subtasks simultaneously. More importantly, we introduce a parameter-free panoptic head which solves the panoptic segmentation via pixel-wise classification. It first leverages the logits from the previous two heads and then innovatively expands the representation for enabling prediction of an extra unknown class which helps better resolve the conflicts between semantic and instance segmentation. Additionally, it handles the challenge caused by the varying number of instances and permits back propagation to the bottom modules in an end-to-end manner. Extensive experimental results on Cityscapes, COCO and our internal dataset demonstrate that our UPSNet achieves stateof-the-art performance with much faster inference. Code has been made available at: https://github.com/ uber-research/UPSNet. * Equal contribution.† This work was done when Hengshuang Zhao was an intern at Uber ATG.
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Image segmentation is a key topic in image processing and computer vision with applications such as scene understanding, medical image analysis, robotic perception, video surveillance, augmented reality, and image compression, among many others. Various algorithms for image segmentation have been developed in the literature. Recently, due to the success of deep learning models in a wide range of vision applications, there has been a substantial amount of works aimed at developing image segmentation approaches using deep learning models. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature at the time of this writing, covering a broad spectrum of pioneering works for semantic and instance-level segmentation, including fully convolutional pixel-labeling networks, encoder-decoder architectures, multi-scale and pyramid based approaches, recurrent networks, visual attention models, and generative models in adversarial settings. We investigate the similarity, strengths and challenges of these deep learning models, examine the most widely used datasets, report performances, and discuss promising future research directions in this area.
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基于激光雷达的3D对象检测,语义分割和全景分段通常在具有独特架构的专业网络中实现,这些网络很难相互适应。本文介绍了Lidarmultinet,这是一个基于激光雷达的多任务网络,该网络统一了这三个主要的激光感知任务。在其许多好处中,多任务网络可以通过在多个任务中分享权重和计算来降低总成本。但是,与独立组合的单任务模型相比,它通常表现不佳。拟议的Lidarmultinet旨在弥合多任务网络和多个单任务网络之间的性能差距。 Lidarmultinet的核心是一个强大的基于3D Voxel的编码器架构,具有全局上下文池(GCP)模块,从激光雷达框架中提取全局上下文特征。特定于任务的头部添加在网络之上,以执行三个激光雷达感知任务。只需添加新的任务特定的头部,可以在引入几乎没有额外成本的同时,就可以实现更多任务。还提出了第二阶段来完善第一阶段的分割并生成准确的全景分割结果。 Lidarmultinet在Waymo Open数据集和Nuscenes数据集上进行了广泛的测试,这首先证明了主要的激光雷达感知任务可以统一在单个强大的网络中,该网络是经过训练的端到端,并实现了最先进的性能。值得注意的是,Lidarmultinet在Waymo Open数据集3D语义分割挑战2022中达到了最高的MIOU和最佳准确性,对于测试集中的22个类中的大多数,仅使用LIDAR点作为输入。它还为Waymo 3D对象检测基准和三个Nuscenes基准测试的单个模型设置了新的最新模型。
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在过去的十年中,多任务学习方法在解决全景驱动感知问题方面取得了令人鼓舞的结果,提供了高精度和高效效率。在为实时自动驾驶系统设计网络时,它已成为流行的范式,在该系统中,计算资源受到限制。本文提出了一个有效,有效的多任务学习网络,以同时执行交通对象检测,可驱动的道路区域细分和车道检测的任务。我们的模型以挑战性的BDD100K数据集的准确性和速度来实现新的最先进(SOTA)性能。特别是,与先前的SOTA模型相比,推理时间减少了一半。代码将在不久的将来发布。
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Semantic segmentation is a key problem for many computer vision tasks. While approaches based on convolutional neural networks constantly break new records on different benchmarks, generalizing well to diverse testing environments remains a major challenge. In numerous real world applications, there is indeed a large gap between data distributions in train and test domains, which results in severe performance loss at run-time. In this work, we address the task of unsupervised domain adaptation in semantic segmentation with losses based on the entropy of the pixel-wise predictions. To this end, we propose two novel, complementary methods using (i) an entropy loss and (ii) an adversarial loss respectively. We demonstrate state-of-theart performance in semantic segmentation on two challenging "synthetic-2-real" set-ups 1 and show that the approach can also be used for detection.
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交通场景边缘壳体的语义分割的鲁棒性是智能运输安全的重要因素。然而,交通事故的大多数关键场景都是非常动态和以前看不见的,这严重损害了语义分割方法的性能。另外,在高速驾驶期间传统相机的延迟将进一步降低时间尺寸中的上下文信息。因此,我们建议从基于事件的数据提取动态上下文,以更高的时间分辨率来增强静态RGB图像,即使对于来自运动模糊,碰撞,变形,翻转等的流量事故而言,此外,为评估分割交通事故中的性能,我们提供了一个像素 - 明智的注释事故数据集,即Dada-Seg,其中包含来自交通事故的各种临界情景。我们的实验表明,基于事件的数据可以通过在事故中保留快速移动的前景(碰撞物体)的微粒运动来提供互补信息以在不利条件下稳定语义分割。我们的方法在拟议的事故数据集中实现了+ 8.2%的性能增益,超过了20多种最先进的语义细分方法。已经证明该提案对于在多个源数据库中学到的模型,包括CityScapes,Kitti-360,BDD和Apolloscape的模型始终如一。
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The recently introduced panoptic segmentation task has renewed our community's interest in unifying the tasks of instance segmentation (for thing classes) and semantic segmentation (for stuff classes). However, current state-ofthe-art methods for this joint task use separate and dissimilar networks for instance and semantic segmentation, without performing any shared computation. In this work, we aim to unify these methods at the architectural level, designing a single network for both tasks. Our approach is to endow Mask R-CNN, a popular instance segmentation method, with a semantic segmentation branch using a shared Feature Pyramid Network (FPN) backbone. Surprisingly, this simple baseline not only remains effective for instance segmentation, but also yields a lightweight, topperforming method for semantic segmentation. In this work, we perform a detailed study of this minimally extended version of Mask R-CNN with FPN, which we refer to as Panoptic FPN, and show it is a robust and accurate baseline for both tasks. Given its effectiveness and conceptual simplicity, we hope our method can serve as a strong baseline and aid future research in panoptic segmentation.
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视频分析的图像分割在不同的研究领域起着重要作用,例如智能城市,医疗保健,计算机视觉和地球科学以及遥感应用。在这方面,最近致力于发展新的细分策略;最新的杰出成就之一是Panoptic细分。后者是由语义和实例分割的融合引起的。明确地,目前正在研究Panoptic细分,以帮助获得更多对视频监控,人群计数,自主驾驶,医学图像分析的图像场景的更细致的知识,以及一般对场景更深入的了解。为此,我们介绍了本文的首次全面审查现有的Panoptic分段方法,以获得作者的知识。因此,基于所采用的算法,应用场景和主要目标的性质,执行现有的Panoptic技术的明确定义分类。此外,讨论了使用伪标签注释新数据集的Panoptic分割。继续前进,进行消融研究,以了解不同观点的Panoptic方法。此外,讨论了适合于Panoptic分割的评估度量,并提供了现有解决方案性能的比较,以告知最先进的并识别其局限性和优势。最后,目前对主题技术面临的挑战和吸引不久的将来吸引相当兴趣的未来趋势,可以成为即将到来的研究研究的起点。提供代码的文件可用于:https://github.com/elharroussomar/awesome-panoptic-egation
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深度学习方法表明了遥感高空间分辨率(HSR)覆盖映射的有希望的结果。然而,城乡场景可以呈现完全不同的地理景观,以及这些算法的不充分性妨碍了城市级或国家级映射。大多数现有的HSR土地覆盖数据集主要推动学习语义表示的研究,从而忽略了模型可转移性。在本文中,我们介绍了陆地覆盖域自适应语义分割(Loveda)数据集以推进语义和可转让的学习。 Loveda DataSet包含5987个HSR图像,具有来自三个不同城市的166768个注释对象。与现有数据集相比,Loveda DataSet包含两个域名(城乡),由于:1)多尺度对象,带来了相当大的挑战; 2)复杂的背景样本; 3)类分布不一致。 Loveda DataSet适用于土地覆盖语义分段和无监督域适应(UDA)任务。因此,我们在11个语义分割方法和八种UDA方法上基准测试了Loveda DataSet。还进行了一些探索性研究,包括多规范架构和策略,额外的背景监督和伪标签分析,以解决这些挑战。代码和数据在https://github.com/junjue-wang/loveda获得。
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编码器 - 解码器模型已广泛用于RGBD语义分割,并且大多数通过双流网络设计。通常,共同推理RGBD的颜色和几何信息是有益的对语义分割。然而,大多数现有方法都无法全面地利用编码器和解码器中的多模式信息。在本文中,我们提出了一种用于RGBD语义细分的新型关注的双重监督解码器。在编码器中,我们设计一个简单但有效的关注的多模式融合模块,以提取和保险丝深度多级成对的互补信息。要了解更强大的深度表示和丰富的多模态信息,我们介绍了一个双分支解码器,以有效利用不同任务的相关性和互补线。在Nyudv2和Sun-RGBD数据集上的广泛实验表明,我们的方法达到了最先进的方法的卓越性能。
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LIDAR语义分割提供有关环境的3D语义信息,在其决策过程中为智能系统提供基本提示。深度神经网络正在实现这项任务的大型公共基准的最先进结果。不幸的是,找到概括井或适应其他域的模型,其中数据分布不同,仍然是一个重大挑战。这项工作解决了LIDAR语义分段模型的无监督域适应问题。我们的方法将新颖的想法结合在最新的最先进的方法之上,并产生了新的最先进的结果。我们提出了简单但有效的策略,以通过对齐输入空间的数据分布来减少域移位。此外,我们提出了一种基于学习的方法,使目标域的语义类的分布对准到源域。呈现的消融研究表明,每个部分如何促成最终表现。我们的策略显示在三个不同的域上运行的比较以前的域适应方法。
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我们建议利用模拟的潜力,以域的概括方式对现实世界自动驾驶场景的语义分割。对分割网络进行了训练,没有任何目标域数据,并在看不见的目标域进行了测试。为此,我们提出了一种新的域随机化和金字塔一致性的方法,以学习具有高推广性的模型。首先,我们建议使用辅助数据集以视觉外观的方式随机将合成图像随机化,以有效地学习域不变表示。其次,我们进一步在不同的“风格化”图像和图像中实施了金字塔一致性,以分别学习域不变和规模不变的特征。关于从GTA和合成对城市景观,BDD和Mapillary的概括进行了广泛的实验;而我们的方法比最新技术取得了卓越的成果。值得注意的是,我们的概括结果与最先进的模拟域适应方法相比甚至更好,甚至比在训练时访问目标域数据的结果。
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整体场景的理解对于自动机器的性能至关重要。在本文中,我们提出了一个新的端到端模型,用于共同执行语义细分和深度完成。最近的绝大多数方法已发展为独立任务的语义细分和深度完成。我们的方法取决于RGB和稀疏深度作为我们模型的输入,并产生密集的深度图和相应的语义分割图像。它由特征提取器,深度完成分支,语义分割分支和联合分支组成,该分支进一步处理语义和深度信息。在Virtual Kitti 2数据集上进行的实验,证明并提供了进一步的证据,即在多任务网络中将两个任务,语义细分和深度完成都结合在一起,可以有效地提高每个任务的性能。代码可从https://github.com/juanb09111/smantic Depth获得。
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关于驾驶场景图像的语义细分对于自动驾驶至关重要。尽管在白天图像上已经实现了令人鼓舞的性能,但由于暴露不足和缺乏标记的数据,夜间图像的性能不那么令人满意。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了一个称为双图像自动学习过滤器(拨号过滤器)的附加模块,以改善夜间驾驶条件下的语义分割,旨在利用不同照明下驾驶场景图像的内在特征。拨盘滤波器由两个部分组成,包括图像自适应处理模块(IAPM)和可学习的引导过滤器(LGF)。使用拨号过滤器,我们设计了无监督和有监督的框架,用于夜间驾驶场景细分,可以以端到端的方式进行培训。具体而言,IAPM模块由一个带有一组可区分图像过滤器的小型卷积神经网络组成,可以自适应地增强每个图像,以更好地相对于不同的照明。 LGF用于增强分割网络的输出以获得最终的分割结果。拨号过滤器轻巧有效,可以在白天和夜间图像中轻松应用它们。我们的实验表明,Dail过滤器可以显着改善ACDC_Night和Nightcity数据集的监督细分性能,而它展示了有关无监督的夜间夜间语义细分的最新性能,在黑暗的苏黎世和夜间驾驶测试床上。
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In unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA), a model trained on source data (e.g. synthetic) is adapted to target data (e.g. real-world) without access to target annotation. Most previous UDA methods struggle with classes that have a similar visual appearance on the target domain as no ground truth is available to learn the slight appearance differences. To address this problem, we propose a Masked Image Consistency (MIC) module to enhance UDA by learning spatial context relations of the target domain as additional clues for robust visual recognition. MIC enforces the consistency between predictions of masked target images, where random patches are withheld, and pseudo-labels that are generated based on the complete image by an exponential moving average teacher. To minimize the consistency loss, the network has to learn to infer the predictions of the masked regions from their context. Due to its simple and universal concept, MIC can be integrated into various UDA methods across different visual recognition tasks such as image classification, semantic segmentation, and object detection. MIC significantly improves the state-of-the-art performance across the different recognition tasks for synthetic-to-real, day-to-nighttime, and clear-to-adverse-weather UDA. For instance, MIC achieves an unprecedented UDA performance of 75.9 mIoU and 92.8% on GTA-to-Cityscapes and VisDA-2017, respectively, which corresponds to an improvement of +2.1 and +3.0 percent points over the previous state of the art. The implementation is available at https://github.com/lhoyer/MIC.
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多任务学习最近已成为对复杂场景的全面理解的有前途的解决方案。不仅具有适当设计的记忆效率,多任务模型都可以跨任务交换互补信号。在这项工作中,我们共同解决了2D语义分割,以及两个与几何相关的任务,即密集的深度,表面正常估计以及边缘估计,显示了它们对室内和室外数据集的好处。我们提出了一种新颖的多任务学习体系结构,该体系结构通过相关引导的注意力和自我注意力来利用配对的交叉任务交换,以增强所有任务的平均表示学习。我们考虑了三个多任务设置的广泛实验,与合成基准和真实基准中的竞争基准相比,我们的提案的好处。我们还将方法扩展到新型的多任务无监督域的适应设置。我们的代码可在https://github.com/cv-rits/densemtl上找到。
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本文提出了一种新颖的像素级分布正则化方案(DRSL),用于自我监督的语义分割域的适应性。在典型的环境中,分类损失迫使语义分割模型贪婪地学习捕获类间变化的表示形式,以确定决策(类)边界。由于域的转移,该决策边界在目标域中未对齐,从而导致嘈杂的伪标签对自我监督域的适应性产生不利影响。为了克服这一限制,以及捕获阶层间变化,我们通过类感知的多模式分布学习(MMDL)捕获了像素级内的类内变化。因此,捕获阶层内变化所需的信息与阶层间歧视所需的信息明确分开。因此,捕获的功能更具信息性,导致伪噪声低的伪标记。这种分离使我们能够使用前者的基于跨凝结的自学习,在判别空间和多模式分布空间中进行单独的对齐。稍后,我们通过明确降低映射到同一模式的目标和源像素之间的距离来提出一种新型的随机模式比对方法。距离度量标签上计算出的距离度量损失,并从多模式建模头部反向传播,充当与分割头共享的基本网络上的正常化程序。关于合成到真实域的适应设置的全面实验的结果,即GTA-V/Synthia to CityScapes,表明DRSL的表现优于许多现有方法(MIOU的最小余量为2.3%和2.5%,用于MIOU,而合成的MIOU到CityScapes)。
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