We propose that in order to harness our understanding of neuroscience toward machine learning, we must first have powerful tools for training brain-like models of learning. Although substantial progress has been made toward understanding the dynamics of learning in the brain, neuroscience-derived models of learning have yet to demonstrate the same performance capabilities as methods in deep learning such as gradient descent. Inspired by the successes of machine learning using gradient descent, we demonstrate that models of neuromodulated synaptic plasticity from neuroscience can be trained in Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) with a framework of learning to learn through gradient descent to address challenging online learning problems. This framework opens a new path toward developing neuroscience inspired online learning algorithms.
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突触塑性是神经网络中自我监管无监督学习的强大方法。最近利益的复苏已经在利用人工神经网络(ANNS)以及延期学习的突触可塑性方面开发。已经证明了可塑性来提高这些网络的学习能力在概括到新的环境环境。然而,这些训练有素的网络的长期稳定性尚未被检查。这项工作表明,利用ANN的可塑性导致不稳定于训练期间使用的预先指定的寿命。这种不稳定可以导致奖励寻求行为的戏剧性下降,或者快速导致到达环境终端状态。在许多训练时间范围内的两个不同环境中,这种行为被认为是在许多不同环境中的几种可塑性规则保持一致:推车极衡问题和四足球运动问题。我们通过使用尖刺神经元来提出这种不稳定性的解决方案。
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Understanding how biological neural networks carry out learning using spike-based local plasticity mechanisms can lead to the development of powerful, energy-efficient, and adaptive neuromorphic processing systems. A large number of spike-based learning models have recently been proposed following different approaches. However, it is difficult to assess if and how they could be mapped onto neuromorphic hardware, and to compare their features and ease of implementation. To this end, in this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of representative brain-inspired synaptic plasticity models and mixed-signal CMOS neuromorphic circuits within a unified framework. We review historical, bottom-up, and top-down approaches to modeling synaptic plasticity, and we identify computational primitives that can support low-latency and low-power hardware implementations of spike-based learning rules. We provide a common definition of a locality principle based on pre- and post-synaptic neuron information, which we propose as a fundamental requirement for physical implementations of synaptic plasticity. Based on this principle, we compare the properties of these models within the same framework, and describe the mixed-signal electronic circuits that implement their computing primitives, pointing out how these building blocks enable efficient on-chip and online learning in neuromorphic processing systems.
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为了在专门的神经形态硬件中进行节能计算,我们提出了尖峰神经编码,这是基于预测性编码理论的人工神经模型家族的实例化。该模型是同类模型,它是通过在“猜测和检查”的永无止境过程中运行的,神经元可以预测彼此的活动值,然后调整自己的活动以做出更好的未来预测。我们系统的互动性,迭代性质非常适合感官流预测的连续时间表述,并且如我们所示,模型的结构产生了局部突触更新规则,可以用来补充或作为在线峰值定位的替代方案依赖的可塑性。在本文中,我们对模型的实例化进行了实例化,该模型包括泄漏的集成和火灾单元。但是,我们系统所在的框架自然可以结合更复杂的神经元,例如Hodgkin-Huxley模型。我们在模式识别方面的实验结果证明了当二进制尖峰列车是通信间通信的主要范式时,模型的潜力。值得注意的是,尖峰神经编码在分类绩效方面具有竞争力,并且在从任务序列中学习时会降低遗忘,从而提供了更经济的,具有生物学上的替代品,可用于流行的人工神经网络。
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尖峰神经网络(SNN)引起了脑启发的人工智能和计算神经科学的广泛关注。它们可用于在多个尺度上模拟大脑中的生物信息处理。更重要的是,SNN是适当的抽象水平,可以将大脑和认知的灵感带入人工智能。在本文中,我们介绍了脑启发的认知智力引擎(Braincog),用于创建脑启发的AI和脑模拟模型。 Braincog将不同类型的尖峰神经元模型,学习规则,大脑区域等作为平台提供的重要模块。基于这些易于使用的模块,BrainCog支持各种受脑启发的认知功能,包括感知和学习,决策,知识表示和推理,运动控制和社会认知。这些受脑启发的AI模型已在各种受监督,无监督和强化学习任务上有效验证,并且可以用来使AI模型具有多种受脑启发的认知功能。为了进行大脑模拟,Braincog实现了决策,工作记忆,神经回路的结构模拟以及小鼠大脑,猕猴大脑和人脑的整个大脑结构模拟的功能模拟。一个名为BORN的AI引擎是基于Braincog开发的,它演示了如何将Braincog的组件集成并用于构建AI模型和应用。为了使科学追求解码生物智能的性质并创建AI,Braincog旨在提供必要且易于使用的构件,并提供基础设施支持,以开发基于脑部的尖峰神经网络AI,并模拟认知大脑在多个尺度上。可以在https://github.com/braincog-x上找到Braincog的在线存储库。
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短期可塑性(STP)是一种将腐烂记忆存储在大脑皮质突触中的机制。在计算实践中,已经使用了STP,但主要是在尖峰神经元的细分市场中,尽管理论预测它是对某些动态任务的最佳解决方案。在这里,我们提出了一种新型的经常性神经单元,即STP神经元(STPN),它确实实现了惊人的功能。它的关键机制是,突触具有一个状态,通过与偶然性的自我连接在时间上传播。该公式使能够通过时间返回传播来训练可塑性,从而导致一种学习在短期内学习和忘记的形式。 STPN的表现优于所有测试的替代方案,即RNN,LSTMS,其他具有快速重量和可区分可塑性的型号。我们在监督和强化学习(RL)以及协会​​检索,迷宫探索,Atari视频游戏和Mujoco Robotics等任务中证实了这一点。此外,我们计算出,在神经形态或生物电路中,STPN最大程度地减少了模型的能量消耗,因为它会动态降低个体突触。基于这些,生物学STP可能是一种强大的进化吸引子,可最大程度地提高效率和计算能力。现在,STPN将这些神经形态的优势带入了广泛的机器学习实践。代码可从https://github.com/neuromorphiccomputing/stpn获得
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The term ``neuromorphic'' refers to systems that are closely resembling the architecture and/or the dynamics of biological neural networks. Typical examples are novel computer chips designed to mimic the architecture of a biological brain, or sensors that get inspiration from, e.g., the visual or olfactory systems in insects and mammals to acquire information about the environment. This approach is not without ambition as it promises to enable engineered devices able to reproduce the level of performance observed in biological organisms -- the main immediate advantage being the efficient use of scarce resources, which translates into low power requirements. The emphasis on low power and energy efficiency of neuromorphic devices is a perfect match for space applications. Spacecraft -- especially miniaturized ones -- have strict energy constraints as they need to operate in an environment which is scarce with resources and extremely hostile. In this work we present an overview of early attempts made to study a neuromorphic approach in a space context at the European Space Agency's (ESA) Advanced Concepts Team (ACT).
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生物智能的主要特征之一是能源效率,持续适应能力以及通过不确定性量化的风险管理。到目前为止,神经形态工程主要是由实施节能机器从生物学大脑的基于时间的计算范式中获得灵感的目标的驱动。在本文中,我们采取了朝着设计神经形态系统设计的步骤,这些系统能够适应改变学习任务,同时产生良好的不确定性量化估计。为此,我们得出了在贝叶斯持续学习框架内尖峰神经网络(SNN)的在线学习规则。在其中,每个突触重量都由参数表示,这些参数量化了先验知识和观察到的数据引起的当前认知不确定性。提出的在线规则在观察到数据时以流方式更新分布参数。我们实例化了实用值和二元突触权重的建议方法。使用英特尔熔岩平台的实验结果表明,贝叶斯在适应能力和不确定性定量方面的经常学习优点。
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这项研究提出了依赖电压突触可塑性(VDSP),这是一种新型的脑启发的无监督的本地学习规则,用于在线实施HEBB对神经形态硬件的可塑性机制。拟议的VDSP学习规则仅更新了突触后神经元的尖峰的突触电导,这使得相对于标准峰值依赖性可塑性(STDP)的更新数量减少了两倍。此更新取决于突触前神经元的膜电位,该神经元很容易作为神经元实现的一部分,因此不需要额外的存储器来存储。此外,该更新还对突触重量进行了正规化,并防止重复刺激时的重量爆炸或消失。进行严格的数学分析以在VDSP和STDP之间达到等效性。为了验证VDSP的系统级性能,我们训练一个单层尖峰神经网络(SNN),以识别手写数字。我们报告85.01 $ \ pm $ 0.76%(平均$ \ pm $ s.d。)对于MNIST数据集中的100个输出神经元网络的精度。在缩放网络大小时,性能会提高(400个输出神经元的89.93 $ \ pm $ 0.41%,500个神经元为90.56 $ \ pm $ 0.27),这验证了大规模计算机视觉任务的拟议学习规则的适用性。有趣的是,学习规则比STDP更好地适应输入信号的频率,并且不需要对超参数进行手动调整。
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神经形态数据携带由尖峰编码的时空模式的信息。因此,神经形态计算中的核心问题是训练尖峰神经网络(SNNS)以再现时加速时空尖峰图案响应于给定的尖刺刺激。通过将每个输入分配给特定期望的输出尖刺序列,大多数现有方法通过分配每个输入来模拟SNN的输入输出行为。相比之下,为了充分利用尖峰的时间编码能力,这项工作建议训练SNN,以匹配尖刺信号的分布而不是单独的尖峰信号。为此,本文介绍了一种新颖的混合架构,包括通过SNN实现的条件发生器,以及由传统人工神经网络(ANN)实现的鉴别器。 ANN的作用是在遵循生成的对抗网络(GANS)原则的对抗迭代学习策略中对SNN的培训期间提供反馈。为了更好地捕获多模态的时空分布,所提出的方法被称为Spikegan - 进一步扩展到支持发电机重量的贝叶斯学习。最后,通过提出Spikegan的在线元学习变量来解决具有时变统计数据的设置。实验与基于(静态)信念网络的现有解决方案相比,对所提出的方法的优点带来了洞察的洞察力,以及最大可能性(或经验风险最小化)。
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最近的研究表明,卷积神经网络(CNNS)不是图像分类的唯一可行的解决方案。此外,CNN中使用的重量共享和反向验证不对应于预测灵长类动物视觉系统中存在的机制。为了提出更加生物合理的解决方案,我们设计了使用峰值定时依赖性塑性(STDP)和其奖励调制变体(R-STDP)学习规则训练的本地连接的尖峰神经网络(SNN)。使用尖刺神经元和局部连接以及强化学习(RL)将我们带到了所提出的架构中的命名法生物网络。我们的网络由速率编码的输入层组成,后跟局部连接的隐藏层和解码输出层。采用尖峰群体的投票方案进行解码。我们使用Mnist DataSet获取图像分类准确性,并评估我们有益于于不同目标响应的奖励系统的稳健性。
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在Meta-Learning中,网络培训了外部算法,以学习需要获取,存储和利用任务的每个新实例的不可预测信息的任务。然而,由于其演进的神经结构和突触塑性机制,动物能够自动拾取这种认知任务。在这里,我们发展了神经网络,基于神经科学建模框架的一组相当简单的元学习任务,赋予了神经网络。由此产生的进化网络可以通过其进化的神经组织和可塑性结构的自发操作自动获取新的简单认知任务。我们建议参加自然学习中涉及的多数循环可能会对智能行为的出现提供有用的见解。
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We propose a novel backpropagation algorithm for training spiking neural networks (SNNs) that encodes information in the relative multiple spike timing of individual neurons without single-spike restrictions. The proposed algorithm inherits the advantages of conventional timing-based methods in that it computes accurate gradients with respect to spike timing, which promotes ideal temporal coding. Unlike conventional methods where each neuron fires at most once, the proposed algorithm allows each neuron to fire multiple times. This extension naturally improves the computational capacity of SNNs. Our SNN model outperformed comparable SNN models and achieved as high accuracy as non-convolutional artificial neural networks. The spike count property of our networks was altered depending on the time constant of the postsynaptic current and the membrane potential. Moreover, we found that there existed the optimal time constant with the maximum test accuracy. That was not seen in conventional SNNs with single-spike restrictions on time-to-fast-spike (TTFS) coding. This result demonstrates the computational properties of SNNs that biologically encode information into the multi-spike timing of individual neurons. Our code would be publicly available.
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尖峰神经网络(SNN)被认为是执行各种学习任务的透视基础 - 无监督,监督和强化学习。通过突触可塑性实施SNN的学习 - 根据通常和突触后神经元的活性确定突触权重的规则。各种学习制度的多样性假设不同形式的突触可塑性可能是最有效的,例如,无监督和监督学习,因为它在生活神经元中观察到了从基本尖峰定时依赖性塑性(STDP)模型的许多偏差。在本文中,我们向无监督学习问题施加的可塑性规则制定具体要求,并构建新的可塑性模型概括STDP并满足这些要求。这种可塑性模型作为本工作中提出的新型监督学习算法的主要逻辑组成部分,称为Scobul(基于尖峰相关的学习)。我们还介绍了确认这些突触塑性规则和算法Scobul效率的计算机仿真实验结果。
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Synaptic plasticity allows cortical circuits to learn new tasks and to adapt to changing environments. How do cortical circuits use plasticity to acquire functions such as decision-making or working memory? Neurons are connected in complex ways, forming recurrent neural networks, and learning modifies the strength of their connections. Moreover, neurons communicate emitting brief discrete electric signals. Here we describe how to train recurrent neural networks in tasks like those used to train animals in neuroscience laboratories, and how computations emerge in the trained networks. Surprisingly, artificial networks and real brains can use similar computational strategies.
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我们提出了Memprop,即采用基于梯度的学习来培训完全的申请尖峰神经网络(MSNNS)。我们的方法利用固有的设备动力学来触发自然产生的电压尖峰。这些由回忆动力学发出的尖峰本质上是类似物,因此完全可区分,这消除了尖峰神经网络(SNN)文献中普遍存在的替代梯度方法的需求。回忆性神经网络通常将备忘录集成为映射离线培训网络的突触,或者以其他方式依靠关联学习机制来训练候选神经元的网络。相反,我们直接在循环神经元和突触的模拟香料模型上应用了通过时间(BPTT)训练算法的反向传播。我们的实现是完全的综合性,因为突触重量和尖峰神经元都集成在电阻RAM(RRAM)阵列上,而无需其他电路来实现尖峰动态,例如模数转换器(ADCS)或阈值比较器。结果,高阶电物理效应被充分利用,以在运行时使用磁性神经元的状态驱动动力学。通过朝着非同一梯度的学习迈进,我们在以前报道的几个基准上的轻巧密集的完全MSNN中获得了高度竞争的准确性。
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Spiking neural networks (SNN) are a viable alternative to conventional artificial neural networks when energy efficiency and computational complexity are of importance. A major advantage of SNNs is their binary information transfer through spike trains. The training of SNN has, however, been a challenge, since neuron models are non-differentiable and traditional gradient-based backpropagation algorithms cannot be applied directly. Furthermore, spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), albeit being a spike-based learning rule, updates weights locally and does not optimize for the output error of the network. We present desire backpropagation, a method to derive the desired spike activity of neurons from the output error. The loss function can then be evaluated locally for every neuron. Incorporating the desire values into the STDP weight update leads to global error minimization and increasing classification accuracy. At the same time, the neuron dynamics and computational efficiency of STDP are maintained, making it a spike-based supervised learning rule. We trained three-layer networks to classify MNIST and Fashion-MNIST images and reached an accuracy of 98.41% and 87.56%, respectively. Furthermore, we show that desire backpropagation is computationally less complex than backpropagation in traditional neural networks.
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穗状花序的神经形状硬件占据了深度神经网络(DNN)的更节能实现的承诺,而不是GPU的标准硬件。但这需要了解如何在基于事件的稀疏触发制度中仿真DNN,否则能量优势丢失。特别地,解决序列处理任务的DNN通常采用难以使用少量尖峰效仿的长短期存储器(LSTM)单元。我们展示了许多生物神经元的面部,在每个尖峰后缓慢的超积极性(AHP)电流,提供了有效的解决方案。 AHP电流可以轻松地在支持多舱神经元模型的神经形状硬件中实现,例如英特尔的Loihi芯片。滤波近似理论解释为什么AHP-Neurons可以模拟LSTM单元的功能。这产生了高度节能的时间序列分类方法。此外,它为实现了非常稀疏的大量大型DNN来实现基础,这些大型DNN在文本中提取单词和句子之间的关系,以便回答有关文本的问题。
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由于它们的低能量消耗,对神经形态计算设备上的尖刺神经网络(SNNS)越来越兴趣。最近的进展使培训SNNS在精度方面开始与传统人工神经网络(ANNS)进行竞争,同时在神经胸壁上运行时的节能。然而,培训SNNS的过程仍然基于最初为ANNS开发的密集的张量操作,这不利用SNN的时空稀疏性质。我们在这里介绍第一稀疏SNN BackPropagation算法,该算法与最新的现有技术实现相同或更好的准确性,同时显着更快,更高的记忆力。我们展示了我们对不同复杂性(时尚 - MNIST,神经影像学 - MNIST和Spiking Heidelberg数字的真实数据集的有效性,在不失精度的情况下实现了高达150倍的后向通行证的加速,而不会减少精度。
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Emergence of deep neural networks (DNNs) has raised enormous attention towards artificial neural networks (ANNs) once again. They have become the state-of-the-art models and have won different machine learning challenges. Although these networks are inspired by the brain, they lack biological plausibility, and they have structural differences compared to the brain. Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have been around for a long time, and they have been investigated to understand the dynamics of the brain. However, their application in real-world and complicated machine learning tasks were limited. Recently, they have shown great potential in solving such tasks. Due to their energy efficiency and temporal dynamics there are many promises in their future development. In this work, we reviewed the structures and performances of SNNs on image classification tasks. The comparisons illustrate that these networks show great capabilities for more complicated problems. Furthermore, the simple learning rules developed for SNNs, such as STDP and R-STDP, can be a potential alternative to replace the backpropagation algorithm used in DNNs.
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