我们提出了一种自制算法,以从以自我为中心的视频数据中学习表示形式。最近,已经做出了重大努力,以捕捉人类在日常活动中与自己的环境进行互动。结果,已经出现了几个大型的以相互作用的多模式数据的自我为中心的数据集。但是,来自视频的学习表征可能具有挑战性。首先,鉴于长期连续视频的未经保育性质,学习有效表示需要专注于互动的时间。其次,日常活动的视觉表示应对环境状态的变化敏感。但是,当前成功的多模式学习框架鼓励随着时间的推移表示代表。为了应对这些挑战,我们利用音频信号来确定有利于更好学习的可能相互作用的时刻。我们还提出了一个新颖的自我监督目标,该目标从相互作用引起的听觉状态变化中学习。我们在两个大规模的中心数据集(Epic-Kitchens-100和最近发布的EGO4D)上广泛验证了这些贡献,并显示了几个下游任务的改进,包括行动识别,长期行动预期和对象状态变化分类。
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尽管视频自我监督的学习模型最近取得了成功,但关于它们的概括能力仍然有很多了解。在本文中,我们研究了敏感的视频自我监督学习对当前常规基准的方式以及方法是否超出规范评估设置的概括。我们在敏感性的四个不同因素上做到这一点:域,样本,动作和任务。我们的研究包括7个视频数据集,9种自学方法和6种视频理解任务的500多个实验,揭示了视频自我监督学习中的当前基准测试不是沿这些敏感性因素的概括指标。此外,我们发现自我监督的方法在香草的监督前训练后落后,尤其是当域移动较大并且可用下游样品的量很低时。从我们的分析中,我们将严重的基准测试(实验的一个子集)提炼出来,并讨论其对评估现有和未来自我监督视频学习方法获得的表示的普遍性的意义。
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我们呈现了一个用于学习视听表示的自我监督的框架。在我们的框架中引入了一种小说概念,其中除了学习模态和标准的“同步的”跨模型关系之外,riscross也会学习“异步”的跨模式关系。我们展示通过放松音频和视觉模态之间的时间同步性,网络了解强劲的时间不变的表示。我们的实验表明,音频和视觉方式的强大增强,可放松交叉模态时间同步优化性能。要预先绘制我们提出的框架,我们使用具有不同大小,动力学,动力学-400和augioset的不同数据集。学习的表示是在许多下游任务中评估的,即行动识别,声音分类和检索。 Crisscross显示了动作识别的最先进的性能(UCF101和HMDB51)和声音分类(ESC50)。将公开可用的代码和预赠品模型。
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Visual and audio modalities are highly correlated, yet they contain different information. Their strong correlation makes it possible to predict the semantics of one from the other with good accuracy. Their intrinsic differences make cross-modal prediction a potentially more rewarding pretext task for self-supervised learning of video and audio representations compared to within-modality learning. Based on this intuition, we propose Cross-Modal Deep Clustering (XDC), a novel selfsupervised method that leverages unsupervised clustering in one modality (e.g., audio) as a supervisory signal for the other modality (e.g., video). This cross-modal supervision helps XDC utilize the semantic correlation and the differences between the two modalities. Our experiments show that XDC outperforms single-modality clustering and other multi-modal variants. XDC achieves state-of-the-art accuracy among self-supervised methods on multiple video and audio benchmarks. Most importantly, our video model pretrained on large-scale unlabeled data significantly outperforms the same model pretrained with full-supervision on ImageNet and Kinetics for action recognition on HMDB51 and UCF101. To the best of our knowledge, XDC is the first self-supervised learning method that outperforms large-scale fully-supervised pretraining for action recognition on the same architecture.
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There is a natural correlation between the visual and auditive elements of a video. In this work we leverage this connection to learn general and effective models for both audio and video analysis from self-supervised temporal synchronization. We demonstrate that a calibrated curriculum learning scheme, a careful choice of negative examples, and the use of a contrastive loss are critical ingredients to obtain powerful multi-sensory representations from models optimized to discern temporal synchronization of audio-video pairs. Without further finetuning, the resulting audio features achieve performance superior or comparable to the state-of-the-art on established audio classification benchmarks (DCASE2014 and ESC-50). At the same time, our visual subnet provides a very effective initialization to improve the accuracy of video-based action recognition models: compared to learning from scratch, our self-supervised pretraining yields a remarkable gain of +19.9% in action recognition accuracy on UCF101 and a boost of +17.7% on HMDB51.
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我们提出了MACLR,这是一种新颖的方法,可显式执行从视觉和运动方式中学习的跨模式自我监督的视频表示。与以前的视频表示学习方法相比,主要关注学习运动线索的研究方法是隐含的RGB输入,MACLR丰富了RGB视频片段的标准对比度学习目标,具有运动途径和视觉途径之间的跨模式学习目标。我们表明,使用我们的MACLR方法学到的表示形式更多地关注前景运动区域,因此可以更好地推广到下游任务。为了证明这一点,我们在五个数据集上评估了MACLR,以进行动作识别和动作检测,并在所有数据集上展示最先进的自我监督性能。此外,我们表明MACLR表示可以像在UCF101和HMDB51行动识别的全面监督下所学的表示一样有效,甚至超过了对Vidsitu和SSV2的行动识别的监督表示,以及对AVA的动作检测。
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在Enocentric视频中,行动在快速连续中发生。我们利用了行动的时间背景,并提出了一种学习参加周围行动的方法,以提高识别性能。为了纳入时间上下文,我们提出了一种基于变换器的多模式模型,可将视频和音频作为输入模式摄取,具有显式语言模型,提供动作序列上下文来增强预测。我们在史诗厨房和EGTEA数据集上测试我们的方法,报告最先进的性能。我们的消融展示了利用时间上下文的优势以及将音频输入模态和语言模型结合到Rescore预测。代码和模型在:https://github.com/ekazakos/mtcn。
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The remarkable success of deep learning in various domains relies on the availability of large-scale annotated datasets. However, obtaining annotations is expensive and requires great effort, which is especially challenging for videos. Moreover, the use of human-generated annotations leads to models with biased learning and poor domain generalization and robustness. As an alternative, self-supervised learning provides a way for representation learning which does not require annotations and has shown promise in both image and video domains. Different from the image domain, learning video representations are more challenging due to the temporal dimension, bringing in motion and other environmental dynamics. This also provides opportunities for video-exclusive ideas that advance self-supervised learning in the video and multimodal domain. In this survey, we provide a review of existing approaches on self-supervised learning focusing on the video domain. We summarize these methods into four different categories based on their learning objectives: 1) pretext tasks, 2) generative learning, 3) contrastive learning, and 4) cross-modal agreement. We further introduce the commonly used datasets, downstream evaluation tasks, insights into the limitations of existing works, and the potential future directions in this area.
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最近的动作识别模型通过整合对象,其位置和互动来取得令人印象深刻的结果。但是,为每个框架获得密集的结构化注释是乏味且耗时的,使这些方法的训练昂贵且可扩展性较低。同时,如果可以在感兴趣的域内或之外使用一小部分带注释的图像,我们如何将它们用于下游任务的视频?我们提出了一个学习框架的结构(简称SVIT),该结构证明了仅在训练过程中仅可用的少量图像的结构才能改善视频模型。 SVIT依靠两个关键见解。首先,由于图像和视频都包含结构化信息,因此我们用一组\ emph {对象令牌}丰富了一个可以在图像和视频中使用的\ emph {对象令牌}的模型。其次,视频中各个帧的场景表示应与静止图像的场景表示“对齐”。这是通过\ emph {frame-clip一致性}损失来实现的,该损失可确保图像和视频之间结构化信息的流动。我们探索场景结构的特定实例化,即\ emph {手对象图},由手和对象组成,其位置为节点,以及触点/no-contact的物理关系作为边缘。 SVIT在多个视频理解任务和数据集上显示出强烈的性能改进;它在EGO4D CVPR'22对象状态本地化挑战中赢得了第一名。对于代码和预算模型,请访问\ url {https://eladb3.github.io/svit/}的项目页面
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Videos are a rich source of multi-modal supervision. In this work, we learn representations using self-supervision by leveraging three modalities naturally present in videos: visual, audio and language streams. To this end, we introduce the notion of a multimodal versatile network -a network that can ingest multiple modalities and whose representations enable downstream tasks in multiple modalities. In particular, we explore how best to combine the modalities, such that fine-grained representations of the visual and audio modalities can be maintained, whilst also integrating text into a common embedding. Driven by versatility, we also introduce a novel process of deflation, so that the networks can be effortlessly applied to the visual data in the form of video or a static image. We demonstrate how such networks trained on large collections of unlabelled video data can be applied on video, video-text, image and audio tasks. Equipped with these representations, we obtain state-of-the-art performance on multiple challenging benchmarks including UCF101, HMDB51, Kinetics600, Audioset and ESC-50 when compared to previous self-supervised work. Our models are publicly available [1, 2, 3]. * Equal contribution. † Work done during an internship at DeepMind. 34th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2020),
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The objective of this paper is visual-only self-supervised video representation learning. We make the following contributions: (i) we investigate the benefit of adding semantic-class positives to instance-based Info Noise Contrastive Estimation (In-foNCE) training, showing that this form of supervised contrastive learning leads to a clear improvement in performance; (ii) we propose a novel self-supervised co-training scheme to improve the popular infoNCE loss, exploiting the complementary information from different views, RGB streams and optical flow, of the same data source by using one view to obtain positive class samples for the other; (iii) we thoroughly evaluate the quality of the learnt representation on two different downstream tasks: action recognition and video retrieval. In both cases, the proposed approach demonstrates state-of-the-art or comparable performance with other self-supervised approaches, whilst being significantly more efficient to train, i.e. requiring far less training data to achieve similar performance.
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这项工作提出了一个名为TEG的自我监督的学习框架,探讨学习视频表示中的时间粒度。在TEG中,我们从视频中抽出一个长剪辑,以及在长夹内部的短夹。然后我们提取密集的时间嵌入品。培训目标由两部分组成:一个细粒度的时间学习目的,以最大化短夹和长剪辑中的相应时间嵌入之间的相似性,以及持续的时间学习目标,以将两个剪辑的全局嵌入在一起。我们的研究揭示了时间粒度与三个主要发现的影响。 1)不同的视频任务可能需要不同时间粒度的特征。 2)有趣的是,广泛认为需要时间感知的一些任务实际上可以通过时间持久的功能来解决。 3)TEG的灵活性对8个视频基准测试产生最先进的结果,在大多数情况下优于监督预训练。
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现代自我监督的学习算法通常强制执行跨视图实例的表示的持久性。虽然非常有效地学习整体图像和视频表示,但这种方法成为在视频中学习时空时间细粒度的特征的子最优,其中场景和情况通过空间和时间演变。在本文中,我们介绍了上下文化的时空对比学习(Const-CL)框架,以利用自我监督有效学习时空时间细粒度的表示。我们首先设计一种基于区域的自我监督的借口任务,该任务要求模型从一个视图中学习将实例表示转换为上下文特征的另一个视图。此外,我们介绍了一个简单的网络设计,有效地调和了整体和本地表示的同时学习过程。我们评估我们对各种下游任务和CONST-CL的学习表现,实现了四个数据集的最先进结果。对于时空行动本地化,Const-CL可以使用AVA-Kinetics验证集的检测到框实现39.4%的地图和30.5%地图。对于对象跟踪,Const-CL在OTB2015上实现了78.1%的精度和55.2%的成功分数。此外,Const-CL分别在视频动作识别数据集,UCF101和HMDB51上实现了94.8%和71.9%的前1个微调精度。我们计划向公众发布我们的代码和模型。
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区分动作是按预期执行的,还是预期的动作失败是人类不仅具有的重要技能,而且对于在人类环境中运行的智能系统也很重要。但是,由于缺乏带注释的数据,认识到一项行动是无意的还是预期的,是否会失败。尽管可以在互联网中发现无意或失败动作的视频,但高注释成本是学习网络的主要瓶颈。因此,在这项工作中,我们研究了对无意采取行动预测的自学代表学习的问题。虽然先前的作品学习基于本地时间社区的表示形式,但我们表明需要视频的全局上下文来学习三个下游任务的良好表示:无意的动作分类,本地化和预期。在补充材料中,我们表明学习的表示形式也可用于检测视频中的异常情况。
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我们建议探索一个称为视听分割(AVS)的新问题,其中的目标是输出在图像帧时产生声音的对象的像素级映射。为了促进这项研究,我们构建了第一个视频分割基准(AVSBENCH),为声音视频中的声音对象提供像素的注释。使用此基准测试了两个设置:1)具有单个声源的半监督音频分割和2)完全监督的音频段段,并带有多个声源。为了解决AVS问题,我们提出了一种新颖的方法,该方法使用时间像素的视听相互作用模块注入音频语义作为视觉分割过程的指导。我们还设计正规化损失,以鼓励训练期间的视听映射。 AVSBench上的定量和定性实验将我们的方法与相关任务中的几种现有方法进行了比较,这表明所提出的方法有望在音频和像素视觉语义之间建立桥梁。代码可从https://github.com/opennlplab/avsbench获得。
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在本文中,我们考虑了视听同步的问题应用于视频`in-wild'(即,超越语音的一般类)。作为一项新任务,我们识别并策划具有高视听相关性的测试集,即VGG-SOCK SYNC。我们比较了一些专门设计的基于变压器的架构变体,用于模拟任意长度的音频和视觉信号,同时显着降低训练期间的内存要求。我们进一步对策划数据集进行了深入的分析,并定义了开放域视听同步的评估度量。我们在标准唇读语音基准测试中应用我们的方法,LRS2和LRS3,在各个方面的消融。最后,我们在新的VGG-SOCKC SYNC视频数据集中设置了与超过160个不同类别的通用视听同步的第一个基准。在所有情况下,我们所提出的模型通过显着的保证金优于以前的最先进。
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Humans perceive the world by concurrently processing and fusing high-dimensional inputs from multiple modalities such as vision and audio. Machine perception models, in stark contrast, are typically modality-specific and optimised for unimodal benchmarks, and hence late-stage fusion of final representations or predictions from each modality (`late-fusion') is still a dominant paradigm for multimodal video classification. Instead, we introduce a novel transformer based architecture that uses `fusion bottlenecks' for modality fusion at multiple layers. Compared to traditional pairwise self-attention, our model forces information between different modalities to pass through a small number of bottleneck latents, requiring the model to collate and condense the most relevant information in each modality and only share what is necessary. We find that such a strategy improves fusion performance, at the same time reducing computational cost. We conduct thorough ablation studies, and achieve state-of-the-art results on multiple audio-visual classification benchmarks including Audioset, Epic-Kitchens and VGGSound. All code and models will be released.
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最近的自我监督视频表示学习方法通​​过探索视频的基本属性,例如探讨了视频的基本属性。速度,时间顺序等。这项工作利用了一个必不可少的视频,\ Texit {视频连续性}的必要性,以获取自我监督表示学习的监督信号。具体而言,我们制定了三个新的连续性相关的借口任务,即连续性理由,不连续的本地化和缺失部分近似,该近似地监督用于视频表示学习的共享骨干。这种自我监督方法被称为连续性感知网络(CPNet),解决了三个任务,并鼓励骨干网络学习本地和长距离的运动和情境表示。它在多个下游任务中优于现有技术,例如动作识别,视频检索和动作定位。另外,视频连续性可以与其他粗粒度视频属性互补,用于表示学习的其他粗粒视频属性,并将所提出的借口任务集成到现有技术中,可以产生很大的性能增益。
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We present a self-supervised Contrastive Video Representation Learning (CVRL) method to learn spatiotemporal visual representations from unlabeled videos. Our representations are learned using a contrastive loss, where two augmented clips from the same short video are pulled together in the embedding space, while clips from different videos are pushed away. We study what makes for good data augmentations for video self-supervised learning and find that both spatial and temporal information are crucial. We carefully design data augmentations involving spatial and temporal cues. Concretely, we propose a temporally consistent spatial augmentation method to impose strong spatial augmentations on each frame of the video while maintaining the temporal consistency across frames. We also propose a sampling-based temporal augmentation method to avoid overly enforcing invariance on clips that are distant in time. On Kinetics-600, a linear classifier trained on the representations learned by CVRL achieves 70.4% top-1 accuracy with a 3D-ResNet-50 (R3D-50) backbone, outperforming ImageNet supervised pre-training by 15.7% and SimCLR unsupervised pre-training by 18.8% using the same inflated R3D-50. The performance of CVRL can be further improved to 72.9% with a larger R3D-152 (2× filters) backbone, significantly closing the gap between unsupervised and supervised video representation learning. Our code and models will be available at https://github.com/tensorflow/models/tree/master/official/.
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尽管事实证明,视听表征适用于许多下游任务,但舞蹈视频的表示,这是更具体的,并且总是伴随着具有复杂听觉内容的音乐,但仍然具有挑战性且没有评估。考虑到舞者和音乐节奏的节奏运动之间的内在结合,我们介绍了Mudar,这是一个新颖的音乐舞蹈表示学习框架,以明确和隐性的方式执行音乐和舞蹈节奏的同步。具体而言,我们根据音乐节奏分析启发的视觉外观和运动提示得出舞蹈节奏。然后,视觉节奏在时间上与音乐对应物对齐,这些音乐由声音强度的幅度提取。同时,我们利用对比度学习在音频和视觉流中隐含的节奏的隐式连贯性。该模型通过预测视听对之间的时间一致性来学习关节嵌入。音乐舞蹈表示以及检测音频和视觉节奏的能力,可以进一步应用于三个下游任务:(a)舞蹈分类,(b)音乐舞蹈检索,以及(c)音乐舞蹈重新定位。广泛的实验表明,我们提出的框架以大幅度优于其他自我监督方法。
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