Recently, discrete latent variable models have received a surge of interest in both Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Computer Vision (CV), attributed to their comparable performance to the continuous counterparts in representation learning, while being more interpretable in their predictions. In this paper, we develop a topic-informed discrete latent variable model for semantic textual similarity, which learns a shared latent space for sentence-pair representation via vector quantization. Compared with previous models limited to local semantic contexts, our model can explore richer semantic information via topic modeling. We further boost the performance of semantic similarity by injecting the quantized representation into a transformer-based language model with a well-designed semantic-driven attention mechanism. We demonstrate, through extensive experiments across various English language datasets, that our model is able to surpass several strong neural baselines in semantic textual similarity tasks.

与伯特（Bert）等语言模型相比，已证明知识增强语言表示的预培训模型在知识基础构建任务（即〜关系提取）中更有效。这些知识增强的语言模型将知识纳入预训练中，以生成实体或关系的表示。但是，现有方法通常用单独的嵌入表示每个实体。结果，这些方法难以代表播出的实体和大量参数，在其基础代币模型之上（即〜变压器），必须使用，并且可以处理的实体数量为由于内存限制，实践限制。此外，现有模型仍然难以同时代表实体和关系。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了一个新的预培训模型，该模型分别从图书中学习实体和关系的表示形式，并分别在文本中跨越跨度。通过使用SPAN模块有效地编码跨度，我们的模型可以代表实体及其关系，但所需的参数比现有模型更少。我们通过从Wikipedia中提取的知识图对我们的模型进行了预训练，并在广泛的监督和无监督的信息提取任务上进行了测试。结果表明，我们的模型比基线学习对实体和关系的表现更好，而在监督的设置中，微调我们的模型始终优于罗伯塔，并在信息提取任务上取得了竞争成果。

最近，神经主题模型（NTMS）已纳入预训练的语言模型（PLM）中，以捕获用于文本摘要的全局语义信息。但是，在这些方法中，它们捕获和整合全局语义信息的方式仍然存在局限性。在本文中，我们提出了一个新颖的模型，即图形对比主题增强语言模型（GRETEL），该模型将图形对比主题模型与预训练的语言模型结合在一起，以充分利用长文档提取的全球和本地上下文语义摘要。为了更好地捕获并将全局语义信息纳入PLM，图形对比主题模型集成了层次变压器编码器和图形对比度学习，以从全局文档上下文和金摘要中融合语义信息。为此，Gretel鼓励该模型有效提取与黄金摘要有关的显着句子，而不是涵盖亚最佳主题的多余句子。对通用域和生物医学数据集的实验结果表明，我们所提出的方法优于SOTA方法。

本文对过去二十年来对自然语言生成（NLG）的研究提供了全面的审查，特别是与数据到文本生成和文本到文本生成深度学习方法有关，以及NLG的新应用技术。该调查旨在（a）给出关于NLG核心任务的最新综合，以及该领域采用的建筑;（b）详细介绍各种NLG任务和数据集，并提请注意NLG评估中的挑战，专注于不同的评估方法及其关系;（c）强调一些未来的强调和相对近期的研究问题，因为NLG和其他人工智能领域的协同作用而增加，例如计算机视觉，文本和计算创造力。

近年来，人们对开发自然语言处理（NLP）中可解释模型的利益越来越多。大多数现有模型旨在识别输入功能，例如对于模型预测而言重要的单词或短语。然而，在NLP中开发的神经模型通常以层次结构的方式构成单词语义，文本分类需要层次建模来汇总本地信息，以便处理主题和标签更有效地转移。因此，单词或短语的解释不能忠实地解释文本分类中的模型决策。本文提出了一种新型的层次解释性神经文本分类器，称为提示，该分类器可以自动以层次结构方式以标记相关主题的形式生成模型预测的解释。模型解释不再处于单词级别，而是基于主题作为基本语义单元。评论数据集和新闻数据集的实验结果表明，我们所提出的方法与现有最新的文本分类器相当地达到文本分类结果，并比其他可解释的神经文本更忠实于模型的预测和更好地理解人类的解释分类器。

Recent progress in pre-trained neural language models has significantly improved the performance of many natural language processing (NLP) tasks. In this paper we propose a new model architecture DeBERTa (Decoding-enhanced BERT with disentangled attention) that improves the BERT and RoBERTa models using two novel techniques. The first is the disentangled attention mechanism, where each word is represented using two vectors that encode its content and position, respectively, and the attention weights among words are computed using disentangled matrices on their contents and relative positions, respectively. Second, an enhanced mask decoder is used to incorporate absolute positions in the decoding layer to predict the masked tokens in model pre-training. In addition, a new virtual adversarial training method is used for fine-tuning to improve models' generalization. We show that these techniques significantly improve the efficiency of model pre-training and the performance of both natural language understand (NLU) and natural langauge generation (NLG) downstream tasks. Compared to RoBERTa-Large, a DeBERTa model trained on half of the training data performs consistently better on a wide range of NLP tasks, achieving improvements on MNLI by +0.9% (90.2% vs. 91.1%), on SQuAD v2.0 by +2.3% (88.4% vs. 90.7%) and RACE by +3.6% (83.2% vs. 86.8%). Notably, we scale up DeBERTa by training a larger version that consists of 48 Transform layers with 1.5 billion parameters. The significant performance boost makes the single DeBERTa model surpass the human performance on the SuperGLUE benchmark (Wang et al., 2019a) for the first time in terms of macro-average score (89.9 versus 89.8), and the ensemble DeBERTa model sits atop the SuperGLUE leaderboard as of January 6, 2021, outperforming the human baseline by a decent margin (90.3 versus 89.8). The pre-trained DeBERTa models and the source code were released at: https://github.com/microsoft/DeBERTa 1 .

The rapid advancement of AI technology has made text generation tools like GPT-3 and ChatGPT increasingly accessible, scalable, and effective. This can pose serious threat to the credibility of various forms of media if these technologies are used for plagiarism, including scientific literature and news sources. Despite the development of automated methods for paraphrase identification, detecting this type of plagiarism remains a challenge due to the disparate nature of the datasets on which these methods are trained. In this study, we review traditional and current approaches to paraphrase identification and propose a refined typology of paraphrases. We also investigate how this typology is represented in popular datasets and how under-representation of certain types of paraphrases impacts detection capabilities. Finally, we outline new directions for future research and datasets in the pursuit of more effective paraphrase detection using AI.

长篇小说（LSG）是自然语言处理中的垂灾目标之一。与大多数文本生成任务不同，LSG要求基于更短的文本输入输出丰富的内容的长话，并且通常存在信息稀疏性。在本文中，我们提出了\ emph {topnet}来缓解这个问题，通过利用神经主题建模的最新进步来获得高质量的骨架词来补充短输入。特别是，而不是直接生成故事，首先学会将简短的文本输入映射到低维主题分布（由主题模型预先分配）。基于此潜在主题分布，我们可以使用主题模型的重建解码器来对与故事的骨骼相互相关的单词序列。两个基准数据集的实验表明，我们的框架在骨架词选择中非常有效，在自动评估和人类评估中显着优于最先进的模型。

多文件摘要（MDS）是信息聚合的有效工具，它从与主题相关文档集群生成信息和简洁的摘要。我们的调查是，首先，系统地概述了最近的基于深度学习的MDS模型。我们提出了一种新的分类学，总结神经网络的设计策略，并进行全面的最先进的概要。我们突出了在现有文献中很少讨论的各种客观函数之间的差异。最后，我们提出了与这个新的和令人兴奋的领域有关的几个方向。

在过去的几年中，在各种文本生成任务中见证了各种自动编码器的优势。但是，由于文本的顺序性质，自动回归解码器倾向于忽略潜在变量，然后降低到简单的语言模型，称为KL消失的问题，当VAE与基于变压器的结构结合时，这将进一步恶化。为了改善这个问题，我们提出了一种新型变化变压器框架Della。德拉（Della）从较低层的层中得知一系列层的潜在变量，每个变量都从下层的层中推断出，并通过低级张量产品与隐藏状态紧密耦合。通过这种方式，Della强迫这些后部潜在变量将其与整个计算路径深入融合，从而结合了更多信息。从理论上讲，我们可以将我们的方法视为纠缠潜在变量，以避免通过层减少后验信息，从而使DELLA即使没有任何退火或阈值技巧，也可以使DELLA获得更高的非零KL值。与多个强大的基线相比，对四个无条件和三个条件生成任务的实验表明，Della可以更好地减轻KL消失并改善质量和多样性。

We introduce a new language representation model called BERT, which stands for Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers. Unlike recent language representation models (Peters et al., 2018a;Radford et al., 2018), BERT is designed to pretrain deep bidirectional representations from unlabeled text by jointly conditioning on both left and right context in all layers. As a result, the pre-trained BERT model can be finetuned with just one additional output layer to create state-of-the-art models for a wide range of tasks, such as question answering and language inference, without substantial taskspecific architecture modifications.BERT is conceptually simple and empirically powerful. It obtains new state-of-the-art results on eleven natural language processing tasks, including pushing the GLUE score to 80.5% (7.7% point absolute improvement), MultiNLI accuracy to 86.7% (4.6% absolute improvement), SQuAD v1.1 question answering Test F1 to 93.2 (1.5 point absolute improvement) and SQuAD v2.0 Test F1 to 83.1 (5.1 point absolute improvement).

近年来BERT显示明显的优势，在自然语言处理任务的巨大潜力。然而，培训和应用BERT需要计算上下文语言表示，这阻碍了它的普遍性和适用性密集的时间和资源。为了克服这个瓶颈，我们采用窗口屏蔽机制立正层提出了深刻的双向语言模型。这项工作计算上下文的语言表示，而没有随意屏蔽一样在BERT和保持深双向架构类似BERT。为了计算相同的句子表示，我们的方法显示出O（n）的复杂性相比少其他基于变压器的型号O（$ N ^ $ 2）。为了进一步显示其优越性，计算在CPU环境背景下的语言表述中进行，通过短信分类方面使用的嵌入，从所提出的方法，logistic回归显示更高的精度。 Moverover，所提出的方法也实现了语义相似任务显著更高的性能。

排名模型是信息检索系统的主要组成部分。排名的几种方法是基于传统的机器学习算法，使用一组手工制作的功能。最近，研究人员在信息检索中利用了深度学习模型。这些模型的培训结束于结束，以提取来自RAW数据的特征来排序任务，因此它们克服了手工制作功能的局限性。已经提出了各种深度学习模型，每个模型都呈现了一组神经网络组件，以提取用于排名的特征。在本文中，我们在不同方面比较文献中提出的模型，以了解每个模型的主要贡献和限制。在我们对文献的讨论中，我们分析了有前途的神经元件，并提出了未来的研究方向。我们还显示文档检索和其他检索任务之间的类比，其中排名的项目是结构化文档，答案，图像和视频。

建模法检索和检索作为预测问题最近被出现为法律智能的主要方法。专注于法律文章检索任务，我们展示了一个名为Lamberta的深度学习框架，该框架被设计用于民法代码，并在意大利民法典上专门培训。为了我们的知识，这是第一项研究提出了基于伯特（来自变压器的双向编码器表示）学习框架的意大利法律制度对意大利法律制度的高级法律文章预测的研究，最近引起了深度学习方法的增加，呈现出色的有效性在几种自然语言处理和学习任务中。我们通过微调意大利文章或其部分的意大利预先训练的意大利预先训练的伯爵来定义Lamberta模型，因为法律文章作为分类任务检索。我们Lamberta框架的一个关键方面是我们构思它以解决极端的分类方案，其特征在于课程数量大，少量学习问题，以及意大利法律预测任务的缺乏测试查询基准。为了解决这些问题，我们为法律文章的无监督标签定义了不同的方法，原则上可以应用于任何法律制度。我们提供了深入了解我们Lamberta模型的解释性和可解释性，并且我们对单一标签以及多标签评估任务进行了广泛的查询模板实验分析。经验证据表明了Lamberta的有效性，以及对广泛使用的深度学习文本分类器和一些构思的几次学习者来说，其优越性是对属性感知预测任务的优势。

尽管现有的机器阅读理解模型在许多数据集上取得了迅速的进展，但它们远非强劲。在本文中，我们提出了一个面向理解的机器阅读理解模型，以解决三种鲁棒性问题，这些问题过于敏感，稳定性和泛化。具体而言，我们首先使用自然语言推理模块来帮助模型了解输入问题的准确语义含义，以解决过度敏感性和稳定性的问题。然后，在机器阅读理解模块中，我们提出了一种记忆引导的多头注意方法，该方法可以进一步很好地理解输入问题和段落的语义含义。第三，我们提出了一种多语言学习机制来解决概括问题。最后，这些模块与基于多任务学习的方法集成在一起。我们在三个旨在衡量模型稳健性的基准数据集上评估了我们的模型，包括Dureader（健壮）和两个与小队相关的数据集。广泛的实验表明，我们的模型可以很好地解决上述三种鲁棒性问题。而且，即使在某些极端和不公平的评估下，它也比所有这些数据集中所有这些数据集的最先进模型的结果要好得多。我们工作的源代码可在以下网址获得：https：//github.com/neukg/robustmrc。

Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT; Devlin et al. 2019) represents the latest incarnation of pretrained language models which have recently advanced a wide range of natural language processing tasks. In this paper, we showcase how BERT can be usefully applied in text summarization and propose a general framework for both extractive and abstractive models. We introduce a novel document-level encoder based on BERT which is able to express the semantics of a document and obtain representations for its sentences. Our extractive model is built on top of this encoder by stacking several intersentence Transformer layers. For abstractive summarization, we propose a new fine-tuning schedule which adopts different optimizers for the encoder and the decoder as a means of alleviating the mismatch between the two (the former is pretrained while the latter is not). We also demonstrate that a two-staged fine-tuning approach can further boost the quality of the generated summaries. Experiments on three datasets show that our model achieves stateof-the-art results across the board in both extractive and abstractive settings. 1

The standard recurrent neural network language model (rnnlm) generates sentences one word at a time and does not work from an explicit global sentence representation. In this work, we introduce and study an rnn-based variational autoencoder generative model that incorporates distributed latent representations of entire sentences. This factorization allows it to explicitly model holistic properties of sentences such as style, topic, and high-level syntactic features. Samples from the prior over these sentence representations remarkably produce diverse and well-formed sentences through simple deterministic decoding. By examining paths through this latent space, we are able to generate coherent novel sentences that interpolate between known sentences. We present techniques for solving the difficult learning problem presented by this model, demonstrate its effectiveness in imputing missing words, explore many interesting properties of the model's latent sentence space, and present negative results on the use of the model in language modeling.

Text clustering and topic extraction are two important tasks in text mining. Usually, these two tasks are performed separately. For topic extraction to facilitate clustering, we can first project texts into a topic space and then perform a clustering algorithm to obtain clusters. To promote topic extraction by clustering, we can first obtain clusters with a clustering algorithm and then extract cluster-specific topics. However, this naive strategy ignores the fact that text clustering and topic extraction are strongly correlated and follow a chicken-and-egg relationship. Performing them separately fails to make them mutually benefit each other to achieve the best overall performance. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised text clustering and topic extraction framework (ClusTop) which integrates text clustering and topic extraction into a unified framework and can achieve high-quality clustering result and extract topics from each cluster simultaneously. Our framework includes four components: enhanced language model training, dimensionality reduction, clustering and topic extraction, where the enhanced language model can be viewed as a bridge between clustering and topic extraction. On one hand, it provides text embeddings with a strong cluster structure which facilitates effective text clustering; on the other hand, it pays high attention on the topic related words for topic extraction because of its self-attention architecture. Moreover, the training of enhanced language model is unsupervised. Experiments on two datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework and provide benchmarks for different model combinations in this framework.

Obtaining labelled data in a particular context could be expensive and time consuming. Although different algorithms, including unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, self-learning have been adopted, the performance of text classification varies with context. Given the lack of labelled dataset, we proposed a novel and simple unsupervised text classification model to classify cargo content in international shipping industry using the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) codes. Our method stems from representing words using pretrained Glove Word Embeddings and finding the most likely label using Cosine Similarity. To compare unsupervised text classification model with supervised classification, we also applied several Transformer models to classify cargo content. Due to lack of training data, the SITC numerical codes and the corresponding textual descriptions were used as training data. A small number of manually labelled cargo content data was used to evaluate the classification performances of the unsupervised classification and the Transformer based supervised classification. The comparison reveals that unsupervised classification significantly outperforms Transformer based supervised classification even after increasing the size of the training dataset by 30%. Lacking training data is a key bottleneck that prohibits deep learning models (such as Transformers) from successful practical applications. Unsupervised classification can provide an alternative efficient and effective method to classify text when there is scarce training data.

多语言语言模型（\ mllms），如mbert，xlm，xlm-r，\ textit {etc。}已成为一种可行的选择，使预先估计到大量语言的力量。鉴于他们的成功在零射击转移学习中，在（i）建立更大的\ mllms〜覆盖了大量语言（ii）创建覆盖更广泛的任务和语言来评估的详尽工作基准mllms〜（iii）分析单音零点，零拍摄交叉和双语任务（iv）对Monolingual的性能，了解\ mllms〜（v）增强（通常）学习的通用语言模式（如果有的话）有限的容量\ mllms〜以提高他们在已见甚至看不见语言的表现。在这项调查中，我们审查了现有的文学，涵盖了上述与\ MLLMS有关的广泛研究领域。根据我们的调查，我们建议您有一些未来的研究方向。