我们解决了视频动作识别的数据增强问题。视频中的标准增强策略是手工设计的,并随机对可能的增强数据点的空间进行采样,而不知道哪个增强点会更好,或者是通过启发式方法会更好。我们建议学习是什么使良好的视频供行动识别,并仅选择高质量的样本进行增强。特别是,我们选择前景和背景视频的视频合成作为数据增强过程,从而导致各种新样本。我们了解了哪对视频要增加,而无需实际综合它们。这降低了可能的增强空间,这具有两个优势:它节省了计算成本并提高了最终训练的分类器的准确性,因为增强对的质量高于平均水平。我们在整个训练环境中介绍了实验结果:几乎没有射击,半监督和完全监督。我们观察到所有这些都对动力学,UCF101,HMDB51的基准进行了一致的改进,并在设置上实现了有限数据的新最新设置。在半监督环境中,我们看到高达8.6%的改善。
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具有注释的缺乏大规模的真实数据集使转移学习视频活动的必要性。我们的目标是为少数行动分类开发几次拍摄转移学习的有效方法。我们利用独立培训的本地视觉提示来学习可以从源域传输的表示,该源域只能使用少数示例来从源域传送到不同的目标域。我们使用的视觉提示包括对象 - 对象交互,手掌和地区内的动作,这些地区是手工位置的函数。我们采用了一个基于元学习的框架,以提取部署的视觉提示的独特和域不变组件。这使得能够在使用不同的场景和动作配置捕获的公共数据集中传输动作分类模型。我们呈现了我们转让学习方法的比较结果,并报告了阶级阶级和数据间数据间际传输的最先进的行动分类方法。
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由于数据注释的高成本,半监督行动识别是一个具有挑战性的,但重要的任务是。这个问题的常见方法是用伪标签分配未标记的数据,然后将其作为训练中的额外监督。通常在最近的工作中,通过在标记数据上训练模型来获得伪标签,然后使用模型的自信预测来教授自己。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种更有效的伪标签方案,称为跨模型伪标记(CMPL)。具体地,除了主要骨干内,我们还介绍轻量级辅助网络,并要求他们互相预测伪标签。我们观察到,由于其不同的结构偏差,这两种模型倾向于学习来自同一视频剪辑的互补表示。因此,通过利用跨模型预测作为监督,每个模型都可以受益于其对应物。对不同数据分区协议的实验表明我们对现有替代方案框架的重大改进。例如,CMPL在Kinetics-400和UCF-101上实现了17.6 \%$ 17.6 \%$ 25.1 \%$ 25.使用RGB模态和1 \%$标签数据,优于我们的基线模型,FIXMATCT,以$ 9.0 \% $和10.3美元\%$。
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Jitendra Malik once said, "Supervision is the opium of the AI researcher". Most deep learning techniques heavily rely on extreme amounts of human labels to work effectively. In today's world, the rate of data creation greatly surpasses the rate of data annotation. Full reliance on human annotations is just a temporary means to solve current closed problems in AI. In reality, only a tiny fraction of data is annotated. Annotation Efficient Learning (AEL) is a study of algorithms to train models effectively with fewer annotations. To thrive in AEL environments, we need deep learning techniques that rely less on manual annotations (e.g., image, bounding-box, and per-pixel labels), but learn useful information from unlabeled data. In this thesis, we explore five different techniques for handling AEL.
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零射击动作识别是识别无视觉示例的识别性类别的任务,只有在没有看到看到的类别的seman-tic嵌入方式。问题可以看作是学习一个函数,该函数可以很好地讲述不见的阶级实例,而不会在类之间失去歧视。神经网络可以模拟视觉类别之间的复杂边界,从而将其作为监督模型的成功范围。但是,这些高度专业化的类边界可能不会从看不见的班级转移到看不见的类别。在本文中,我们提出了基于质心的表示,该表示将视觉和语义表示,同时考虑所有训练样本,通过这种方式,对看不见的课程的实例很好。我们使用强化学习对群集进行优化,这对我们的工作方法表明了至关重要的。我们称提出的甲壳类动物的命名为Claster,并观察到它在所有标准数据集中始终超过最先进的方法,包括UCF101,HMDB51和奥运会运动;在Thestandard Zero-shot评估和广义零射击学习中。此外,我们表明我们的模型在图像域也可以进行com的性能,在许多设置中表现出色。
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Semi-supervised learning (SSL) provides an effective means of leveraging unlabeled data to improve a model's performance. This domain has seen fast progress recently, at the cost of requiring more complex methods. In this paper we propose FixMatch, an algorithm that is a significant simplification of existing SSL methods. FixMatch first generates pseudo-labels using the model's predictions on weaklyaugmented unlabeled images. For a given image, the pseudo-label is only retained if the model produces a high-confidence prediction. The model is then trained to predict the pseudo-label when fed a strongly-augmented version of the same image. Despite its simplicity, we show that FixMatch achieves state-of-the-art performance across a variety of standard semi-supervised learning benchmarks, including 94.93% accuracy on CIFAR-10 with 250 labels and 88.61% accuracy with 40 -just 4 labels per class. We carry out an extensive ablation study to tease apart the experimental factors that are most important to FixMatch's success. The code is available at https://github.com/google-research/fixmatch.
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半监控视频动作识别倾向于使深神经网络能够实现显着性能,即使具有非常有限的标记数据。然而,现有方法主要从当前的基于图像的方法转移(例如,FixMatch)。不具体利用时间动态和固有的多模式属性,它们的结果可能是次优。为了更好地利用视频中的编码的时间信息,我们将时间梯度引入了本文中的更多细小特征提取的额外模态。具体而言,我们的方法明确地蒸馏从时间梯度(TG)的细粒度运动表示,并施加不同方式的一致性(即RGB和TG)。在推理期间,没有额外的计算或参数,在没有额外的计算或参数的情况下显着提高了半监督动作识别的性能。我们的方法在若干典型的半监督设置(即标记数据的不同比率)下实现三个视频动作识别基准(即动态-400,UCF-101和HMDB-51)的最先进的性能。
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我们对自我监督,监督或半监督设置的代表学习感兴趣。在应用自我监督学习的平均移位思想的事先工作,通过拉动查询图像来概括拜尔的想法,不仅更接近其其他增强,而且还可以到其他增强的最近邻居(NNS)。我们认为,学习可以从选择远处与查询相关的邻居选择遥远的邻居。因此,我们建议通过约束最近邻居的搜索空间来概括MSF算法。我们显示我们的方法在SSL设置中优于MSF,当约束使用不同的图像时,并且当约束确保NNS具有与查询相同的伪标签时,在半监控设置中优于培训资源的半监控设置中的爪子。
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我们提出了Parse,这是一种新颖的半监督结构,用于学习强大的脑电图表现以进行情感识别。为了减少大量未标记数据与标记数据有限的潜在分布不匹配,Parse使用成对表示对准。首先,我们的模型执行数据增强,然后标签猜测大量原始和增强的未标记数据。然后将其锐化的标签和标记数据的凸组合锐化。最后,进行表示对准和情感分类。为了严格测试我们的模型,我们将解析与我们实施并适应脑电图学习的几种最先进的半监督方法进行了比较。我们对四个基于公共EEG的情绪识别数据集,种子,种子IV,种子V和Amigos(价和唤醒)进行这些实验。该实验表明,我们提出的框架在种子,种子-IV和Amigos(Valence)中的标记样品有限的情况下,取得了总体最佳效果,同时接近种子V和Amigos中的总体最佳结果(达到第二好) (唤醒)。分析表明,我们的成对表示对齐方式通过减少未标记数据和标记数据之间的分布比对来大大提高性能,尤其是当每类仅1个样本被标记时。
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Previous work on action representation learning focused on global representations for short video clips. In contrast, many practical applications, such as video alignment, strongly demand learning the intensive representation of long videos. In this paper, we introduce a new framework of contrastive action representation learning (CARL) to learn frame-wise action representation in a self-supervised or weakly-supervised manner, especially for long videos. Specifically, we introduce a simple but effective video encoder that considers both spatial and temporal context by combining convolution and transformer. Inspired by the recent massive progress in self-supervised learning, we propose a new sequence contrast loss (SCL) applied to two related views obtained by expanding a series of spatio-temporal data in two versions. One is the self-supervised version that optimizes embedding space by minimizing KL-divergence between sequence similarity of two augmented views and prior Gaussian distribution of timestamp distance. The other is the weakly-supervised version that builds more sample pairs among videos using video-level labels by dynamic time wrapping (DTW). Experiments on FineGym, PennAction, and Pouring datasets show that our method outperforms previous state-of-the-art by a large margin for downstream fine-grained action classification and even faster inference. Surprisingly, although without training on paired videos like in previous works, our self-supervised version also shows outstanding performance in video alignment and fine-grained frame retrieval tasks.
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通过自学学习的视觉表示是一项极具挑战性的任务,因为网络需要在没有监督提供的主动指导的情况下筛选出相关模式。这是通过大量数据增强,大规模数据集和过量量的计算来实现的。视频自我监督学习(SSL)面临着额外的挑战:视频数据集通常不如图像数据集那么大,计算是一个数量级,并且优化器所必须通过的伪造模式数量乘以几倍。因此,直接从视频数据中学习自我监督的表示可能会导致次优性能。为了解决这个问题,我们建议在视频表示学习框架中利用一个以自我或语言监督为基础的强大模型,并在不依赖视频标记的数据的情况下学习强大的空间和时间信息。为此,我们修改了典型的基于视频的SSL设计和目标,以鼓励视频编码器\ textit {subsume}基于图像模型的语义内容,该模型在通用域上训练。所提出的算法被证明可以更有效地学习(即在较小的时期和较小的批次中),并在单模式SSL方法中对标准下游任务进行了新的最新性能。
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This work tackles the problem of semi-supervised learning of image classifiers. Our main insight is that the field of semi-supervised learning can benefit from the quickly advancing field of self-supervised visual representation learning. Unifying these two approaches, we propose the framework of self-supervised semi-supervised learning (S 4 L) and use it to derive two novel semi-supervised image classification methods. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these methods in comparison to both carefully tuned baselines, and existing semi-supervised learning methods. We then show that S 4 L and existing semi-supervised methods can be jointly trained, yielding a new state-of-the-art result on semi-supervised ILSVRC-2012 with 10% of labels.
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Transfer of pre-trained representations improves sample efficiency and simplifies hyperparameter tuning when training deep neural networks for vision. We revisit the paradigm of pre-training on large supervised datasets and fine-tuning the model on a target task. We scale up pre-training, and propose a simple recipe that we call Big Transfer (BiT). By combining a few carefully selected components, and transferring using a simple heuristic, we achieve strong performance on over 20 datasets. BiT performs well across a surprisingly wide range of data regimes -from 1 example per class to 1 M total examples. BiT achieves 87.5% top-1 accuracy on ILSVRC-2012, 99.4% on CIFAR-10, and 76.3% on the 19 task Visual Task Adaptation Benchmark (VTAB). On small datasets, BiT attains 76.8% on ILSVRC-2012 with 10 examples per class, and 97.0% on CIFAR-10 with 10 examples per class. We conduct detailed analysis of the main components that lead to high transfer performance.
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近年来,随着深度神经网络方法的普及,手术计算机视觉领域经历了相当大的突破。但是,用于培训的标准全面监督方法需要大量的带注释的数据,从而实现高昂的成本;特别是在临床领域。已经开始在一般计算机视觉社区中获得吸引力的自我监督学习(SSL)方法代表了对这些注释成本的潜在解决方案,从而使仅从未标记的数据中学习有用的表示形式。尽管如此,SSL方法在更复杂和有影响力的领域(例如医学和手术)中的有效性仍然有限且未开发。在这项工作中,我们通过在手术计算机视觉的背景下研究了四种最先进的SSL方法(Moco V2,Simclr,Dino,SWAV),以解决这一关键需求。我们对这些方法在cholec80数据集上的性能进行了广泛的分析,以在手术环境理解,相位识别和工具存在检测中为两个基本和流行的任务。我们检查了它们的参数化,然后在半监督设置中相对于训练数据数量的行为。如本工作所述和进行的那样,将这些方法的正确转移到手术中,可以使SSL的一般用途获得可观的性能 - 相位识别率高达7%,而在工具存在检测方面,则具有20% - 半监督相位识别方法高达14%。该代码将在https://github.com/camma-public/selfsupsurg上提供。
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Despite significant advances, the performance of state-of-the-art continual learning approaches hinges on the unrealistic scenario of fully labeled data. In this paper, we tackle this challenge and propose an approach for continual semi-supervised learning -- a setting where not all the data samples are labeled. An underlying issue in this scenario is the model forgetting representations of unlabeled data and overfitting the labeled ones. We leverage the power of nearest-neighbor classifiers to non-linearly partition the feature space and learn a strong representation for the current task, as well as distill relevant information from previous tasks. We perform a thorough experimental evaluation and show that our method outperforms all the existing approaches by large margins, setting a strong state of the art on the continual semi-supervised learning paradigm. For example, on CIFAR100 we surpass several others even when using at least 30 times less supervision (0.8% vs. 25% of annotations).
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一个常见的分类任务情况是,有大量数据可用于培训,但只有一小部分用类标签注释。在这种情况下,半监督培训的目的是通过利用标记数据,而且从大量未标记的数据中提高分类准确性。最近的作品通过探索不同标记和未标记数据的不同增强性数据之间的一致性约束,从而取得了重大改进。遵循这条路径,我们提出了一个新颖的无监督目标,该目标侧重于彼此相似的高置信度未标记的数据之间所研究的关系较少。新提出的对损失最大程度地减少了高置信度伪伪标签之间的统计距离,其相似性高于一定阈值。我们提出的简单算法将对损失与MixMatch家族开发的技术结合在一起,显示出比以前在CIFAR-100和MINI-IMAGENET上的算法的显着性能增长,并且与CIFAR-的最先进方法相当。 10和SVHN。此外,简单还优于传输学习设置中最新方法,其中模型是由在ImainEnet或域内实现的权重初始化的。该代码可在github.com/zijian-hu/simple上获得。
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元学习已成为几乎没有图像分类的实用方法,在该方法中,“学习分类器的策略”是在标记的基础类别上进行元学习的,并且可以应用于具有新颖类的任务。我们删除了基类标签的要求,并通过无监督的元学习(UML)学习可通用的嵌入。具体而言,任务发作是在元训练过程中使用未标记的基本类别的数据增强构建的,并且我们将基于嵌入式的分类器应用于新的任务,并在元测试期间使用标记的少量示例。我们观察到两个元素在UML中扮演着重要角色,即进行样本任务和衡量实例之间的相似性的方法。因此,我们获得了具有两个简单修改的​​强基线 - 一个足够的采样策略,每情节有效地构建多个任务以及半分解的相似性。然后,我们利用来自两个方向的任务特征以获得进一步的改进。首先,合成的混淆实例被合并以帮助提取更多的判别嵌入。其次,我们利用额外的特定任务嵌入转换作为元训练期间的辅助组件,以促进预先适应的嵌入式的概括能力。几乎没有学习基准的实验证明,我们的方法比以前的UML方法优于先前的UML方法,并且比其监督变体获得了可比甚至更好的性能。
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We present a self-supervised Contrastive Video Representation Learning (CVRL) method to learn spatiotemporal visual representations from unlabeled videos. Our representations are learned using a contrastive loss, where two augmented clips from the same short video are pulled together in the embedding space, while clips from different videos are pushed away. We study what makes for good data augmentations for video self-supervised learning and find that both spatial and temporal information are crucial. We carefully design data augmentations involving spatial and temporal cues. Concretely, we propose a temporally consistent spatial augmentation method to impose strong spatial augmentations on each frame of the video while maintaining the temporal consistency across frames. We also propose a sampling-based temporal augmentation method to avoid overly enforcing invariance on clips that are distant in time. On Kinetics-600, a linear classifier trained on the representations learned by CVRL achieves 70.4% top-1 accuracy with a 3D-ResNet-50 (R3D-50) backbone, outperforming ImageNet supervised pre-training by 15.7% and SimCLR unsupervised pre-training by 18.8% using the same inflated R3D-50. The performance of CVRL can be further improved to 72.9% with a larger R3D-152 (2× filters) backbone, significantly closing the gap between unsupervised and supervised video representation learning. Our code and models will be available at https://github.com/tensorflow/models/tree/master/official/.
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与无监督培训相比,对光流预测因子的监督培训通常会产生更好的准确性。但是,改进的性能通常以较高的注释成本。半监督的培训与注释成本相比,准确性的准确性。我们使用一种简单而有效的半监督训练方法来表明,即使一小部分标签也可以通过无监督的训练来提高流量准确性。此外,我们提出了基于简单启发式方法的主动学习方法,以进一步减少实现相同目标准确性所需的标签数量。我们对合成和真实光流数据集的实验表明,我们的半监督网络通常需要大约50%的标签才能达到接近全标签的精度,而在Sintel上有效学习只有20%左右。我们还分析并展示了有关可能影响主动学习绩效的因素的见解。代码可在https://github.com/duke-vision/optical-flow-active-learning-release上找到。
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Semi-supervised object detection is important for 3D scene understanding because obtaining large-scale 3D bounding box annotations on point clouds is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Existing semi-supervised methods usually employ teacher-student knowledge distillation together with an augmentation strategy to leverage unlabeled point clouds. However, these methods adopt global augmentation with scene-level transformations and hence are sub-optimal for instance-level object detection. In this work, we propose an object-level point augmentor (OPA) that performs local transformations for semi-supervised 3D object detection. In this way, the resultant augmentor is derived to emphasize object instances rather than irrelevant backgrounds, making the augmented data more useful for object detector training. Extensive experiments on the ScanNet and SUN RGB-D datasets show that the proposed OPA performs favorably against the state-of-the-art methods under various experimental settings. The source code will be available at https://github.com/nomiaro/OPA.
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