End-to-end formulation of automatic speech recognition (ASR) and speech translation (ST) makes it easy to use a single model for both multilingual ASR and many-to-many ST. In this paper, we propose streaming language-agnostic multilingual speech recognition and translation using neural transducers (LAMASSU). To enable multilingual text generation in LAMASSU, we conduct a systematic comparison between specified and unified prediction and joint networks. We leverage a language-agnostic multilingual encoder that substantially outperforms shared encoders. To enhance LAMASSU, we propose to feed target LID to encoders. We also apply connectionist temporal classification regularization to transducer training. Experimental results show that LAMASSU not only drastically reduces the model size but also outperforms monolingual ASR and bilingual ST models.
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神经传感器已被广泛用于自动语音识别(ASR)。在本文中,我们将其介绍给流端到端语音翻译(ST),该语音旨在将音频信号直接转换为其他语言的文本。与执行ASR之后的级联ST相比,基于文本的机器翻译(MT),拟议的变压器传感器(TT)基于ST模型大大降低了推理潜伏期,利用语音信息并避免了从ASR到MT的错误传播。为了提高建模能力,我们提出了TT中联合网络的注意集合。此外,我们将基于TT的ST扩展到多语言ST,该ST同时生成多种语言的文本。大规模5万(k)小时的伪标记训练集的实验结果表明,基于TT的ST不仅显着减少了推理时间,而且还优于非流式级联ST进行英语 - 德语翻译。
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In this paper, we introduce our work of building a Streaming Multilingual Speech Model (SM2), which can transcribe or translate multiple spoken languages into texts of the target language. The backbone of SM2 is Transformer Transducer, which has high streaming capability. Instead of human labeled speech translation (ST) data, SM2 models are trained using weakly supervised data generated by converting the transcriptions in speech recognition corpora with a machine translation service. With 351 thousand hours of anonymized speech training data from 25 languages, SM2 models achieve comparable or even better ST quality than some recent popular large-scale non-streaming speech models. More importantly, we show that SM2 has the truly zero-shot capability when expanding to new target languages, yielding high quality ST results for {source-speech, target-text} pairs that are not seen during training.
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End-to-end multilingual ASR has become more appealing because of several reasons such as simplifying the training and deployment process and positive performance transfer from high-resource to low-resource languages. However, scaling up the number of languages, total hours, and number of unique tokens is not a trivial task. This paper explores large-scale multilingual ASR models on 70 languages. We inspect two architectures: (1) Shared embedding and output and (2) Multiple embedding and output model. In the shared model experiments, we show the importance of tokenization strategy across different languages. Later, we use our optimal tokenization strategy to train multiple embedding and output model to further improve our result. Our multilingual ASR achieves 13.9%-15.6% average WER relative improvement compared to monolingual models. We show that our multilingual ASR generalizes well on an unseen dataset and domain, achieving 9.5% and 7.5% WER on Multilingual Librispeech (MLS) with zero-shot and finetuning, respectively.
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设备的端到端(E2E)模型已显示出对质量和延迟的英语语音搜索任务的常规模型的改进。 E2E模型还显示了多语言自动语音识别(ASR)的有希望的结果。在本文中,我们将以前的容量解决方案扩展到流应用程序,并提出流媒体多语言E2E ASR系统,该系统在设备上完全运行,质量和延迟与单个单语言模型相当。为了实现这一目标,我们提出了一个编码器端量模型和一个终端(EOU)联合层,以提高质量和延迟权衡。我们的系统以语言不可知论的方式构建,允许它实时支持本条件的代码切换。为了解决大型模型的可行性问题,我们进行了设备分析,并用最近开发的嵌入解码器代替了耗时的LSTM解码器。通过这些更改,我们设法在不到实时的时间内在移动设备上运行了这样的系统。
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语言识别对于自动语音识别(ASR)中的许多下游任务至关重要,并且有益于将多语言端到端的ASR集成为附加任务。在本文中,我们建议通过集成每帧语言标识符(LID)预测器来修改基于层压编码器的复发神经网络传感器(RNN-T)模型的结构。带有级联编码器的RNN-T可以使用不右键的第一通用解码来实现较低延迟的流动ASR,并使用二频道解码使用更长的右文本实现较低的单词错误率(WERS)。通过利用当前文章中的这种差异和统计池的流传输实现,该建议的方法可以实现准确的流盖预测,而几乎没有额外的测试时间成本。语音搜索数据集的实验结果具有9个语言语言位置,表明所提出的方法平均达到96.2%的盖子预测准确性,而与输入中的Oracle盖相同的二次通用方法。
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We present SpeechMatrix, a large-scale multilingual corpus of speech-to-speech translations mined from real speech of European Parliament recordings. It contains speech alignments in 136 language pairs with a total of 418 thousand hours of speech. To evaluate the quality of this parallel speech, we train bilingual speech-to-speech translation models on mined data only and establish extensive baseline results on EuroParl-ST, VoxPopuli and FLEURS test sets. Enabled by the multilinguality of SpeechMatrix, we also explore multilingual speech-to-speech translation, a topic which was addressed by few other works. We also demonstrate that model pre-training and sparse scaling using Mixture-of-Experts bring large gains to translation performance. The mined data and models are freely available.
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由于其误差传播,延迟较少和更少的参数较少的潜力,端到端语音到文本翻译〜(e2e-st)变得越来越受欢迎。鉴于三联培训语料库$ \ langle演讲,转录,翻译\ rangle $,传统的高质量E2E-ST系统利用$ \ langle演讲,转录\ rangle $配对预先培训模型,然后利用$ \ Langle演讲,翻译\ rangle $配对进一步优化它。然而,该过程仅涉及每个阶段的两个元组数据,并且该松散耦合不能完全利用三重态数据之间的关联。在本文中,我们试图基于语音输入模拟转录和翻译的联合概率,以直接利用这种三重态数据。基于此,我们提出了一种新的正规化方法,用于改进三重态数据中双路分解协议的模型培训,理论上应该是相等的。为实现这一目标,我们将两个Kullback-Leibler发散正规化术语介绍到模型培训目的中,以减少双路径输出概率之间的不匹配。然后,训练有素的模型可以通过预定义的早期停止标签自然地被视为E2E-ST模型。 Must-C基准测试的实验表明,我们所提出的方法在所有8个语言对上显着优于最先进的E2E-ST基线,同时在自动语音识别任务中实现更好的性能。我们的代码在https://github.com/duyichao/e2e -st-tda开放。
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本文介绍了我们针对IWSLT 2022离线任务的端到端Yitrans语音翻译系统的提交,该任务从英语音频转换为德语,中文和日语。 Yitrans系统建立在大规模训练的编码器模型上。更具体地说,我们首先设计了多阶段的预训练策略,以建立具有大量标记和未标记数据的多模式模型。然后,我们为下游语音翻译任务微调模型的相应组件。此外,我们做出了各种努力,以提高性能,例如数据过滤,数据增强,语音细分,模型集合等。实验结果表明,我们的Yitrans系统比在三个翻译方向上的强基线取得了显着改进,并且比去年在TST2021英语 - 德国人中的最佳端到端系统方面的改进+5.2 BLEU改进。根据自动评估指标,我们的最终意见在英语 - 德国和英语端到端系统上排名第一。我们使代码和模型公开可用。
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神经网络修剪可以有效地用于压缩自动语音识别(ASR)模型。但是,在多语言ASR中,执行语言不足的修剪可能会导致某些语言的严重性能降解,因为语言 - 敏捷的修剪口罩可能不符合所有语言,并丢弃了重要的语言特定参数。在这项工作中,我们提出了ASR路径,这是一种稀疏的多语言ASR模型,该模型激活了特定语言的子网络(“路径”),从而明确地学习了每种语言的参数。通过重叠的子网络,共享参数还可以通过联合多语言培训来实现较低资源语言的知识传输。我们提出了一种新型算法来学习ASR途径,并通过流式RNN-T模型评估了4种语言的建议方法。我们提出的ASR途径的表现都优于密集模型(平均-5.0%)和语言不足的修剪模型(平均-21.4%),并且与单语稀疏模型相比,低资源语言的性能更好。
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我们介绍了一种无线文字语音转换(S2ST)系统,可以将来自一种语言的语音转换为另一种语言,并且可以在不需要任何文本数据的情况下构建。与文献中的现有工作不同,我们解决了模拟多扬声器目标语音的挑战,并用现实世界的S2ST数据训练系统。我们方法的关键是一种自我监督的单位语音标准化技术,该标准化技术将预先训练的语音编码器具有来自多个扬声器的配对声音,以及单个参考扬声器,以减少由于复印件引起的变化,同时保留词汇内容。只有10分钟的语音标准化的配对数据,我们在培训\ vp〜s2st数据集上的S2ST模型时获得平均3.2 BLEU增益,而不是在未标准化的语音目标上培训的基线。我们还将自动开采的S2ST数据纳入并显示额外的2.0 BLEU增益。据我们所知,我们是第一个建立无线的S2ST技术,可以用真实世界的数据培训,并为多种语言配对工作。
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Speech translation (ST) is the task of directly translating acoustic speech signals in a source language into text in a foreign language. ST task has been addressed, for a long time, using a pipeline approach with two modules : first an Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) in the source language followed by a text-to-text Machine translation (MT). In the past few years, we have seen a paradigm shift towards the end-to-end approaches using sequence-to-sequence deep neural network models. This paper presents our efforts towards the development of the first Broadcast News end-to-end Arabic to English speech translation system. Starting from independent ASR and MT LDC releases, we were able to identify about 92 hours of Arabic audio recordings for which the manual transcription was also translated into English at the segment level. These data was used to train and compare pipeline and end-to-end speech translation systems under multiple scenarios including transfer learning and data augmentation techniques.
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本文介绍了流媒体和非流定向晶体翻译的统一端到端帧工作。虽然非流媒体语音翻译的培训配方已经成熟,但尚未建立流媒体传播的食谱。在这项工作中,WEFOCUS在开发一个统一的模型(UNIST),它从基本组成部分的角度支持流媒体和非流媒体ST,包括培训目标,注意机制和解码政策。对最流行的语音到文本翻译基准数据集,MERE-C的实验表明,与媒体ST的BLEU评分和延迟度量有更好的折衷和液化标准端到端基线和级联模型。我们将公开提供我们的代码和评估工具。
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本文介绍了基于Wav2VEC 2.0的跨语言语音表示学习的大规模模型。我们在128种语言中培训最多2B个公共讲话音频的近半小时的型号的模型,比公共数据的数量级比最大的已知事先工作。我们的评估涵盖了广泛的任务,域,数据制度和语言,都是高低资源。在Covost-2语音翻译基准测试中,我们将先前的最先进的状态平均为7.4 BLEU超过21个翻译方向进入英语。对于语音识别,XLS-R在Babel,MLS,CommonVoice以及Voxpopuli上的最佳已知工作中提高,降低了相对的误差率14-34%。 XLS-R还在Voxlingua107语言识别上设置了新的技术状态。此外,我们表明,具有足够的模型规模,交叉思维预先预测可以在将英语演讲翻译成其他语言时才能优于英语撇印,这是一个有利于单晶的预借预制的设置。我们希望XLS-R可以帮助改善世界上更多语言的语音处理任务。
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直接语音到语音翻译(S2ST)模型与传统级联系统可用的数据量相比,几乎没有平行的S2ST数据遇到数据稀缺问题,该数据包括自动语音识别(ASR),机器翻译(MT)和文本到语音(TTS)合成。在这项工作中,我们使用未标记的语音数据和数据扩展来探索自我监督的预训练,以解决此问题。我们利用了最近提出的语音到单位翻译(S2UT)框架,该框架将目标语音编码为离散表示形式,并转移前训练前和有效的部分填充技术,可很好地适用于语音到文本翻译(S2T)通过研究语音编码器和离散单位解码器预训练,S2UT域。我们在西班牙语 - 英语翻译上进行的实验表明,与多任务学习相比,自我监督的预训练始终如一地提高模型性能,平均为6.6-12.1 BLEU增长,并且可以与数据增强技术相结合,以应用MT来创建弱监督监督的培训数据。音频样本可在以下网址获得:https://facebookresearch.github.io/speech_translation/enhanced_direct_s2st_units/index.html。
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Direct speech-to-speech translation (S2ST), in which all components can be optimized jointly, is advantageous over cascaded approaches to achieve fast inference with a simplified pipeline. We present a novel two-pass direct S2ST architecture, {\textit UnitY}, which first generates textual representations and predicts discrete acoustic units subsequently. We enhance the model performance by subword prediction in the first-pass decoder, advanced two-pass decoder architecture design and search strategy, and better training regularization. To leverage large amounts of unlabeled text data, we pre-train the first-pass text decoder based on the self-supervised denoising auto-encoding task. Experimental evaluations on benchmark datasets at various data scales demonstrate that UnitY outperforms a single-pass speech-to-unit translation model by 2.5-4.2 ASR-BLEU with 2.83x decoding speed-up. We show that the proposed methods boost the performance even when predicting spectrogram in the second pass. However, predicting discrete units achieves 2.51x decoding speed-up compared to that case.
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我们提出了Maestro,这是一种自制的培训方法,可以统一从语音和文本方式中学到的表示形式。从语音信号中进行的自我监督学习旨在学习信号中固有的潜在结构,而从文本尝试捕获词汇信息的文本尝试中学习。从不配对的语音和文本序列中学习对齐表示是一项具有挑战性的任务。先前的工作要么隐含地强制执行从这两种方式中学到的表示形式,要通过多任务和参数共享在潜在空间中对齐,或通过语音综合通过模态转换而明确地进行。前者受到两种方式之间的干扰,而后者则引入了额外的复杂性。在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的算法Maestro,旨在同时从这两种方式中学习统一的表示,可以转移到各种下游任务,例如自动语音识别(ASR)和语音翻译(ST)。 Maestro通过序列比对,持续时间预测和匹配的嵌入在学习空间中通过对齐的蒙版模型损失来学习统一的表示形式。我们在Voxpopuli多语言ASR上建立了一个新的最先进(SOTA),单词错误率相对相对降低8%(WER),多域Speetstew ASR(相对3.7%)和21种英语多语言ST在Covost 2上2.8 BLEU的改善平均21种语言。
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最近,语音界正在看到从基于深神经网络的混合模型移动到自动语音识别(ASR)的端到端(E2E)建模的显着趋势。虽然E2E模型在大多数基准测试中实现最先进的,但在ASR精度方面,混合模型仍然在当前的大部分商业ASR系统中使用。有很多实际的因素会影响生产模型部署决定。传统的混合模型,用于数十年的生产优化,通常擅长这些因素。在不为所有这些因素提供优异的解决方案,E2E模型很难被广泛商业化。在本文中,我们将概述最近的E2E模型的进步,专注于解决行业视角的挑战技术。
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We propose a) a Language Agnostic end-to-end Speech Translation model (LAST), and b) a data augmentation strategy to increase code-switching (CS) performance. With increasing globalization, multiple languages are increasingly used interchangeably during fluent speech. Such CS complicates traditional speech recognition and translation, as we must recognize which language was spoken first and then apply a language-dependent recognizer and subsequent translation component to generate the desired target language output. Such a pipeline introduces latency and errors. In this paper, we eliminate the need for that, by treating speech recognition and translation as one unified end-to-end speech translation problem. By training LAST with both input languages, we decode speech into one target language, regardless of the input language. LAST delivers comparable recognition and speech translation accuracy in monolingual usage, while reducing latency and error rate considerably when CS is observed.
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代码转换是关于在通信过程中处理替代语言。训练端到端(E2E)自动语音识别(ASR)系统用于代码开关是一个充满挑战的问题,因为由于存在多种语言,因此缺乏增加语言上下文混乱的数据加剧的数据。在本文中,我们提出了一种与语言相关的注意机制,以减少基于等价约束理论(EC)的E2E代码转换ASR模型的多语言上下文混乱。语言理论要求在代码转换句子中发生的任何单语片段都必须发生在一个单语句子中。它在单语言数据和代码转换数据之间建立了一个桥梁。通过计算多种语言的各自注意力,我们的方法可以从丰富的单语言数据中有效地传输语言知识。我们在ASRU 2019-English代码转换挑战数据集上评估我们的方法。与基线模型相比,提出的方法可实现11.37%的相对混合错误率降低。
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