在过去的几十年中，知识感知的方法增强了一系列自然语言处理应用。随着收集的动力，最近在文档摘要中引起了知识，这是自然语言处理应用之一。先前的作品报告说，知识包裹的文档摘要在产生卓越的消化方面表现出色，尤其是在信息性，连贯性和事实一致性方面。本文追求对将知识嵌入文档摘要的最先进方法论进行的首次系统调查。特别是，我们提出了新的分类法，以概括文档摘要观点下的知识和知识嵌入。我们进一步探讨了如何在嵌入文档摘要模型的学习体系结构时，尤其是深度学习模型的学习架构。最后，我们讨论了这个主题和未来方向的挑战。

多文件摘要（MDS）是信息聚合的有效工具，它从与主题相关文档集群生成信息和简洁的摘要。我们的调查是，首先，系统地概述了最近的基于深度学习的MDS模型。我们提出了一种新的分类学，总结神经网络的设计策略，并进行全面的最先进的概要。我们突出了在现有文献中很少讨论的各种客观函数之间的差异。最后，我们提出了与这个新的和令人兴奋的领域有关的几个方向。

本文对过去二十年来对自然语言生成（NLG）的研究提供了全面的审查，特别是与数据到文本生成和文本到文本生成深度学习方法有关，以及NLG的新应用技术。该调查旨在（a）给出关于NLG核心任务的最新综合，以及该领域采用的建筑;（b）详细介绍各种NLG任务和数据集，并提请注意NLG评估中的挑战，专注于不同的评估方法及其关系;（c）强调一些未来的强调和相对近期的研究问题，因为NLG和其他人工智能领域的协同作用而增加，例如计算机视觉，文本和计算创造力。

诸如学术文章和商业报告之类的长期文件一直是详细说明重要问题和需要额外关注的复杂主题的标准格式。自动汇总系统可以有效地将长文档置于简短而简洁的文本中，以封装最重要的信息，从而在帮助读者的理解中很重要。最近，随着神经体系结构的出现，已经做出了重大的研究工作，以推动自动文本摘要系统，以及有关将这些系统扩展到长期文档领域的挑战的大量研究。在这项调查中，我们提供了有关长期文档摘要的研究的全面概述，以及其研究环境的三个主要组成部分的系统评估：基准数据集，汇总模型和评估指标。对于每个组成部分，我们在长期汇总的背景下组织文献，并进行经验分析，以扩大有关当前研究进度的观点。实证分析包括一项研究基准数据集的内在特征，摘要模型的多维分析以及摘要评估指标的综述。根据总体发现，我们通过提出可能在这个快速增长的领域中提出未来探索的方向来得出结论。

Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been revolutionized by the use of Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) such as BERT. Despite setting new records in nearly every NLP task, PLMs still face a number of challenges including poor interpretability, weak reasoning capability, and the need for a lot of expensive annotated data when applied to downstream tasks. By integrating external knowledge into PLMs, \textit{\underline{K}nowledge-\underline{E}nhanced \underline{P}re-trained \underline{L}anguage \underline{M}odels} (KEPLMs) have the potential to overcome the above-mentioned limitations. In this paper, we examine KEPLMs systematically through a series of studies. Specifically, we outline the common types and different formats of knowledge to be integrated into KEPLMs, detail the existing methods for building and evaluating KEPLMS, present the applications of KEPLMs in downstream tasks, and discuss the future research directions. Researchers will benefit from this survey by gaining a quick and comprehensive overview of the latest developments in this field.

Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.

The rapid advancement of AI technology has made text generation tools like GPT-3 and ChatGPT increasingly accessible, scalable, and effective. This can pose serious threat to the credibility of various forms of media if these technologies are used for plagiarism, including scientific literature and news sources. Despite the development of automated methods for paraphrase identification, detecting this type of plagiarism remains a challenge due to the disparate nature of the datasets on which these methods are trained. In this study, we review traditional and current approaches to paraphrase identification and propose a refined typology of paraphrases. We also investigate how this typology is represented in popular datasets and how under-representation of certain types of paraphrases impacts detection capabilities. Finally, we outline new directions for future research and datasets in the pursuit of more effective paraphrase detection using AI.

尽管最近的抽象摘要有所改善，但大多数当前方法都会产生与源文档不一致的摘要，从而严重限制了其在现实世界应用中的信任和使用。最近的作品显示了使用文本或依赖性弧形识别事实错误识别的有希望的改进；但是，他们不会同时考虑整个语义图。为此，我们提出了Factgraph，该方法将文档分解为结构化含义表示（MR），更适合于事实评估。太太描述了核心语义概念及其关系，以规范形式汇总文档和摘要中的主要内容，并减少数据稀疏性。 Factgraph使用与结构感知适配器增强的图形编码器编码此类图，以根据图形连接性捕获概念之间的交互，以及使用基于适配器的文本编码器的文本表示。在不同基准上进行评估事实的实验表明，事实图的表现优于先前的方法高达15％。此外，Factgraph改善了识别内容可验证性错误的性能，并更好地捕获了附近级别的事实不一致。

Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) which are trained on large text corpus through the self-supervised learning method, have yielded promising performance on various tasks in Natural Language Processing (NLP). However, though PLMs with huge parameters can effectively possess rich knowledge learned from massive training text and benefit downstream tasks at the fine-tuning stage, they still have some limitations such as poor reasoning ability due to the lack of external knowledge. Incorporating knowledge into PLMs has been tried to tackle these issues. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of Knowledge-Enhanced Pre-trained Language Models (KE-PLMs) to provide a clear insight into this thriving field. We introduce appropriate taxonomies respectively for Natural Language Understanding (NLU) and Natural Language Generation (NLG) to highlight the focus of these two kinds of tasks. For NLU, we take several types of knowledge into account and divide them into four categories: linguistic knowledge, text knowledge, knowledge graph (KG), and rule knowledge. The KE-PLMs for NLG are categorized into KG-based and retrieval-based methods. Finally, we point out some promising future directions of KE-PLMs.

Text Summarization is recognised as one of the NLP downstream tasks and it has been extensively investigated in recent years. It can assist people with perceiving the information rapidly from the Internet, including news articles, social posts, videos, etc. Most existing research works attempt to develop summarization models to produce a better output. However, advent limitations of most existing models emerge, including unfaithfulness and factual errors. In this paper, we propose a novel model, named as Knowledge-aware Abstractive Text Summarization, which leverages the advantages offered by Knowledge Graph to enhance the standard Seq2Seq model. On top of that, the Knowledge Graph triplets are extracted from the source text and utilised to provide keywords with relational information, producing coherent and factually errorless summaries. We conduct extensive experiments by using real-world data sets. The results reveal that the proposed framework can effectively utilise the information from Knowledge Graph and significantly reduce the factual errors in the summary.

考虑到RDF三元组的集合，RDF到文本生成任务旨在生成文本描述。最先前的方法使用序列到序列模型或使用基于图形的模型来求解此任务以编码RDF三维并生成文本序列。然而，这些方法未能明确模拟RDF三元组之间的本地和全球结构信息。此外，以前的方法也面临了生成文本的低信任问题的不可忽略的问题，这严重影响了这些模型的整体性能。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了一种组合两个新的图形增强结构神经编码器的模型，共同学习输入的RDF三元组中的本地和全局结构信息。为了进一步改进文本忠诚，我们创新地根据信息提取（即）引进了强化学习（RL）奖励。我们首先使用佩带的IE模型从所生成的文本中提取三元组，并将提取的三级的正确数量视为额外的RL奖励。两个基准数据集上的实验结果表明，我们所提出的模型优于最先进的基线，额外的加强学习奖励确实有助于改善所生成的文本的忠诚度。

自动问题应答（QA）系统的目的是以时间有效的方式向用户查询提供答案。通常在数据库（或知识库）或通常被称为语料库的文件集合中找到答案。在过去的几十年里，收购知识的扩散，因此生物医学领域的新科学文章一直是指数增长。因此，即使对于领域专家，也难以跟踪域中的所有信息。随着商业搜索引擎的改进，用户可以在某些情况下键入其查询并获得最相关的一小组文档，以及在某些情况下从文档中的相关片段。但是，手动查找所需信息或答案可能仍然令人疑惑和耗时。这需要开发高效的QA系统，该系统旨在为用户提供精确和精确的答案提供了生物医学领域的自然语言问题。在本文中，我们介绍了用于开发普通域QA系统的基本方法，然后彻底调查生物医学QA系统的不同方面，包括使用结构化数据库和文本集合的基准数据集和几种提出的方​​法。我们还探讨了当前系统的局限性，并探索潜在的途径以获得进一步的进步。

Information overloading requires the need for summarizers to extract salient information from the text. Currently, there is an overload of dialogue data due to the rise of virtual communication platforms. The rise of Covid-19 has led people to rely on online communication platforms like Zoom, Slack, Microsoft Teams, Discord, etc. to conduct their company meetings. Instead of going through the entire meeting transcripts, people can use meeting summarizers to select useful data. Nevertheless, there is a lack of comprehensive surveys in the field of meeting summarizers. In this survey, we aim to cover recent meeting summarization techniques. Our survey offers a general overview of text summarization along with datasets and evaluation metrics for meeting summarization. We also provide the performance of each summarizer on a leaderboard. We conclude our survey with different challenges in this domain and potential research opportunities for future researchers.

学术研究是解决以前从未解决过的问题的探索活动。通过这种性质，每个学术研究工作都需要进行文献审查，以区分其Novelties尚未通过事先作品解决。在自然语言处理中，该文献综述通常在“相关工作”部分下进行。鉴于研究文件的其余部分和引用的论文列表，自动相关工作生成的任务旨在自动生成“相关工作”部分。虽然这项任务是在10年前提出的，但直到最近，它被认为是作为科学多文件摘要问题的变种。然而，即使在今天，尚未标准化了自动相关工作和引用文本生成的问题。在这项调查中，我们进行了一个元研究，从问题制定，数据集收集，方法方法，绩效评估和未来前景的角度来比较相关工作的现有文献，以便为读者洞察到国家的进步 - 最内容的研究，以及如何进行未来的研究。我们还调查了我们建议未来工作要考虑整合的相关研究领域。

多文件科学摘要（MDSS）旨在为与主题相关的科学论文群生成连贯和简洁的摘要。此任务需要精确理解纸张内容以及对交叉纸关系的准确建模。知识图为文档传达了紧凑且可解释的结构化信息，这使其非常适合内容建模和关系建模。在本文中，我们提出了KGSUM，这是一个MDSS模型，以编码和解码过程中的知识图为中心。具体而言，在编码过程中，提出了两个基于图的模块，以将知识图信息纳入纸张编码，而在解码过程中，我们通过以描述性句子的形式首先生成摘要的知识图，提出了一个两阶段解码器。 ，然后生成最终摘要。经验结果表明，所提出的体系结构对多XSCIENCE数据集的基准进行了实质性改进。

随着信息技术的快速发展，在线平台已经产生了巨大的文本资源。作为一种特定形式的信息提取（即），事件提取（EE）由于其自动从人类语言提取事件的能力而增加了普及。但是，事件提取有限的文献调查。现有审查工作要么花费很多努力，用于描述各种方法的细节或专注于特定领域。本研究提供了全面概述了最先进的事件提取方法及其从文本的应用程序，包括闭域和开放式事件提取。这项调查的特点是它提供了适度复杂性的概要，避免涉及特定方法的太多细节。本研究侧重于讨论代表作品的常见角色，应用领域，优势和缺点，忽略各个方法的特殊性。最后，我们总结了常见问题，当前解决方案和未来的研究方向。我们希望这项工作能够帮助研究人员和从业者获得最近的事件提取的快速概述。

除了以实体为中心的知识之外，通常组织为知识图（千克），事件也是世界上的必不可少的知识，这触发了活动以kg（ekg）等事件为中心的知识表示形式的春天。它在许多机器学习和人工智能应用中起着越来越重要的作用，例如智能搜索，问答，推荐和文本生成。本文提供了历史，本体实例和应用视图的ekg综合调查。具体而言，要彻底地表征EKG，我们专注于其历史，定义，架构归纳，获取，相关代表图形/系统和应用程序。其中研究了发展过程和趋势。我们进一步总结了透视方向，以促进对EKG的未来研究。

Modern multi-document summarization (MDS) methods are based on transformer architectures. They generate state of the art summaries, but lack explainability. We focus on graph-based transformer models for MDS as they gained recent popularity. We aim to improve the explainability of the graph-based MDS by analyzing their attention weights. In a graph-based MDS such as GraphSum, vertices represent the textual units, while the edges form some similarity graph over the units. We compare GraphSum's performance utilizing different textual units, i. e., sentences versus paragraphs, on two news benchmark datasets, namely WikiSum and MultiNews. Our experiments show that paragraph-level representations provide the best summarization performance. Thus, we subsequently focus oAnalysisn analyzing the paragraph-level attention weights of GraphSum's multi-heads and decoding layers in order to improve the explainability of a transformer-based MDS model. As a reference metric, we calculate the ROUGE scores between the input paragraphs and each sentence in the generated summary, which indicate source origin information via text similarity. We observe a high correlation between the attention weights and this reference metric, especially on the the later decoding layers of the transformer architecture. Finally, we investigate if the generated summaries follow a pattern of positional bias by extracting which paragraph provided the most information for each generated summary. Our results show that there is a high correlation between the position in the summary and the source origin.

Machine reading comprehension (MRC) is a long-standing topic in natural language processing (NLP). The MRC task aims to answer a question based on the given context. Recently studies focus on multi-hop MRC which is a more challenging extension of MRC, which to answer a question some disjoint pieces of information across the context are required. Due to the complexity and importance of multi-hop MRC, a large number of studies have been focused on this topic in recent years, therefore, it is necessary and worth reviewing the related literature. This study aims to investigate recent advances in the multi-hop MRC approaches based on 31 studies from 2018 to 2022. In this regard, first, the multi-hop MRC problem definition will be introduced, then 31 models will be reviewed in detail with a strong focus on their multi-hop aspects. They also will be categorized based on their main techniques. Finally, a fine-grain comprehensive comparison of the models and techniques will be presented.

Storytelling and narrative are fundamental to human experience, intertwined with our social and cultural engagement. As such, researchers have long attempted to create systems that can generate stories automatically. In recent years, powered by deep learning and massive data resources, automatic story generation has shown significant advances. However, considerable challenges, like the need for global coherence in generated stories, still hamper generative models from reaching the same storytelling ability as human narrators. To tackle these challenges, many studies seek to inject structured knowledge into the generation process, which is referred to as structure knowledge-enhanced story generation. Incorporating external knowledge can enhance the logical coherence among story events, achieve better knowledge grounding, and alleviate over-generalization and repetition problems in stories. This survey provides the latest and comprehensive review of this research field: (i) we present a systematical taxonomy regarding how existing methods integrate structured knowledge into story generation; (ii) we summarize involved story corpora, structured knowledge datasets, and evaluation metrics; (iii) we give multidimensional insights into the challenges of knowledge-enhanced story generation and cast light on promising directions for future study.