With the increasing demand for predictable and accountable Artificial Intelligence, the ability to explain or justify recommender systems results by specifying how items are suggested, or why they are relevant, has become a primary goal. However, current models do not explicitly represent the services and actors that the user might encounter during the overall interaction with an item, from its selection to its usage. Thus, they cannot assess their impact on the user's experience. To address this issue, we propose a novel justification approach that uses service models to (i) extract experience data from reviews concerning all the stages of interaction with items, at different granularity levels, and (ii) organize the justification of recommendations around those stages. In a user study, we compared our approach with baselines reflecting the state of the art in the justification of recommender systems results. The participants evaluated the Perceived User Awareness Support provided by our service-based justification models higher than the one offered by the baselines. Moreover, our models received higher Interface Adequacy and Satisfaction evaluations by users having different levels of Curiosity or low Need for Cognition (NfC). Differently, high NfC participants preferred a direct inspection of item reviews. These findings encourage the adoption of service models to justify recommender systems results but suggest the investigation of personalization strategies to suit diverse interaction needs.
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Explainable AI (XAI) is widely viewed as a sine qua non for ever-expanding AI research. A better understanding of the needs of XAI users, as well as human-centered evaluations of explainable models are both a necessity and a challenge. In this paper, we explore how HCI and AI researchers conduct user studies in XAI applications based on a systematic literature review. After identifying and thoroughly analyzing 85 core papers with human-based XAI evaluations over the past five years, we categorize them along the measured characteristics of explanatory methods, namely trust, understanding, fairness, usability, and human-AI team performance. Our research shows that XAI is spreading more rapidly in certain application domains, such as recommender systems than in others, but that user evaluations are still rather sparse and incorporate hardly any insights from cognitive or social sciences. Based on a comprehensive discussion of best practices, i.e., common models, design choices, and measures in user studies, we propose practical guidelines on designing and conducting user studies for XAI researchers and practitioners. Lastly, this survey also highlights several open research directions, particularly linking psychological science and human-centered XAI.
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In this chapter, we review and discuss the transformation of AI technology in HCI/UX work and assess how AI technology will change how we do the work. We first discuss how AI can be used to enhance the result of user research and design evaluation. We then discuss how AI technology can be used to enhance HCI/UX design. Finally, we discuss how AI-enabled capabilities can improve UX when users interact with computing systems, applications, and services.
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自我跟踪可以提高人们对他们不健康的行为的认识,为行为改变提供见解。事先工作探索了自动跟踪器如何反映其记录数据,但它仍然不清楚他们从跟踪反馈中学到多少,以及哪些信息更有用。实际上,反馈仍然可以压倒,并简明扼要可以通过增加焦点和减少解释负担来改善学习。为了简化反馈,我们提出了一个自动跟踪反馈显着框架,以定义提供反馈的特定信息,为什么这些细节以及如何呈现它们(手动引出或自动反馈)。我们从移动食品跟踪的实地研究中收集了调查和膳食图像数据,并实施了Salientrack,一种机器学习模型,以预测用户从跟踪事件中学习。使用可解释的AI(XAI)技术,SalientRack识别该事件的哪些特征是最突出的,为什么它们导致正面学习结果,并优先考虑如何根据归属分数呈现反馈。我们展示了用例,并进行了形成性研究,以展示Salientrack的可用性和有用性。我们讨论自动跟踪中可读性的影响,以及如何添加模型解释性扩大了提高反馈体验的机会。
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Any organization needs to improve their products, services, and processes. In this context, engaging with customers and understanding their journey is essential. Organizations have leveraged various techniques and technologies to support customer engagement, from call centres to chatbots and virtual agents. Recently, these systems have used Machine Learning (ML) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) to analyze large volumes of customer feedback and engagement data. The goal is to understand customers in context and provide meaningful answers across various channels. Despite multiple advances in Conversational Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Recommender Systems (RS), it is still challenging to understand the intent behind customer questions during the customer journey. To address this challenge, in this paper, we study and analyze the recent work in Conversational Recommender Systems (CRS) in general and, more specifically, in chatbot-based CRS. We introduce a pipeline to contextualize the input utterances in conversations. We then take the next step towards leveraging reverse feature engineering to link the contextualized input and learning model to support intent recognition. Since performance evaluation is achieved based on different ML models, we use transformer base models to evaluate the proposed approach using a labelled dialogue dataset (MSDialogue) of question-answering interactions between information seekers and answer providers.
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情绪分析中最突出的任务是为文本分配情绪,并了解情绪如何在语言中表现出来。自然语言处理的一个重要观察结果是,即使没有明确提及情感名称,也可以通过单独参考事件来隐式传达情绪。在心理学中,被称为评估理论的情感理论类别旨在解释事件与情感之间的联系。评估可以被形式化为变量,通过他们认为相关的事件的人们的认知评估来衡量认知评估。其中包括评估事件是否是新颖的,如果该人认为自己负责,是否与自己的目标以及许多其他人保持一致。这样的评估解释了哪些情绪是基于事件开发的,例如,新颖的情况会引起惊喜或不确定后果的人可能引起恐惧。我们在文本中分析了评估理论对情绪分析的适用性,目的是理解注释者是否可以可靠地重建评估概念,如果可以通过文本分类器预测,以及评估概念是否有助于识别情感类别。为了实现这一目标,我们通过要求人们发短信描述触发特定情绪并披露其评估的事件来编译语料库。然后,我们要求读者重建文本中的情感和评估。这种设置使我们能够衡量是否可以纯粹从文本中恢复情绪和评估,并为判断模型的绩效指标提供人体基准。我们将文本分类方法与人类注释者的比较表明,两者都可以可靠地检测出具有相似性能的情绪和评估。我们进一步表明,评估概念改善了文本中情绪的分类。
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支持用户日常生活的代理商不仅需要考虑用户的特征,还要考虑用户的社交状况。现有在包括社交环境的工作使用某种类型的情况提示作为信息处理技术的输入,以评估用户的预期行为。但是,研究表明,确定情况的含义非常重要,这是我们称之为社会状况理解的步骤。我们建议使用情境的心理特征,这些情况在社会科学中提出了将含义归因于情境,作为社会状况理解的基础。使用来自用户研究的数据,我们从两个角度评估了该建议。首先,从技术角度来看,我们表明,情况的心理特征可以用作预测社会情况优先级的投入,并且可以从社会状况的特征中预测情况的心理特征。其次,我们研究了理解步骤在人机含义制造中的作用。我们表明,心理特征可以成功地用作向用户解释议程管理个人助理代理商的决定的基础。
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随着AI系统表现出越来越强烈的预测性能,它们的采用已经在许多域中种植。然而,在刑事司法和医疗保健等高赌场域中,由于安全,道德和法律问题,往往是完全自动化的,但是完全手工方法可能是不准确和耗时的。因此,对研究界的兴趣日益增长,以增加人力决策。除了为此目的开发AI技术之外,人民AI决策的新兴领域必须采用实证方法,以形成对人类如何互动和与AI合作做出决定的基础知识。为了邀请和帮助结构研究努力了解理解和改善人为 - AI决策的研究,我们近期对本课题的实证人体研究的文献。我们总结了在三个重要方面的100多篇论文中的研究设计选择:(1)决定任务,(2)AI模型和AI援助要素,以及(3)评估指标。对于每个方面,我们总结了当前的趋势,讨论了现场当前做法中的差距,并列出了未来研究的建议。我们的调查强调了开发共同框架的需要考虑人类 - AI决策的设计和研究空间,因此研究人员可以在研究设计中进行严格的选择,研究界可以互相构建并产生更广泛的科学知识。我们还希望这项调查将成为HCI和AI社区的桥梁,共同努力,相互塑造人类决策的经验科学和计算技术。
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Intelligent agents have great potential as facilitators of group conversation among older adults. However, little is known about how to design agents for this purpose and user group, especially in terms of agent embodiment. To this end, we conducted a mixed methods study of older adults' reactions to voice and body in a group conversation facilitation agent. Two agent forms with the same underlying artificial intelligence (AI) and voice system were compared: a humanoid robot and a voice assistant. One preliminary study (total n=24) and one experimental study comparing voice and body morphologies (n=36) were conducted with older adults and an experienced human facilitator. Findings revealed that the artificiality of the agent, regardless of its form, was beneficial for the socially uncomfortable task of conversation facilitation. Even so, talkative personality types had a poorer experience with the "bodied" robot version. Design implications and supplementary reactions, especially to agent voice, are also discussed.
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使用计算笔记本(例如,Jupyter Notebook),数据科学家根据他们的先前经验和外部知识(如在线示例)合理化他们的探索性数据分析(EDA)。对于缺乏关于数据集或问题的具体了解的新手或数据科学家,有效地获得和理解外部信息对于执行EDA至关重要。本文介绍了eDassistant,一个jupyterlab扩展,支持EDA的原位搜索示例笔记本电脑和有用的API的推荐,由搜索结果的新颖交互式可视化供电。代码搜索和推荐是由最先进的机器学习模型启用的,培训在线收集的EDA笔记本电脑的大型语料库。进行用户学习,以调查埃迪卡斯特和数据科学家的当前实践(即,使用外部搜索引擎)。结果证明了埃迪斯坦特的有效性和有用性,与会者赞赏其对EDA的顺利和环境支持。我们还报告了有关代码推荐工具的几种设计意义。
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在数字治疗干预的背景下,例如互联网交付的认知行为治疗(ICBT)用于治疗抑郁和焦虑,广泛的研究表明,人类支持者或教练的参与如何协助接受治疗的人,改善用户参与治疗并导致更有效的健康结果而不是不受支持的干预措施。该研究旨在最大限度地提高这一人类支持的影响和结果,研究了通过AI和机器学习领域(ML)领域的最新进展提供的新机遇如何有助于有效地支持ICBT支持者的工作实践。本文报告了采访研究的详细调查结果,与15个ICBT支持者加深了解其现有的工作实践和信息需求,旨在有意义地向抑郁和焦虑治疗的背景下提供有用,可实现的ML申请。分析贡献(1)一组六个主题,总结了ICBT支持者在为其精神卫生客户提供有效,个性化反馈方面的策略和挑战;并回应这些学习,(2)对于ML方法如何帮助支持和解决挑战和信息需求,为每个主题提供具体机会。它依赖于在支持者LED客户审查实践中引入新的机器生成的数据见解的潜在社会,情感和务实含义的思考。
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Recommender systems can strongly influence which information we see online, e.g., on social media, and thus impact our beliefs, decisions, and actions. At the same time, these systems can create substantial business value for different stakeholders. Given the growing potential impact of such AI-based systems on individuals, organizations, and society, questions of fairness have gained increased attention in recent years. However, research on fairness in recommender systems is still a developing area. In this survey, we first review the fundamental concepts and notions of fairness that were put forward in the area in the recent past. Afterward, through a review of more than 150 scholarly publications, we present an overview of how research in this field is currently operationalized, e.g., in terms of general research methodology, fairness measures, and algorithmic approaches. Overall, our analysis of recent works points to specific research gaps. In particular, we find that in many research works in computer science, very abstract problem operationalizations are prevalent, and questions of the underlying normative claims and what represents a fair recommendation in the context of a given application are often not discussed in depth. These observations call for more interdisciplinary research to address fairness in recommendation in a more comprehensive and impactful manner.
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在本文中,我们提出了一种方法,用于预测社交媒体对等体之间的信任链接,其中一个是在多识别信任建模的人工智能面积。特别是,我们提出了一种数据驱动的多面信任信任建模,该信任建模包括许多不同的特征以进行全面分析。我们专注于展示类似用户的聚类如何实现关键新功能:支持更个性化的,从而为用户提供更准确的预测。在信任感知项目推荐任务中说明,我们在大yelp数据集的上下文中评估所提出的框架。然后,我们讨论如何提高社交媒体的可信关系的检测可以帮助在最近爆发的社交网络环境中支持在线用户的违法行为和谣言的传播。我们的结论是关于一个特别易受资助的用户基础,老年人的反思,以说明关于用户组的推理价值,期望通过通过数据分析获得的洞察力集成已知偏好的一些未来方向。
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在这个大数据时代,当前一代很难从在线平台中包含的大量数据中找到正确的数据。在这种情况下,需要一个信息过滤系统,可以帮助他们找到所需的信息。近年来,出现了一个称为推荐系统的研究领域。推荐人变得重要,因为他们拥有许多现实生活应用。本文回顾了推荐系统在电子商务,电子商务,电子资源,电子政务,电子学习和电子生活中的不同技术和发展。通过分析有关该主题的最新工作,我们将能够详细概述当前的发展,并确定建议系统中的现有困难。最终结果为从业者和研究人员提供了对建议系统及其应用的必要指导和见解。
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自然语言界面(NLIS)为用户提供了一种方便的方式来通过自然语言查询交互分析数据。然而,交互式数据分析是一种苛刻的过程,特别是对于新手数据分析师。从不同域探索大型和复杂的数据集时,数据分析师不一定有足够的关于数据和应用域的知识。它使他们无法有效地引起一系列查询并广泛导出理想的数据洞察力。在本文中,我们使用Step-Wise查询推荐模块开发NLI,以帮助用户选择适当的下一步探索操作。该系统采用数据驱动方法,以基于其查询日志生成用户兴趣的应用域的逐步语义相关和上下文感知的查询建议。此外,该系统可帮助用户将查询历史和结果组织成仪表板以传达发现的数据洞察力。通过比较用户学习,我们表明我们的系统可以促进比没有推荐模块的基线更有效和系统的数据分析过程。
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最近十年表明,人们对机器人作为福祉教练的兴趣越来越大。但是,尚未提出针对机器人设计作为促进心理健康的教练的凝聚力和全面的准则。本文详细介绍了基于基于扎根理论方法的定性荟萃分析的设计和道德建议,该方法是通过三项以用户为中心的涉及机器人福祉教练的三个不同的以用户为中心进行的,即:(1)与参与性设计研究一起进行的。 11名参与者由两位潜在用户组成,他们与人类教练一起参加了简短的专注于解决方案的实践研究,以及不同学科的教练,(2)半结构化的个人访谈数据,这些数据来自20名参加积极心理学干预研究的参与者借助机器人福祉教练胡椒,(3)与3名积极心理学研究的参与者以及2名相关的福祉教练进行了一项参与式设计研究。在进行主题分析和定性荟萃分析之后,我们将收集到收敛性和不同主题的数据整理在一起,并从这些结果中提炼了一套设计准则和道德考虑。我们的发现可以在设计机器人心理福祉教练时考虑到关键方面的关键方面。
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如今,可以在许多电子商务平台上找到自动建议,并且此类建议可以为消费者和提供商创造巨大的价值。但是,通常并非所有推荐的物品都具有相同的利润率,因此,提供商可能会诱使促进最大化其利润的项目。在短期内,消费者可能会接受非最佳建议,但从长远来看,他们可能会失去信任。最终,这导致了设计平衡推荐策略的问题,这些策略既考虑消费者和提供商的价值,并带来持续的业务成功。这项工作提出了一个基于基于代理的建模的仿真框架,旨在帮助提供者探索不同推荐策略的纵向动态。在我们的模型中,消费者代理人收到了提供者的建议,并且建议的质量随着时间的推移影响消费者的信任。我们设计了几种推荐策略,可以使提供商的利润更大,或者对消费者公用事业。我们的模拟表明,一种混合​​策略会增加消费者公用事业的权重,但没有忽略盈利能力,从长远来看会导致累计利润最高。与纯粹的消费者或面向利润的策略相比,这种混合策略的利润增加了约20%。我们还发现,社交媒体可以加强观察到的现象。如果消费者严重依赖社交媒体,最佳战略的累积利润进一步增加。为了确保可重复性并培养未来的研究,我们将公开共享我们的灵活模拟框架。
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移动服务机器人变得越来越无处不在。但是,这些机器人可能对视觉障碍者(PVI)提出潜在的可访问性问题和安全问题。我们试图探索PVI在主流移动服务机器人方面面临的挑战,并确定其需求。对他们在三个新兴机器人的经历进行了采访,接受了17个PVI:真空机器人,送货机器人和无人机。我们通过考虑其围绕机器人的不同角色(直接用户和旁观者)来全面研究PVI的机器人体验。我们的研究强调了参与者对移动服务机器人访问性,安全性和隐私问题的挑战和担忧。我们发现缺乏可访问的反馈使PVI难以精确控制,定位和跟踪机器人的状态。此外,遇到移动机器人时,旁观者感到困惑,甚至吓到参与者,并呈现安全性和隐私障碍。我们进一步提炼设计注意事项,以提供PVI的更容易访问和安全的机器人。
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Incivility remains a major challenge for online discussion platforms, to such an extent that even conversations between well-intentioned users can often derail into uncivil behavior. Traditionally, platforms have relied on moderators to -- with or without algorithmic assistance -- take corrective actions such as removing comments or banning users. In this work we propose a complementary paradigm that directly empowers users by proactively enhancing their awareness about existing tension in the conversation they are engaging in and actively guides them as they are drafting their replies to avoid further escalation. As a proof of concept for this paradigm, we design an algorithmic tool that provides such proactive information directly to users, and conduct a user study in a popular discussion platform. Through a mixed methods approach combining surveys with a randomized controlled experiment, we uncover qualitative and quantitative insights regarding how the participants utilize and react to this information. Most participants report finding this proactive paradigm valuable, noting that it helps them to identify tension that they may have otherwise missed and prompts them to further reflect on their own replies and to revise them. These effects are corroborated by a comparison of how the participants draft their reply when our tool warns them that their conversation is at risk of derailing into uncivil behavior versus in a control condition where the tool is disabled. These preliminary findings highlight the potential of this user-centered paradigm and point to concrete directions for future implementations.
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在过去的几年中,围绕种族类人体机器人的有问题实践的讨论已经上升。为了彻底理解机器人在人类机器人互动(HRI)社区中如何理解机器人的“性别” - 即如何被操纵,在哪些环境中以及其对人们的看法和人们产生哪些影响的影响,为基础建立基础。与机器人的互动 - 我们对文献进行了范围的评论。我们确定了553篇与我们从5个不同数据库中检索的评论相关的论文。审查论文的最终样本包括2005年至2021年之间的35篇论文,其中涉及3902名参与者。在本文中,我们通过报告有关其性别的目标和假设的信息(即操纵性别的定义和理由),对机器人的“性别”(即性别提示和操纵检查),对性别的定义和理由进行彻底总结这些论文。 (例如,参与者的人口统计学,受雇的机器人)及其结果(即主要和互动效应)。该评论表明,机器人的“性别”不会影响HRI的关键构建,例如可爱和接受,而是对刻板印象产生最强烈的影响。我们利用社会机器人技术和性别研究中的不同认识论背景来提供有关审查结果的全面跨学科观点,并提出了在HRI领域前进的方法。
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