近年来,深度学习在许多实际问题中取得了重大结果,例如计算机视觉,自然语言处理,语音识别等。多年来,该研究的主要目标是提高模型的质量,即使复杂性不切实际。但是,对于通常需要实时工作的生产解决方案而言,该模型的延迟起着非常重要的作用。通过将模型复杂性考虑到神经体系结构搜索(NAS),发现了当前的最新架构。但是,设计适合特定硬件的搜索空间仍然是一项艰巨的任务。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了神经体系结构搜索空间的硬件效率的度量 - 矩阵效率度量(MEM);由硬件有效操作组成的搜索空间;一种延迟感知的缩放方法;和Isynet-一组架构,旨在在专门的神经加工单元(NPU)硬件上快速进行快速,同时准确。我们展示了NPU设备在ImageNet上设计的架构的优势以及下游分类和检测任务的概括能力。
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在这项工作中,我们提出了一种方法,以准确评估和比较有效的神经网络构建块的性能,以硬件感知方式进行计算机视觉。我们的比较使用了基于设计空间的随机采样网络的帕累托前沿来捕获潜在的准确性/复杂性权衡。我们表明,我们的方法允许通过以前的比较范例获得的信息匹配,但对硬件成本和准确性之间的关系提供了更多见解。我们使用我们的方法来分析不同的构件并评估其在一系列嵌入式硬件平台上的性能。这突出了基准构建块作为神经网络设计过程中的预选步骤的重要性。我们表明,选择合适的构件可以在特定硬件ML加速器上加快推理的速度2倍。
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为了部署,神经架构搜索应该是硬件感知的,以满足设备特定的约束(例如,内存使用,延迟和能量消耗),并提高模型效率。硬件感知NAS的现有方法从目标设备收集大量样本(例如,精度和延迟),要么构建查找表或延迟估计器。然而,这种方法在现实世界方案中是不切实际的,因为存在具有不同硬件规格的许多器件,并从这些大量设备收集样本将需要禁止的计算和货币成本。为了克服这些限制,我们提出了硬件 - 自适应高效延迟预测器(帮助),其将设备特定的延迟估计问题交给了元学习问题,使得我们可以估计模型对给定任务的性能的延迟有一些样品的看不见的装置。为此,我们引入了新颖的硬件嵌入,将任何设备嵌入,将其视为输出延迟的黑盒功能,并使用硬件嵌入式以设备依赖方式学习硬件自适应延迟预测器。我们验证了在看不见的平台上实现了延迟估计性能的提议帮助,其中它达到了高估计性能,少于10个测量样本,优于所有相关基线。我们还验证了在没有它的帮助下使用帮助的端到端NAS框架,并表明它在很大程度上降低了基础NAS方法的总时间成本,在延迟约束的设置中。代码可在https://github.com/hayeonlee/help获得。
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深度学习技术在各种任务中都表现出了出色的有效性,并且深度学习具有推进多种应用程序(包括在边缘计算中)的潜力,其中将深层模型部署在边缘设备上,以实现即时的数据处理和响应。一个关键的挑战是,虽然深层模型的应用通常会产生大量的内存和计算成本,但Edge设备通常只提供非常有限的存储和计算功能,这些功能可能会在各个设备之间差异很大。这些特征使得难以构建深度学习解决方案,以释放边缘设备的潜力,同时遵守其约束。应对这一挑战的一种有希望的方法是自动化有效的深度学习模型的设计,这些模型轻巧,仅需少量存储,并且仅产生低计算开销。该调查提供了针对边缘计算的深度学习模型设计自动化技术的全面覆盖。它提供了关键指标的概述和比较,这些指标通常用于量化模型在有效性,轻度和计算成本方面的水平。然后,该调查涵盖了深层设计自动化技术的三类最新技术:自动化神经体系结构搜索,自动化模型压缩以及联合自动化设计和压缩。最后,调查涵盖了未来研究的开放问题和方向。
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卷积神经网络(CNNS)用于许多现实世界应用,例如基于视觉的自主驾驶和视频内容分析。要在各种目标设备上运行CNN推断,硬件感知神经结构搜索(NAS)至关重要。有效的硬件感知NAS的关键要求是对推理延迟的快速评估,以便对不同的架构进行排名。在构建每个目标设备的延迟预测器的同时,在本领域中通常使用,这是一个非常耗时的过程,在极定的设备存在下缺乏可扩展性。在这项工作中,我们通过利用延迟单调性来解决可扩展性挑战 - 不同设备上的架构延迟排名通常相关。当存在强烈的延迟单调性时,我们可以重复使用在新目标设备上搜索一个代理设备的架构,而不会丢失最佳状态。在没有强烈的延迟单调性的情况下,我们提出了一种有效的代理适应技术,以显着提高延迟单调性。最后,我们验证了我们的方法,并在多个主流搜索空间上使用不同平台的设备进行实验,包括MobileNet-V2,MobileNet-V3,NAS-Bench-201,Proxylessnas和FBNet。我们的结果突出显示,通过仅使用一个代理设备,我们可以找到几乎与现有的每个设备NAS相同的帕累托最优架构,同时避免为每个设备构建延迟预测器的禁止成本。 github:https://github.com/ren-research/oneproxy.
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Designing accurate and efficient ConvNets for mobile devices is challenging because the design space is combinatorially large. Due to this, previous neural architecture search (NAS) methods are computationally expensive. ConvNet architecture optimality depends on factors such as input resolution and target devices. However, existing approaches are too resource demanding for case-by-case redesigns. Also, previous work focuses primarily on reducing FLOPs, but FLOP count does not always reflect actual latency. To address these, we propose a differentiable neural architecture search (DNAS) framework that uses gradient-based methods to optimize Con-vNet architectures, avoiding enumerating and training individual architectures separately as in previous methods. FBNets (Facebook-Berkeley-Nets), a family of models discovered by DNAS surpass state-of-the-art models both designed manually and generated automatically. FBNet-B achieves 74.1% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet with 295M FLOPs and 23.1 ms latency on a Samsung S8 phone, 2.4x smaller and 1.5x faster than MobileNetV2-1.3[17] with similar accuracy. Despite higher accuracy and lower latency than MnasNet[20], we estimate FBNet-B's search cost is 420x smaller than MnasNet's, at only 216 GPUhours. Searched for different resolutions and channel sizes, FBNets achieve 1.5% to 6.4% higher accuracy than Mo-bileNetV2. The smallest FBNet achieves 50.2% accuracy and 2.9 ms latency (345 frames per second) on a Samsung S8. Over a Samsung-optimized FBNet, the iPhone-Xoptimized model achieves a 1.4x speedup on an iPhone X. FBNet models are open-sourced at https://github. com/facebookresearch/mobile-vision. * Work done while interning at Facebook.… Figure 1. Differentiable neural architecture search (DNAS) for ConvNet design. DNAS explores a layer-wise space that each layer of a ConvNet can choose a different block. The search space is represented by a stochastic super net. The search process trains the stochastic super net using SGD to optimize the architecture distribution. Optimal architectures are sampled from the trained distribution. The latency of each operator is measured on target devices and used to compute the loss for the super net.
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用于移动设备的有效神经网络骨干通常针对诸如FLOPS或参数计数之类的指标进行优化。但是,这些指标在移动设备上部署时可能与网络的延迟不太相关。因此,我们通过在移动设备上部署多个移动友好网络来对不同指标进行广泛的分析。我们在最近有效的神经网络中识别和分析建筑和优化瓶颈,并提供减轻这些瓶颈的方法。为此,我们设计了一个高效的骨干莫比尼蛋白,在iPhone12上的推理时间低于1毫秒,ImageNet上的Top-1精度为75.9%。我们表明,Mobileone在高效体系结构中实现了最先进的性能,同时在移动设备上的速度更快。我们的最佳模型在38倍的速度中,在Imagenet上的性能与移动形式相似。与在类似延迟时,我们的模型在ImageNet上获得了2.3%的TOP-1精度。此外,我们表明我们的模型概括为多个任务 - 图像分类,对象检测和语义分割,与在移动设备上部署时现有的有效体系结构相比,延迟和准确性的显着提高。
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Designing convolutional neural networks (CNN) for mobile devices is challenging because mobile models need to be small and fast, yet still accurate. Although significant efforts have been dedicated to design and improve mobile CNNs on all dimensions, it is very difficult to manually balance these trade-offs when there are so many architectural possibilities to consider. In this paper, we propose an automated mobile neural architecture search (MNAS) approach, which explicitly incorporate model latency into the main objective so that the search can identify a model that achieves a good trade-off between accuracy and latency. Unlike previous work, where latency is considered via another, often inaccurate proxy (e.g., FLOPS), our approach directly measures real-world inference latency by executing the model on mobile phones. To further strike the right balance between flexibility and search space size, we propose a novel factorized hierarchical search space that encourages layer diversity throughout the network. Experimental results show that our approach consistently outperforms state-of-the-art mobile CNN models across multiple vision tasks. On the ImageNet classification task, our MnasNet achieves 75.2% top-1 accuracy with 78ms latency on a Pixel phone, which is 1.8× faster than MobileNetV2 [29] with 0.5% higher accuracy and 2.3× faster than NASNet [36] with 1.2% higher accuracy. Our MnasNet also achieves better mAP quality than MobileNets for COCO object detection. Code is at https://github.com/tensorflow/tpu/ tree/master/models/official/mnasnet.
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我们提出了三种新型的修剪技术,以提高推理意识到的可区分神经结构搜索(DNAS)的成本和结果。首先,我们介绍了DNA的随机双路构建块,它可以通过内存和计算复杂性在内部隐藏尺寸上进行搜索。其次,我们在搜索过程中提出了一种在超级网的随机层中修剪块的算法。第三,我们描述了一种在搜索过程中修剪不必要的随机层的新技术。由搜索产生的优化模型称为Prunet,并在Imagenet Top-1图像分类精度的推理潜伏期中为NVIDIA V100建立了新的最先进的Pareto边界。将Prunet作为骨架还优于COCO对象检测任务的GPUNET和EFIDENENET,相对于平均平均精度(MAP)。
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深度神经网络中的建筑进步导致了跨越一系列计算机视觉任务的巨大飞跃。神经建筑搜索(NAS)并没有依靠人类的专业知识,而是成为自动化建筑设计的有前途的途径。尽管图像分类的最新成就提出了机会,但NAS的承诺尚未对更具挑战性的语义细分任务进行彻底评估。将NAS应用于语义分割的主要挑战来自两个方面:(i)要处理的高分辨率图像; (ii)针对自动驾驶等应用的实时推理速度(即实时语义细分)的其他要求。为了应对此类挑战,我们在本文中提出了一种替代辅助的多目标方法。通过一系列自定义预测模型,我们的方法有效地将原始的NAS任务转换为普通的多目标优化问题。然后是用于填充选择的层次预筛选标准,我们的方法逐渐实现了一组有效的体系结构在细分精度和推理速度之间进行交易。对三个基准数据集的经验评估以及使用华为地图集200 dk的应用程序的实证评估表明,我们的方法可以识别架构明显优于人类专家手动设计和通过其他NAS方法自动设计的现有最先进的体系结构。
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神经结构搜索(NAS)引起了日益增长的兴趣。为了降低搜索成本,最近的工作已经探讨了模型的重量分享,并在单枪NAS进行了重大进展。然而,已经观察到,单次模型精度较高的模型并不一定在独立培训时更好地执行更好。为了解决这个问题,本文提出了搜索空间的逐步自动设计,名为Pad-NAS。与超字幕中的所有层共享相同操作搜索空间的先前方法不同,我们根据操作修剪制定逐行搜索策略,并构建层面操作搜索空间。通过这种方式,Pad-NAS可以自动设计每层的操作,并在搜索空间质量和模型分集之间实现权衡。在搜索过程中,我们还考虑了高效神经网络模型部署的硬件平台约束。关于Imagenet的广泛实验表明我们的方法可以实现最先进的性能。
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是否可以在深网络中重组非线性激活函数以创建硬件有效的模型?为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一个称为重组激活网络(RANS)的新范式,该范式操纵模型中的非线性数量以提高其硬件意识和效率。首先,我们提出了RAN-STHICER(RAN-E) - 一个新的硬件感知搜索空间和半自动搜索算法 - 用硬件感知的块替换效率低下的块。接下来,我们提出了一种称为RAN-IMPLICIC(RAN-I)的无训练模型缩放方法,从理论上讲,我们在非线性单元的数量方面证明了网络拓扑与其表现性之间的联系。我们证明,我们的网络在不同尺度和几种类型的硬件上实现最新的成像网结果。例如,与有效网络-lite-B0相比,RAN-E在ARM Micro-NPU上每秒(FPS)提高了1.5倍,同时提高了类似的精度。另一方面,ran-i以相似或更好的精度表现出#macs的#macs降低2倍。我们还表明,在基于ARM的数据中心CPU上,RAN-I的FPS比Convnext高40%。最后,与基于Convnext的模型相比,基于RAN-I的对象检测网络在数据中心CPU上获得了类似或更高的映射,并且在数据中心CPU上的fps高达33%。
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混合精确的深神经网络达到了硬件部署所需的能源效率和吞吐量,尤其是在资源有限的情况下,而无需牺牲准确性。但是,不容易找到保留精度的最佳每层钻头精度,尤其是在创建巨大搜索空间的大量模型,数据集和量化技术中。为了解决这一困难,最近出现了一系列文献,并且已经提出了一些实现有希望的准确性结果的框架。在本文中,我们首先总结了文献中通常使用的量化技术。然后,我们对混合精液框架进行了彻底的调查,该调查是根据其优化技术进行分类的,例如增强学习和量化技术,例如确定性舍入。此外,讨论了每个框架的优势和缺点,我们在其中呈现并列。我们最终为未来的混合精液框架提供了指南。
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While machine learning is traditionally a resource intensive task, embedded systems, autonomous navigation, and the vision of the Internet of Things fuel the interest in resource-efficient approaches. These approaches aim for a carefully chosen trade-off between performance and resource consumption in terms of computation and energy. The development of such approaches is among the major challenges in current machine learning research and key to ensure a smooth transition of machine learning technology from a scientific environment with virtually unlimited computing resources into everyday's applications. In this article, we provide an overview of the current state of the art of machine learning techniques facilitating these real-world requirements. In particular, we focus on deep neural networks (DNNs), the predominant machine learning models of the past decade. We give a comprehensive overview of the vast literature that can be mainly split into three non-mutually exclusive categories: (i) quantized neural networks, (ii) network pruning, and (iii) structural efficiency. These techniques can be applied during training or as post-processing, and they are widely used to reduce the computational demands in terms of memory footprint, inference speed, and energy efficiency. We also briefly discuss different concepts of embedded hardware for DNNs and their compatibility with machine learning techniques as well as potential for energy and latency reduction. We substantiate our discussion with experiments on well-known benchmark datasets using compression techniques (quantization, pruning) for a set of resource-constrained embedded systems, such as CPUs, GPUs and FPGAs. The obtained results highlight the difficulty of finding good trade-offs between resource efficiency and predictive performance.
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在过去几年中,已经制作了神经结构搜索领域的显着改进。然而,由于存在搜索的约束和实际推断时间之间的间隙,搜索有效网络仍然具有挑战性。为了搜索具有低推理时间的高性能网络,若干以前的作品为搜索算法设置了计算复杂性约束。然而,许多因素影响推理的速度(例如,拖鞋,MAC)。单个指示符与延迟之间的相关性并不强。目前,提出了一些重新参数化(REP)技术将多分支转换为对单路径架构进行推断友好的。然而,多分支架构仍然是人为定义和效率低下。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种适用于结构重新参数化技术的新搜索空间。 repnas是一种单级NAS方法,以便在分支号约束下有效地搜索每个层的最佳分支块(ODBB)。我们的实验结果表明,搜索的ODBB可以轻松超越手动各种分支块(DBB),高效培训。代码和型号将越早提供。
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We present the next generation of MobileNets based on a combination of complementary search techniques as well as a novel architecture design. MobileNetV3 is tuned to mobile phone CPUs through a combination of hardwareaware network architecture search (NAS) complemented by the NetAdapt algorithm and then subsequently improved through novel architecture advances. This paper starts the exploration of how automated search algorithms and network design can work together to harness complementary approaches improving the overall state of the art. Through this process we create two new MobileNet models for release: MobileNetV3-Large and MobileNetV3-Small which are targeted for high and low resource use cases. These models are then adapted and applied to the tasks of object detection and semantic segmentation. For the task of semantic segmentation (or any dense pixel prediction), we propose a new efficient segmentation decoder Lite Reduced Atrous Spatial Pyramid Pooling (LR-ASPP). We achieve new state of the art results for mobile classification, detection and segmentation. MobileNetV3-Large is 3.2% more accurate on ImageNet classification while reducing latency by 20% compared to MobileNetV2. MobileNetV3-Small is 6.6% more accurate compared to a MobileNetV2 model with comparable latency. MobileNetV3-Large detection is over 25% faster at roughly the same accuracy as Mo-bileNetV2 on COCO detection. MobileNetV3-Large LR-ASPP is 34% faster than MobileNetV2 R-ASPP at similar accuracy for Cityscapes segmentation.
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The automated machine learning (AutoML) field has become increasingly relevant in recent years. These algorithms can develop models without the need for expert knowledge, facilitating the application of machine learning techniques in the industry. Neural Architecture Search (NAS) exploits deep learning techniques to autonomously produce neural network architectures whose results rival the state-of-the-art models hand-crafted by AI experts. However, this approach requires significant computational resources and hardware investments, making it less appealing for real-usage applications. This article presents the third version of Pareto-Optimal Progressive Neural Architecture Search (POPNASv3), a new sequential model-based optimization NAS algorithm targeting different hardware environments and multiple classification tasks. Our method is able to find competitive architectures within large search spaces, while keeping a flexible structure and data processing pipeline to adapt to different tasks. The algorithm employs Pareto optimality to reduce the number of architectures sampled during the search, drastically improving the time efficiency without loss in accuracy. The experiments performed on images and time series classification datasets provide evidence that POPNASv3 can explore a large set of assorted operators and converge to optimal architectures suited for the type of data provided under different scenarios.
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We propose a new method for learning the structure of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that is more efficient than recent state-of-the-art methods based on reinforcement learning and evolutionary algorithms. Our approach uses a sequential model-based optimization (SMBO) strategy, in which we search for structures in order of increasing complexity, while simultaneously learning a surrogate model to guide the search through structure space. Direct comparison under the same search space shows that our method is up to 5 times more efficient than the RL method of Zoph et al. (2018) in terms of number of models evaluated, and 8 times faster in terms of total compute. The structures we discover in this way achieve state of the art classification accuracies on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet.
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最近,社区对模型缩放的关注越来越多,并有助于开发具有广泛尺度的模型家族。当前的方法要么简单地采用单发NAS的方式来构建非结构性和不可缩放的模型家族,要么依靠手动固定的缩放策略来扩展不必要的最佳基础模型。在本文中,我们桥接了两个组件,并将Scalenet提出到共同搜索基础模型和缩放策略,以便缩放大型模型可以具有更有希望的性能。具体来说,我们设计了一个超级植物,以体现具有不同尺寸频谱(例如拖鞋)的模型。然后,可以通过基于马尔可夫链的进化算法与基本模型进行交互学习缩放策略,并概括以开发更大的模型。为了获得一个体面的超级植物,我们设计了一种分层抽样策略,以增强其训练充足并减轻干扰。实验结果表明,我们的缩放网络在各种失败的方面都具有显着的性能优势,但搜索成本至少降低了2.53倍。代码可在https://github.com/luminolx/scalenet上找到。
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由于存储器和计算资源有限,部署在移动设备上的卷积神经网络(CNNS)是困难的。我们的目标是通过利用特征图中的冗余来设计包括CPU和GPU的异构设备的高效神经网络,这很少在神经结构设计中进行了研究。对于类似CPU的设备,我们提出了一种新颖的CPU高效的Ghost(C-Ghost)模块,以生成从廉价操作的更多特征映射。基于一组内在的特征映射,我们使用廉价的成本应用一系列线性变换,以生成许多幽灵特征图,可以完全揭示内在特征的信息。所提出的C-Ghost模块可以作为即插即用组件,以升级现有的卷积神经网络。 C-Ghost瓶颈旨在堆叠C-Ghost模块,然后可以轻松建立轻量级的C-Ghostnet。我们进一步考虑GPU设备的有效网络。在建筑阶段的情况下,不涉及太多的GPU效率(例如,深度明智的卷积),我们建议利用阶段明智的特征冗余来制定GPU高效的幽灵(G-GHOST)阶段结构。舞台中的特征被分成两个部分,其中使用具有较少输出通道的原始块处理第一部分,用于生成内在特征,另一个通过利用阶段明智的冗余来生成廉价的操作。在基准测试上进行的实验证明了所提出的C-Ghost模块和G-Ghost阶段的有效性。 C-Ghostnet和G-Ghostnet分别可以分别实现CPU和GPU的准确性和延迟的最佳权衡。代码可在https://github.com/huawei-noah/cv-backbones获得。
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