当前适用于摘要的预训练模型容易出现事实矛盾，这些不一致性歪曲了源文本或介绍无关信息。因此，在我们开发改进的模型时，必须比较摘要的事实一致性。但是，事实一致性的最佳人类评估设置尚未标准化。为了解决这个问题，我们使用基于评分的李克特量表和基于排名的最佳缩放协议对事实一致性进行了评估，对来自CNN每日邮件和XSUM数据集的100篇文章以及四个最新的最新最新的XSUM数据集进行了评估。艺术模型，以确定最可靠的评估框架。我们发现，基于排名的协议提供了整个数据集的摘要质量的更可靠度量，而Likert评分的可靠性取决于目标数据集和评估设计。我们的众包模板和摘要评估将公开获得，以促进对摘要中事实一致性的未来研究。

Human evaluation is the foundation upon which the evaluation of both summarization systems and automatic metrics rests. However, existing human evaluation protocols and benchmarks for summarization either exhibit low inter-annotator agreement or lack the scale needed to draw statistically significant conclusions, and an in-depth analysis of human evaluation is lacking. In this work, we address the shortcomings of existing summarization evaluation along the following axes: 1) We propose a modified summarization salience protocol, Atomic Content Units (ACUs), which relies on fine-grained semantic units and allows for high inter-annotator agreement. 2) We curate the Robust Summarization Evaluation (RoSE) benchmark, a large human evaluation dataset consisting of over 22k summary-level annotations over state-of-the-art systems on three datasets. 3) We compare our ACU protocol with three other human evaluation protocols, underscoring potential confounding factors in evaluation setups. 4) We evaluate existing automatic metrics using the collected human annotations across evaluation protocols and demonstrate how our benchmark leads to more statistically stable and significant results. Furthermore, our findings have important implications for evaluating large language models (LLMs), as we show that LLMs adjusted by human feedback (e.g., GPT-3.5) may overfit unconstrained human evaluation, which is affected by the annotators' prior, input-agnostic preferences, calling for more robust, targeted evaluation methods.

The acquisition of high-quality human annotations through crowdsourcing platforms like Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is more challenging than expected. The annotation quality might be affected by various aspects like annotation instructions, Human Intelligence Task (HIT) design, and wages paid to annotators, etc. To avoid potentially low-quality annotations which could mislead the evaluation of automatic summarization system outputs, we investigate the recruitment of high-quality MTurk workers via a three-step qualification pipeline. We show that we can successfully filter out bad workers before they carry out the evaluations and obtain high-quality annotations while optimizing the use of resources. This paper can serve as basis for the recruitment of qualified annotators in other challenging annotation tasks.

文本生成的广泛使用的评估指标要么与更长的文本效果不错，要么无法评估文本质量的所有方面。在本文中，我们引入了一个名为SMART的新指标，以减轻此类限制。具体而言，我们将句子视为匹配的基本单位，而不是代币，并使用句子匹配函数来匹配匹配候选和参考句子。还将候选句子与源文件中的句子进行了比较，以允许接地（例如，事实）评估。我们的结果表明，我们提出的指标与基于模型的匹配函数的系统级相关性优于萨姆瓦尔摘要元评估数据集上的所有竞争指标指标。后者不使用任何神经模型，这在模型开发阶段很有用，在这些阶段，资源可以受到限制且需要快速评估。最后，我们还进行了广泛的分析，表明我们提出的指标与较长的摘要很好地运行，并且对特定模型的偏见较小。

自动评估摘要的连贯性具有重要意义，既可以实现成本效益的摘要评估，又可以通过选择高分候选候选摘要来提高连贯性。尽管已经提出了许多不同的方法来建模摘要相干性，但通常使用不同的数据集和指标对其进行评估。这使得很难理解他们的相对性能，并确定朝着更好的摘要连贯建模的方法。在这项工作中，我们对各种方法进行了大规模研究，以进行均匀的竞争环境建模。此外，我们介绍了两项新的分析措施，即系统内相关性和偏置矩阵，它们有助于确定相干度量的偏见，并为系统级混杂因素提供鲁棒性。尽管当前可用的自动连贯性措施都无法为所有评估指标的系统摘要分配可靠的连贯分数，但对自我监督任务进行了微调的大规模语言模型显示出令人鼓舞的结果，只要微调会考虑在内他们需要在不同的摘要长度上概括。

The proliferation of automatic faithfulness metrics for summarization has produced a need for benchmarks to evaluate them. While existing benchmarks measure the correlation with human judgements of faithfulness on model-generated summaries, they are insufficient for diagnosing whether metrics are: 1) consistent, i.e., decrease as errors are introduced into a summary, 2) effective on human-written texts, and 3) sensitive to different error types (as summaries can contain multiple errors). To address these needs, we present a benchmark of unfaithful minimal pairs (BUMP), a dataset of 889 human-written, minimally different summary pairs, where a single error (from an ontology of 7 types) is introduced to a summary from the CNN/DailyMail dataset to produce an unfaithful summary. We find BUMP complements existing benchmarks in a number of ways: 1) the summaries in BUMP are harder to discriminate and less probable under SOTA summarization models, 2) BUMP enables measuring the consistency of metrics, and reveals that the most discriminative metrics tend not to be the most consistent, 3) BUMP enables the measurement of metrics' performance on individual error types and highlights areas of weakness for future work.

在典型的客户服务聊天方案中，客户联系支持中心以便帮助或提高投诉，人类代理商试图解决这些问题。在大多数情况下，在谈话结束时，要求代理人写一份简短的总结强调问题和建议的解决方案，通常是为了使其他可能需要处理同一客户或问题的其他代理商的利益。本文的目标是推进此任务的自动化。我们介绍了第一个大规模，高质量的客户服务对话框摘要数据集，接近6500人的注释摘要。数据基于现实世界的客户支持对话框，包括提取和抽象摘要。我们还介绍了一种特定于对话框的新无监督的提取摘要方法。

GPT-3等模型的零和少量提示的最新成功导致了NLP研究的范式转移。在本文中，我们研究了其对文本摘要的影响，重点是新闻摘要的经典基准领域。首先，我们研究了零击GPT-3与在大型摘要数据集中训练的微调模型的比较。我们表明，不仅人类压倒性地更喜欢GPT-3摘要，而且这些摘要也不遭受普通数据集特异性问题（例如事实差的问题）。接下来，我们研究这对评估意味着什么，尤其是黄金标准测试集的作用。我们的实验表明，基于参考和无参考的自动指标，例如最近提出的基于质量检查或基于质量的事实方法无法可靠地评估零击摘要。最后，我们讨论了未来的研究挑战，除了通用摘要之外，特别是基于关键字和方面的摘要，表明了优势微调方法与零拍的提示相比如何。为了支持进一步的研究，我们发布：（a）在4个标准摘要基准中，从微调和零摄像模型中产生的10K生成的摘要，（b）1K人类偏好判断和比较不同系统的普通系统，以进行通用和关键字的不同系统。基于摘要。

Knowledge about outcomes is critical for complex event understanding but is hard to acquire. We show that by pre-identifying a participant in a complex event, crowd workers are able to (1) infer the collective impact of salient events that make up the situation, (2) annotate the volitional engagement of participants in causing the situation, and (3) ground the outcome of the situation in state changes of the participants. By creating a multi-step interface and a careful quality control strategy, we collect a high quality annotated dataset of 8K short newswire narratives and ROCStories with high inter-annotator agreement (0.74-0.96 weighted Fleiss Kappa). Our dataset, POQue (Participant Outcome Questions), enables the exploration and development of models that address multiple aspects of semantic understanding. Experimentally, we show that current language models lag behind human performance in subtle ways through our task formulations that target abstract and specific comprehension of a complex event, its outcome, and a participant's influence over the event culmination.

社区问题应答（CQA）FORA，如堆栈溢出和雅虎！答案包含丰富的资源，对广泛的基于社区的问题答案。每个问题线程都可以通过不同的角度接收大量答案。答案摘要的一个目标是产生反映答案视角范围的摘要。抽象答案概述的主要障碍是没有数据集，可以提供监督制作这些摘要。最近的作品提出了创建此类数据的启发式，但这些是嘈杂的，并且不会涵盖答案中存在的所有观点。这项工作介绍了4,631个CQA线程的新型数据集，用于答案摘要，由专业语言学家策划。我们的管道收集了答案概述所涉及的所有子特设的注释，包括选择与问题相关的答案句子，根据透视图对这些句子进行分组，总结每个视角，并生成整体摘要。我们在这些子组织上分析和基准最先进的模型，并为多视角数据增强引入了一种新的无监督方法，这进一步提高了根据自动评估的整体摘要性能。最后，我们提出了加强学习奖励，以改善事实一致性和答案覆盖范围和分析改进领域。

Abstractive dialogue summarization has received increasing attention recently. Despite the fact that most of the current dialogue summarization systems are trained to maximize the likelihood of human-written summaries and have achieved significant results, there is still a huge gap in generating high-quality summaries as determined by humans, such as coherence and faithfulness, partly due to the misalignment in maximizing a single human-written summary. To this end, we propose to incorporate different levels of human feedback into the training process. This will enable us to guide the models to capture the behaviors humans care about for summaries. Specifically, we ask humans to highlight the salient information to be included in summaries to provide the local feedback , and to make overall comparisons among summaries in terms of coherence, accuracy, coverage, concise and overall quality, as the global feedback. We then combine both local and global feedback to fine-tune the dialog summarization policy with Reinforcement Learning. Experiments conducted on multiple datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and generalization of our methods over the state-of-the-art supervised baselines, especially in terms of human judgments.

最先进的抽象摘要系统经常生成\ emph {幻觉};即，不直接从源文本中推断的内容。尽管被认为是不正确的，我们发现非常令人难潮的内容是事实，即与世界知识一致。这些事实幻觉通过提供有用的背景信息，可以在摘要中受益。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新的检测方法，将事实与实体的非事实幻觉分开。我们的方法分别使用实体的先前和后验概率，分别是预训练和芬特的屏蔽语言模型。经验结果表明，我们的方法在精度和F1分数方面大大优于两种基线％，与人类判断强烈相关。百分比对事实分类任务。此外，我们显示我们的探测器，当用作离线增强学习（RL）算法中的奖励信号时，显着提高了摘要的事实性，同时保持抽象水平。

Current metrics for evaluating factuality for abstractive document summarization have achieved high correlations with human judgment, but they do not account for the vision modality and thus are not adequate for vision-and-language summarization. We propose CLIPBERTScore, a simple weighted combination of CLIPScore and BERTScore to leverage the robustness and strong factuality detection performance between image-summary and document-summary, respectively. Next, due to the lack of meta-evaluation benchmarks to evaluate the quality of multimodal factuality metrics, we collect human judgments of factuality with respect to documents and images. We show that this simple combination of two metrics in the zero-shot setting achieves higher correlations than existing factuality metrics for document summarization, outperforms an existing multimodal summarization metric, and performs competitively with strong multimodal factuality metrics specifically fine-tuned for the task. Our thorough analysis demonstrates the robustness and high correlation of CLIPBERTScore and its components on four factuality metric-evaluation benchmarks. Finally, we demonstrate two practical downstream applications of our CLIPBERTScore metric: for selecting important images to focus on during training, and as a reward for reinforcement learning to improve factuality of multimodal summary generation w.r.t automatic and human evaluation. Our data and code are publicly available at https://github.com/meetdavidwan/faithful-multimodal-summ

Precisely assessing the progress in natural language generation (NLG) tasks is challenging, and human evaluation to establish a preference in a model's output over another is often necessary. However, human evaluation is usually costly, difficult to reproduce, and non-reusable. In this paper, we propose a new and simple automatic evaluation method for NLG called Near-Negative Distinction (NND) that repurposes prior human annotations into NND tests. In an NND test, an NLG model must place a higher likelihood on a high-quality output candidate than on a near-negative candidate with a known error. Model performance is established by the number of NND tests a model passes, as well as the distribution over task-specific errors the model fails on. Through experiments on three NLG tasks (question generation, question answering, and summarization), we show that NND achieves a higher correlation with human judgments than standard NLG evaluation metrics. We then illustrate NND evaluation in four practical scenarios, for example performing fine-grain model analysis, or studying model training dynamics. Our findings suggest that NND can give a second life to human annotations and provide low-cost NLG evaluation.

在摘要域中，摘要的关键要求是与输入文档一致。以前的工作发现，当应用于不一致检测时，自然语言推理（NLI）模型不会竞争地执行。在这项工作中，我们重新访问NLI的使用进行不一致检测，发现过去的工作遭到了NLI数据集（句子级）与不一致检测（文档级别）之间的输入粒度不匹配。我们提供称为SummacConv的高效和轻量级方法，使NLI模型能够通过将文档分段为句子单元并在句子对之间聚合得分来成功地用于此任务。在我们的新推出的基准名为Summac（简介一致性）中由六个大的不一致检测数据集组成，SummacConv以74.4％的均衡精度获得最先进的结果，与现有工作相比，5％的点改进。我们制作可用的模型和数据集：https://github.com/tingofurro/summac

自动摘要方法是有效的，但可能患有低质量。相比之下，手动摘要很昂贵，但质量更高。人类和人工智能可以协作以提高总结性能吗？在类似的文本生成任务（例如机器翻译）中，人类AI合作的形式是“后编辑” AI生成的文本，可减少人类的工作量并提高AI输出的质量。因此，我们探讨了邮政编辑是否提供文本摘要中的优势。具体来说，我们对72名参与者进行了实验，将提供的后编辑摘要与手动摘要进行了摘要，以摘要质量，人为效率和用户在正式新闻（XSUM新闻）和非正式（REDDIT帖子）文本方面进行了比较。这项研究对何时编辑的文本摘要提供了宝贵的见解：在某些情况下（例如，何时参与者缺乏领域知识），但在其他情况下却没有帮助（例如，何时提供的摘要包括不准确的信息）。参与者的不同编辑策略和援助需求为未来的人类摘要系统提供了影响。

We consider the end-to-end abstract-to-title generation problem, exploring seven recent transformer based models (including ChatGPT) fine-tuned on more than 30k abstract-title pairs from NLP and machine learning venues. As an extension, we also consider the harder problem of generating humorous paper titles. For the latter, we compile the first large-scale humor annotated dataset for scientific papers in the NLP/ML domains, comprising almost 2.5k titles. We evaluate all models using human and automatic metrics. Our human evaluation suggests that our best end-to-end system performs similarly to human authors (but arguably slightly worse). Generating funny titles is more difficult, however, and our automatic systems clearly underperform relative to humans and often learn dataset artefacts of humor. Finally, ChatGPT, without any fine-tuning, performs on the level of our best fine-tuned system.

Current abstractive summarization systems present important weaknesses which prevent their deployment in real-world applications, such as the omission of relevant information and the generation of factual inconsistencies (also known as hallucinations). At the same time, automatic evaluation metrics such as CTC scores have been recently proposed that exhibit a higher correlation with human judgments than traditional lexical-overlap metrics such as ROUGE. In this work, we intend to close the loop by leveraging the recent advances in summarization metrics to create quality-aware abstractive summarizers. Namely, we propose an energy-based model that learns to re-rank summaries according to one or a combination of these metrics. We experiment using several metrics to train our energy-based re-ranker and show that it consistently improves the scores achieved by the predicted summaries. Nonetheless, human evaluation results show that the re-ranking approach should be used with care for highly abstractive summaries, as the available metrics are not yet sufficiently reliable for this purpose.

诸如学术文章和商业报告之类的长期文件一直是详细说明重要问题和需要额外关注的复杂主题的标准格式。自动汇总系统可以有效地将长文档置于简短而简洁的文本中，以封装最重要的信息，从而在帮助读者的理解中很重要。最近，随着神经体系结构的出现，已经做出了重大的研究工作，以推动自动文本摘要系统，以及有关将这些系统扩展到长期文档领域的挑战的大量研究。在这项调查中，我们提供了有关长期文档摘要的研究的全面概述，以及其研究环境的三个主要组成部分的系统评估：基准数据集，汇总模型和评估指标。对于每个组成部分，我们在长期汇总的背景下组织文献，并进行经验分析，以扩大有关当前研究进度的观点。实证分析包括一项研究基准数据集的内在特征，摘要模型的多维分析以及摘要评估指标的综述。根据总体发现，我们通过提出可能在这个快速增长的领域中提出未来探索的方向来得出结论。

在抽象性摘要的背景下，已广泛讨论了不忠摘要的问题。尽管提取性摘要不太容易出现抽象性摘要的普遍不忠问题，但这是否意味着提取性等于忠实？原来答案是否定的。在这项工作中，我们定义了一种类型学，具有五种类型的广泛的不忠问题（包括和超越未登录），这些问题可能出现在提取性摘要中，包括不正确的核心，不完整的核心，不正确的话语，不完整的话语，不完整的话语以及其他误导性信息。我们要求人类在1500个由15种不同的提取系统产生的英语摘要中标记这些问题。我们发现，其中33％的摘要至少有五个问题中的一个。为了自动检测这些问题，我们发现5个现有的忠诚评估指标与人类判断力的相关性很差。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种新的度量标准，该指标旨在检测不忠的提取性摘要，并显示出最佳性能。我们希望我们的工作能够提高对提取性总结中不忠问题的认识，并帮助将来的工作评估和解决这些问题。我们的数据和代码可在https://github.com/zhangshiyue/extractive_is_not_faithful上公开获取