阿尔茨海默氏病和额颞痴呆是两种主要痴呆症。它们的准确诊断和分化对于确定特定干预和治疗至关重要。然而,由于临床症状的类似模式,在疾病的早期,这两种痴呆症的鉴别诊断仍然很困难。因此,多种类型痴呆的自动分类具有重要的临床价值。到目前为止,尚未积极探索这一挑战。最近在医学图像领域进行深度学习的发展已经证明了各种分类任务的高性能。在本文中,我们建议利用两种类型的生物标志物:结构分级和结构萎缩。为此,我们首先建议训练大型3D U-NET的合奏,以局部区分健康与痴呆症解剖模式。这些模型的结果是一个可解释的3D分级图,能够指示异常的大脑区域。该地图也可以使用图形卷积神经网络在各种分类任务中被利用。最后,我们建议将深度分级和基于萎缩的分类结合起来,以改善痴呆型识别。与最先进的疾病检测任务和鉴别诊断任务相比,提出的框架表现出竞争性能。
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阿尔茨海默氏病的准确诊断和预后对于开发新疗法和降低相关成本至关重要。最近,随着卷积神经网络的进步,已经提出了深度学习方法,以使用结构MRI自动化这两个任务。但是,这些方法通常缺乏解释性和泛化,预后表现有限。在本文中,我们提出了一个旨在克服这些局限性的新型深框架。我们的管道包括两个阶段。在第一阶段,使用125个3D U-NET来估计整个大脑的体voxelwise等级得分。然后将所得的3D地图融合,以构建一个可解释的3D分级图,以指示结构水平的疾病严重程度。结果,临床医生可以使用该地图来检测受疾病影响的大脑结构。在第二阶段,分级图和受试者的年龄用于使用图卷积神经网络进行分类。基于216名受试者的实验结果表明,与在不同数据集上进行AD诊断和预后的最新方法相比,我们的深框架的竞争性能。此外,我们发现,使用大量的U-NET处理不同的重叠大脑区域,可以提高所提出方法的概括能力。
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Accurate diagnosis and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease are crucial to develop new therapies and reduce the associated costs. Recently, with the advances of convolutional neural networks, methods have been proposed to automate these two tasks using structural MRI. However, these methods often suffer from lack of interpretability, generalization, and can be limited in terms of performance. In this paper, we propose a novel deep framework designed to overcome these limitations. Our framework consists of two stages. In the first stage, we propose a deep grading model to extract meaningful features. To enhance the robustness of these features against domain shift, we introduce an innovative collective artificial intelligence strategy for training and evaluating steps. In the second stage, we use a graph convolutional neural network to better capture AD signatures. Our experiments based on 2074 subjects show the competitive performance of our deep framework compared to state-of-the-art methods on different datasets for both AD diagnosis and prognosis.
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阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种不可逆的神经发电疾病的大脑。疾病可能会导致记忆力损失,难以沟通和迷失化。对于阿尔茨海默病的诊断,通常需要一系列尺度来临床评估诊断,这不仅增加了医生的工作量,而且还使诊断结果高度主观。因此,对于阿尔茨海默病,成像手段寻找早期诊断标志物已成为一个首要任务。在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的3DMGNET架构,该架构是多基体和卷积神经网络的统一框架,以诊断阿尔茨海默病(AD)。该模型使用Open DataSet(ADNI DataSet)培训,然后使用较小的DataSet进行测试。最后,该模型为AD VS NC分类实现了92.133%的精度,并显着降低了模型参数。
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Late-life depression (LLD) is a highly prevalent mood disorder occurring in older adults and is frequently accompanied by cognitive impairment (CI). Studies have shown that LLD may increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the heterogeneity of presentation of geriatric depression suggests that multiple biological mechanisms may underlie it. Current biological research on LLD progression incorporates machine learning that combines neuroimaging data with clinical observations. There are few studies on incident cognitive diagnostic outcomes in LLD based on structural MRI (sMRI). In this paper, we describe the development of a hybrid representation learning (HRL) framework for predicting cognitive diagnosis over 5 years based on T1-weighted sMRI data. Specifically, we first extract prediction-oriented MRI features via a deep neural network, and then integrate them with handcrafted MRI features via a Transformer encoder for cognitive diagnosis prediction. Two tasks are investigated in this work, including (1) identifying cognitively normal subjects with LLD and never-depressed older healthy subjects, and (2) identifying LLD subjects who developed CI (or even AD) and those who stayed cognitively normal over five years. To the best of our knowledge, this is among the first attempts to study the complex heterogeneous progression of LLD based on task-oriented and handcrafted MRI features. We validate the proposed HRL on 294 subjects with T1-weighted MRIs from two clinically harmonized studies. Experimental results suggest that the HRL outperforms several classical machine learning and state-of-the-art deep learning methods in LLD identification and prediction tasks.
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背景:虽然卷积神经网络(CNN)实现了检测基于磁共振成像(MRI)扫描的阿尔茨海默病(AD)痴呆的高诊断准确性,但它们尚未应用于临床常规。这是一个重要原因是缺乏模型可理解性。最近开发的用于导出CNN相关性图的可视化方法可能有助于填补这种差距。我们调查了具有更高准确性的模型还依赖于先前知识预定义的判别脑区域。方法:我们培训了CNN,用于检测痴呆症和Amnestic认知障碍(MCI)患者的N = 663 T1加权MRI扫描的AD,并通过交叉验证和三个独立样本验证模型的准确性= 1655例。我们评估了相关评分和海马体积的关联,以验证这种方法的临床效用。为了提高模型可理解性,我们实现了3D CNN相关性图的交互式可视化。结果:跨三个独立数据集,组分离表现出广告痴呆症与控制的高精度(AUC $ \ GEQUQ $ 0.92)和MCI与控制的中等精度(AUC $ \约0.75美元)。相关性图表明海马萎缩被认为是广告检测的最具信息性因素,其其他皮质和皮质区域中的萎缩额外贡献。海马内的相关评分与海马体积高度相关(Pearson的r $ \大约$ -0.86,p <0.001)。结论:相关性地图突出了我们假设先验的地区的萎缩。这加强了CNN模型的可理解性,这些模型基于扫描和诊断标签以纯粹的数据驱动方式培训。
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计算机辅助方法为诊断和预测脑疾病显示了附加的价值,因此可以支持临床护理和治疗计划中的决策。本章将洞悉方法的类型,其工作,输入数据(例如认知测试,成像和遗传数据)及其提供的输出类型。我们将专注于诊断的特定用例,即估计患者的当前“状况”,例如痴呆症的早期检测和诊断,对脑肿瘤的鉴别诊断以及中风的决策。关于预测,即对患者的未来“状况”的估计,我们将缩小用例,例如预测多发性硬化症中的疾病病程,并预测脑癌治疗后患者的结局。此外,根据这些用例,我们将评估当前的最新方法,并强调当前对这些方法进行基准测试的努力以及其中的开放科学的重要性。最后,我们评估了计算机辅助方法的当前临床影响,并讨论了增加临床影响所需的下一步。
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机器学习方法利用多参数生物标志物,特别是基于神经影像动物,具有改善痴呆早期诊断的巨大潜力,并预测哪些个体存在发展痴呆的风险。对于机器学习领域的基准算法和痴呆症中的神经影像症,并评估他们在临床实践中使用的潜力和临床试验,七年的大挑战已经在过去十年中组织:Miriad,Alzheimer的疾病大数据梦,Caddementia,机器学习挑战,MCI神经影像动物,蝌蚪和预测分析竞争。基于两个挑战评估框架,我们分析了这些大挑战如何互相补充研究问题,数据集,验证方法,结果和影响。七个大挑战解决了与(临床前)痴呆症(临床)痴呆症的筛查,诊断,预测和监测有关的问题。临床问题,任务和性能指标几乎没有重叠。然而,这具有提供对广泛问题的洞察力的优势,它也会限制对挑战的结果的验证。通常,获胜算法执行严格的数据预处理并组合了广泛的输入特征。尽管最先进的表演,但临床上没有挑战评估的大部分方法。为了增加影响,未来的挑战可以更加关注统计分析,对其与高于阿尔茨海默病的临床问题,以及使用超越阿尔茨海默病神经影像疾病的临床问题,以及超越阿尔茨海默病的临床问题。鉴于过去十年中汲取的潜力和经验教训,我们在未来十年及其超越的机器学习和神经影像中的大挑战前景兴奋。
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视网膜光学相干断层扫描(OCT)和光学相干断层扫描(OCTA)是(早期)诊断阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)的有前途的工具。这些非侵入性成像技术比替代神经影像工具更具成本效益,更容易获得。但是,即使对于训练有素的从业人员来说,解释和分类OCT设备进行的多层扫描也是耗时和挑战。关于机器学习和深度学习方法的调查,涉及对诸如青光眼等各种疾病的OCT扫描自动分析。但是,目前的文献缺乏对使用OCT或OCTA诊断阿尔茨海默氏病或​​认知障碍的广泛调查。这促使我们进行了针对需要介绍该问题的机器/深度学习科学家或从业者的全面调查。本文包含1)对阿尔茨海默氏病和认知障碍的医学背景介绍及其使用OCT和八八片成像方式的诊断,2)从自动分析的角度审查有关该问题的各种技术建议和子问题的回顾,3 )对最近的深度学习研究和可用的OCT/OCTA数据集的系统综述,旨在诊断阿尔茨海默氏病和认知障碍。对于后者,我们使用发布或灭亡软件来搜索来自Scopus,PubMed和Web Science等各种来源的相关研究。我们遵循PRISMA方法筛选了3073参考的初始库,并确定了直接针对AD诊断的十项相关研究(n = 10,3073分)。我们认为缺乏开放的OCT/OCTA数据集(关于阿尔茨海默氏病)是阻碍该领域进展的主要问题。
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Structural alterations have been thoroughly investigated in the brain during the early onset of schizophrenia (SCZ) with the development of neuroimaging methods. The objective of the paper is an efficient classification of SCZ in 2 different classes: Cognitive Normal (CN), and SCZ using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images. This paper proposed a lightweight 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) based framework for SCZ diagnosis using MRI images. In the proposed model, lightweight 3D CNN is used to extract both spatial and spectral features simultaneously from 3D volume MRI scans, and classification is done using an ensemble bagging classifier. Ensemble bagging classifier contributes to preventing overfitting, reduces variance, and improves the model's accuracy. The proposed algorithm is tested on datasets taken from three benchmark databases available as open-source: MCICShare, COBRE, and fBRINPhase-II. These datasets have undergone preprocessing steps to register all the MRI images to the standard template and reduce the artifacts. The model achieves the highest accuracy 92.22%, sensitivity 94.44%, specificity 90%, precision 90.43%, recall 94.44%, F1-score 92.39% and G-mean 92.19% as compared to the current state-of-the-art techniques. The performance metrics evidenced the use of this model to assist the clinicians for automatic accurate diagnosis of SCZ.
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机器学习在医学图像分析中发挥着越来越重要的作用,产卵在神经影像症的临床应用中的新进展。之前有一些关于机器学习和癫痫的综述,它们主要专注于电生理信号,如脑电图(EEG)和立体脑电图(SEENG),同时忽略癫痫研究中神经影像的潜力。 NeuroImaging在确认癫痫区域的范围内具有重要的优点,这对于手术后的前诊所评估和评估至关重要。然而,脑电图难以定位大脑中的准确癫痫病变区。在这篇综述中,我们强调了癫痫诊断和预后在癫痫诊断和预后的背景下神经影像学和机器学习的相互作用。我们首先概述癫痫诊所,MRI,DWI,FMRI和PET中使用的癫痫和典型的神经影像姿态。然后,我们在将机器学习方法应用于神经影像数据的方法:i)将手动特征工程和分类器的传统机器学习方法阐述了两种方法,即卷积神经网络和自动化器等深度学习方法。随后,详细地研究了对癫痫,定位和横向化任务等分割,本地化和横向化任务的应用,以及与诊断和预后直接相关的任务。最后,我们讨论了目前的成就,挑战和潜在的未来方向,希望为癫痫的计算机辅助诊断和预后铺平道路。
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阿尔茨海默氏病是一种进行性神经退行性疾病,逐渐剥夺患者的认知功能,并可能以死亡结束。随着当今技术的发展,可以通过磁共振成像(MRI)扫描来检测阿尔茨海默氏病。因此,MRI是最常用于诊断和分析阿尔茨海默氏病进展的技术。有了这项技术,可以使用机器学习自动实现对阿尔茨海默氏病的早期诊断的图像识别。尽管机器学习具有许多优势,但目前使用深度学习的应用更广泛地应用,因为它具有更强的学习能力,并且更适合解决图像识别问题。但是,仍然存在一些挑战以实施深度学习,例如对大型数据集的需求,需要大量的计算资源以及需要仔细的参数设置以防止过度拟合或不足。在应对使用深度学习对阿尔茨海默氏病进行分类的挑战时,本研究提出了使用残留网络18层(RESNET-18)体系结构的卷积神经网络(CNN)方法。为了克服对大型且平衡的数据集的需求,使用来自ImageNet的传输学习并加权损耗函数值,以使每个类具有相同的权重。而且,在这项研究中,通过将网络激活函数更改为MISH激活函数以提高准确性,从而进行了实验。从已经进行的测试结果中,使用转移学习,加权损失和MISH激活函数的模型准确性为88.3%。该准确性值来自基线模型,仅获得69.1%的精度。
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临床实践中使用的医学图像是异质的,与学术研究中研究的扫描质量不同。在解剖学,伪影或成像参数不寻常或方案不同的极端情况下,预处理会分解。最需要对这些变化的方法可靠。提出了一种新颖的深度学习方法,以将人脑快速分割为132个区域。提出的模型使用有效的U-NET型网络,并从不同视图和分层关系的交点上受益,以在端到端训练期间融合正交2D平面和脑标签。部署了弱监督的学习,以利用部分标记的数据来进行整个大脑分割和颅内体积(ICV)的估计。此外,数据增强用于通过生成具有较高的脑扫描的磁共振成像(MRI)数据来扩展模型训练,同时保持数据隐私。提出的方法可以应用于脑MRI数据,包括头骨或任何其他工件,而无需预处理图像或性能下降。与最新的一些实验相比,使用了不同的Atlases的几项实验,以评估受过训练模型的分割性能,并且与不同内部和不同内部和不同内部方法的现有方法相比,结果显示了较高的分割精度和鲁棒性。间域数据集。
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早期发现阿尔茨海默氏病对于部署干预措施和减慢疾病进展至关重要。在过去的十年中,已经探索了许多机器学习和深度学习算法,目的是为阿尔茨海默氏症建立自动检测。数据增强技术和先进的深度学习体系结构的进步已经在该领域开辟了新的边界,研究正在快速发展。因此,这项调查的目的是概述有关阿尔茨海默氏病诊断深度学习模型的最新研究。除了对众多数据源,神经网络架构以及常用的评估措施进行分类外,我们还对实施和可重复性进行了分类。我们的目标是协助感兴趣的研究人员跟上最新的发展,并将早期的调查作为基准。此外,我们还指出了该主题的未来研究方向。
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阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)是最常见的神经退行性疾病,具有最复杂的病原体之一,使有效且临床上可行的决策变得困难。这项研究的目的是开发一个新型的多模式深度学习框架,以帮助医疗专业人员进行AD诊断。我们提出了一个多模式的阿尔茨海默氏病诊断框架(MADDI),以准确检测成像,遗传和临床数据中的AD和轻度认知障碍(MCI)。 Maddi是新颖的,因为我们使用跨模式的注意力,它捕获了模态之间的相互作用 - 这种域中未探讨的方法。我们执行多级分类,这是一项艰巨的任务,考虑到MCI和AD之间的相似之处。我们与以前的最先进模型进行比较,评估注意力的重要性,并检查每种模式对模型性能的贡献。 Maddi在持有的测试集中对MCI,AD和控件进行了96.88%的精度分类。在检查不同注意力方案的贡献时,我们发现跨模式关注与自我注意力的组合表现出了最佳状态,并且模型中没有注意力层表现最差,而F1分数差异为7.9%。我们的实验强调了结构化临床数据的重要性,以帮助机器学习模型将其背景化和解释其余模式化。广泛的消融研究表明,未访问结构化临床信息的任何多模式混合物都遭受了明显的性能损失。这项研究证明了通过跨模式的注意组合多种输入方式的优点,以提供高度准确的AD诊断决策支持。
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Accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is both challenging and time consuming. With a systematic approach for early detection and diagnosis of AD, steps can be taken towards the treatment and prevention of the disease. This study explores the practical application of deep learning models for diagnosis of AD. Due to computational complexity, large training times and limited availability of labelled dataset, a 3D full brain CNN (convolutional neural network) is not commonly used, and researchers often prefer 2D CNN variants. In this study, full brain 3D version of well-known 2D CNNs were designed, trained and tested for diagnosis of various stages of AD. Deep learning approach shows good performance in differentiating various stages of AD for more than 1500 full brain volumes. Along with classification, the deep learning model is capable of extracting features which are key in differentiating the various categories. The extracted features align with meaningful anatomical landmarks, that are currently considered important in identification of AD by experts. An ensemble of all the algorithm was also tested and the performance of the ensemble algorithm was superior to any individual algorithm, further improving diagnosis ability. The 3D versions of the trained CNNs and their ensemble have the potential to be incorporated in software packages that can be used by physicians/radiologists to assist them in better diagnosis of AD.
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阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)是痴呆症的最常见原因。早期检测对于减慢疾病并减轻与进展相关的风险至关重要。虽然MRI和FDG-PET的组合是诊断的最佳基于图像的工具,但FDG-PET并不总是可用。仅MRI对阿尔茨海默氏病的可靠检测可能是有益的,尤其是在FDG-PET可能对所有患者负担不起的地区。为此,我们提出了一种基于U-NET的多任务方法,该方法将T1加权MR图像作为输入,以生成合成FDG-PET图像,并将患者的痴呆症进展分为认知正常(CN),认知障碍(MCI)和广告。两个任务头中使用的注意门可以可视化大脑中最相关的部分,指导检查员并增加可解释性。结果表明,合成FDG-PET图像的成功产生以及幼稚单任务基线的疾病分类的性能提高。
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Normative modelling is an emerging method for understanding the underlying heterogeneity within brain disorders like Alzheimer Disease (AD) by quantifying how each patient deviates from the expected normative pattern that has been learned from a healthy control distribution. Since AD is a multifactorial disease with more than one biological pathways, multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) neuroimaging data can provide complementary information about the disease heterogeneity. However, existing deep learning based normative models on multimodal MRI data use unimodal autoencoders with a single encoder and decoder that may fail to capture the relationship between brain measurements extracted from different MRI modalities. In this work, we propose multi-modal variational autoencoder (mmVAE) based normative modelling framework that can capture the joint distribution between different modalities to identify abnormal brain structural patterns in AD. Our multi-modal framework takes as input Freesurfer processed brain region volumes from T1-weighted (cortical and subcortical) and T2-weighed (hippocampal) scans of cognitively normal participants to learn the morphological characteristics of the healthy brain. The estimated normative model is then applied on Alzheimer Disease (AD) patients to quantify the deviation in brain volumes and identify the abnormal brain structural patterns due to the effect of the different AD stages. Our experimental results show that modeling joint distribution between the multiple MRI modalities generates deviation maps that are more sensitive to disease staging within AD, have a better correlation with patient cognition and result in higher number of brain regions with statistically significant deviations compared to a unimodal baseline model with all modalities concatenated as a single input.
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Purpose: Hard-to-interpret Black-box Machine Learning (ML) were often used for early Alzheimer's Disease (AD) detection. Methods: To interpret eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) black-box models a workflow based on Shapley values was developed. All models were trained on the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset and evaluated for an independent ADNI test set, as well as the external Australian Imaging and Lifestyle flagship study of Ageing (AIBL), and Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS) datasets. Shapley values were compared to intuitively interpretable Decision Trees (DTs), and Logistic Regression (LR), as well as natural and permutation feature importances. To avoid the reduction of the explanation validity caused by correlated features, forward selection and aspect consolidation were implemented. Results: Some black-box models outperformed DTs and LR. The forward-selected features correspond to brain areas previously associated with AD. Shapley values identified biologically plausible associations with moderate to strong correlations with feature importances. The most important RF features to predict AD conversion were the volume of the amygdalae, and a cognitive test score. Good cognitive test performances and large brain volumes decreased the AD risk. The models trained using cognitive test scores significantly outperformed brain volumetric models ($p<0.05$). Cognitive Normal (CN) vs. AD models were successfully transferred to external datasets. Conclusion: In comparison to previous work, improved performances for ADNI and AIBL were achieved for CN vs. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) classification using brain volumes. The Shapley values and the feature importances showed moderate to strong correlations.
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功能磁共振成像(fMRI)的功能连通性网络(FCN)数据越来越多地用于诊断脑疾病。然而,最新的研究用来使用单个脑部分析地图集以一定的空间尺度构建FCN,该空间尺度很大程度上忽略了层次范围内不同空间尺度的功能相互作用。在这项研究中,我们提出了一个新型框架,以对脑部疾病诊断进行多尺度FCN分析。我们首先使用一组定义明确的多尺地图像来计算多尺度FCN。然后,我们利用多尺度地图集中各个区域之间具有生物学意义的大脑分层关系,以跨多个空间尺度进行淋巴结池,即“ Atlas指导的池”。因此,我们提出了一个基于多尺度的层次图形卷积网络(MAHGCN),该网络(MAHGCN)建立在图形卷积和ATLAS引导的池上,以全面地从多尺度FCN中详细提取诊断信息。关于1792名受试者的神经影像数据的实验证明了我们提出的方法在诊断阿尔茨海默氏病(AD),AD的前驱阶段(即轻度认知障碍[MCI])以及自闭症谱系障碍(ASD),,AD的前瞻性阶段(即,轻度认知障碍[MCI]),,精度分别为88.9%,78.6%和72.7%。所有结果都显示出我们提出的方法比其他竞争方法具有显着优势。这项研究不仅证明了使用深度学习增强的静止状态fMRI诊断的可行性,而且还强调,值得探索多尺度脑层次结构中的功能相互作用,并将其整合到深度学习网络体系结构中,以更好地理解有关的神经病理学。脑疾病。
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