由于最近的自然语言处理的进步，几种作品已经将伯特的预先接受审查的屏蔽语言模型（MLM）应用于语音识别的后校正。然而，现有的预先训练的模型仅考虑语义校正，同时忽略了单词的语音特征。因此，语义后校正将降低性能，因为在中国ASR中同音误差相当常见。在本文中，我们提出了一种集体利用了语境化表示的新方法以及错误与其替换候选人之间的语音信息来缓解中国ASR的错误率。我们对现实世界语音识别数据集的实验结果表明，我们所提出的方法明显地低于基线模型的CER，其利用预先训练的BERT MLM作为校正器。

中文拼写检查（CSC）的任务旨在检测和纠正文本中可以找到的拼写错误。虽然手动注释高质量的数据集很昂贵且耗时，因此培训数据集的规模通常很小（例如，Sighan15仅包含2339个用于培训的样本），因此基于学习的模型通常会遭受数据稀疏限制。和过度合适的问题，尤其是在大语言模型时代。在本文中，我们致力于研究\ textbf {无监督}范式来解决CSC问题，我们提出了一个名为\ textbf {uchecker}的框架，以进行无监督的拼写错误检测和校正。考虑到其强大的语言诊断能力，将蒙面审慎的语言模型（例如BERT）引入为骨干模型。从各种且灵活的掩蔽操作中受益，我们提出了一种混乱集引导的掩盖策略，以精细培训掩盖语言模型，以进一步提高无监督的检测和校正的性能。标准数据集的实验结果证明了我们提出的模型Uchecker在字符级别和句子级的准确性，精度，回忆和F1分别对拼写错误检测和校正任务分别进行的效率。

While pre-trained Chinese language models have demonstrated impressive performance on a wide range of NLP tasks, the Chinese Spell Checking (CSC) task remains a challenge. Previous research has explored using information such as glyphs and phonetics to improve the ability to distinguish misspelled characters, with good results. However, the generalization ability of these models is not well understood: it is unclear whether they incorporate glyph-phonetic information and, if so, whether this information is fully utilized. In this paper, we aim to better understand the role of glyph-phonetic information in the CSC task and suggest directions for improvement. Additionally, we propose a new, more challenging, and practical setting for testing the generalizability of CSC models. All code is made publicly available.

Error correction in automatic speech recognition (ASR) aims to correct those incorrect words in sentences generated by ASR models. Since recent ASR models usually have low word error rate (WER), to avoid affecting originally correct tokens, error correction models should only modify incorrect words, and therefore detecting incorrect words is important for error correction. Previous works on error correction either implicitly detect error words through target-source attention or CTC (connectionist temporal classification) loss, or explicitly locate specific deletion/substitution/insertion errors. However, implicit error detection does not provide clear signal about which tokens are incorrect and explicit error detection suffers from low detection accuracy. In this paper, we propose SoftCorrect with a soft error detection mechanism to avoid the limitations of both explicit and implicit error detection. Specifically, we first detect whether a token is correct or not through a probability produced by a dedicatedly designed language model, and then design a constrained CTC loss that only duplicates the detected incorrect tokens to let the decoder focus on the correction of error tokens. Compared with implicit error detection with CTC loss, SoftCorrect provides explicit signal about which words are incorrect and thus does not need to duplicate every token but only incorrect tokens; compared with explicit error detection, SoftCorrect does not detect specific deletion/substitution/insertion errors but just leaves it to CTC loss. Experiments on AISHELL-1 and Aidatatang datasets show that SoftCorrect achieves 26.1% and 9.4% CER reduction respectively, outperforming previous works by a large margin, while still enjoying fast speed of parallel generation.

来自变压器（BERT）的双向编码器表示显示了各种NLP任务的奇妙改进，并且已经提出了其连续的变体来进一步提高预先训练的语言模型的性能。在本文中，我们的目标是首先介绍中国伯特的全文掩蔽（WWM）策略，以及一系列中国预培训的语言模型。然后我们还提出了一种简单但有效的型号，称为Macbert，这在几种方面提高了罗伯塔。特别是，我们提出了一种称为MLM作为校正（MAC）的新掩蔽策略。为了展示这些模型的有效性，我们创建了一系列中国预先培训的语言模型，作为我们的基线，包括BERT，Roberta，Electra，RBT等。我们对十个中国NLP任务进行了广泛的实验，以评估创建的中国人托管语言模型以及提议的麦克白。实验结果表明，Macbert可以在许多NLP任务上实现最先进的表演，我们还通过几种可能有助于未来的研究的调查结果来消融细节。我们开源我们的预先培训的语言模型，以进一步促进我们的研究界。资源可用：https://github.com/ymcui/chinese-bert-wwm

The lack of label data is one of the significant bottlenecks for Chinese Spelling Check (CSC). Existing researches use the method of automatic generation by exploiting unlabeled data to expand the supervised corpus. However, there is a big gap between the real input scenario and automatic generated corpus. Thus, we develop a competitive general speller ECSpell which adopts the Error Consistent masking strategy to create data for pretraining. This error consistency masking strategy is used to specify the error types of automatically generated sentences which is consistent with real scene. The experimental result indicates our model outperforms previous state-of-the-art models on the general benchmark. Moreover, spellers often work within a particular domain in real life. Due to lots of uncommon domain terms, experiments on our built domain specific datasets show that general models perform terribly. Inspired by the common practice of input methods, we propose to add an alterable user dictionary to handle the zero-shot domain adaption problem. Specifically, we attach a User Dictionary guided inference module (UD) to a general token classification based speller. Our experiments demonstrate that ECSpell$^{UD}$, namely ECSpell combined with UD, surpasses all the other baselines largely, even approaching the performance on the general benchmark.

拼写错误纠正是自然语言处理中具有很长历史的主题之一。虽然以前的研究取得了显着的结果，但仍然存在挑战。在越南语中，任务的最先进的方法从其相邻音节中介绍了一个音节的上下文。然而，该方法的准确性可能是不令人满意的，因为如果模型可能会失去上下文，如果两个（或更多）拼写错误彼此静置。在本文中，我们提出了一种纠正越南拼写错误的新方法。我们使用深入学习模型解决错误错误和拼写错误错误的问题。特别地，嵌入层由字节对编码技术提供支持。基于变压器架构的序列模型的序列使我们的方法与上一个问题不同于同一问题的方法。在实验中，我们用大型合成数据集训练模型，这是随机引入的拼写错误。我们使用现实数据集测试所提出的方法的性能。此数据集包含11,202个以9,341不同的越南句子中的人造拼写错误。实验结果表明，我们的方法达到了令人鼓舞的表现，检测到86.8％的误差，81.5％纠正，分别提高了最先进的方法5.6％和2.2％。

预训练的语言模型（PLM）在自然语言理解中的许多下游任务中取得了显着的性能增长。已提出了各种中文PLM，以学习更好的中文表示。但是，大多数当前模型都使用中文字符作为输入，并且无法编码中文单词中包含的语义信息。虽然最近的预训练模型同时融合了单词和字符，但它们通常会遭受不足的语义互动，并且无法捕获单词和字符之间的语义关系。为了解决上述问题，我们提出了一个简单而有效的PLM小扣手，该小扣子采用了对单词和性格表示的对比度学习。特别是，Clower通过对多透明信息的对比学习将粗粒的信息（即单词）隐式编码为细粒度表示（即字符）。在现实的情况下，小电动器具有很大的价值，因为它可以轻松地将其纳入任何现有的基于细粒的PLM中而无需修改生产管道。在一系列下游任务上进行的扩展实验表明，小动物的卓越性能超过了几个最先进的实验 - 艺术基线。

End-to-end text-to-speech synthesis (TTS) can generate highly natural synthetic speech from raw text. However, rendering the correct pitch accents is still a challenging problem for end-to-end TTS. To tackle the challenge of rendering correct pitch accent in Japanese end-to-end TTS, we adopt PnG~BERT, a self-supervised pretrained model in the character and phoneme domain for TTS. We investigate the effects of features captured by PnG~BERT on Japanese TTS by modifying the fine-tuning condition to determine the conditions helpful inferring pitch accents. We manipulate content of PnG~BERT features from being text-oriented to speech-oriented by changing the number of fine-tuned layers during TTS. In addition, we teach PnG~BERT pitch accent information by fine-tuning with tone prediction as an additional downstream task. Our experimental results show that the features of PnG~BERT captured by pretraining contain information helpful inferring pitch accent, and PnG~BERT outperforms baseline Tacotron on accent correctness in a listening test.

Due to the ambiguity of homophones, Chinese Spell Checking (CSC) has widespread applications. Existing systems typically utilize BERT for text encoding. However, CSC requires the model to account for both phonetic and graphemic information. To adapt BERT to the CSC task, we propose a token-level self-distillation contrastive learning method. We employ BERT to encode both the corrupted and corresponding correct sentence. Then, we use contrastive learning loss to regularize corrupted tokens' hidden states to be closer to counterparts in the correct sentence. On three CSC datasets, we confirmed our method provides a significant improvement above baselines.

连接派时间分类（CTC）的模型在自动语音识别（ASR）方面具有吸引力，因为它们的非自动性性质。为了利用仅文本数据，语言模型（LM）集成方法（例如重新纠正和浅融合）已被广泛用于CTC。但是，由于需要降低推理速度，因此他们失去了CTC的非自动性性本质。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种使用电话条件的蒙版LM（PC-MLM）的误差校正方法。在提出的方法中，掩盖了来自CTC的贪婪解码输出中的较不自信的单词令牌。然后，PC-MLM预测这些蒙版的单词令牌给定的单词和手机补充了CTC。我们进一步将其扩展到可删除的PC-MLM，以解决插入错误。由于CTC和PC-MLM均为非自动回旋模型，因此该方法可以快速LM集成。在域适应设置中对自发日本（CSJ）和TED-LIUM2语料库进行的实验评估表明，我们所提出的方法在推理速度方面优于重新逆转和浅融合，并且在CSJ上的识别准确性方面。

中文拼写检查（CSC）任务旨在检测和纠正中文拼写错误。近年来，相关研究的重点是引入“混乱设置”以增强CSC模型的角色相似性，忽略了包含更丰富信息的字符的上下文。为了更好地利用上下文相似性，我们为CSC任务提供了一个简单而有效的课程学习框架。借助我们设计的模型不足框架，现有的CSC型号将从人类学习汉字并取得进一步改进的培训。对广泛使用的Sighan数据集进行了广泛的实验和详细分析表明，我们的方法的表现优于先前的最新方法。

Discriminative pre-trained language models (PLMs) learn to predict original texts from intentionally corrupted ones. Taking the former text as positive and the latter as negative samples, the PLM can be trained effectively for contextualized representation. However, the training of such a type of PLMs highly relies on the quality of the automatically constructed samples. Existing PLMs simply treat all corrupted texts as equal negative without any examination, which actually lets the resulting model inevitably suffer from the false negative issue where training is carried out on pseudo-negative data and leads to less efficiency and less robustness in the resulting PLMs. In this work, on the basis of defining the false negative issue in discriminative PLMs that has been ignored for a long time, we design enhanced pre-training methods to counteract false negative predictions and encourage pre-training language models on true negatives by correcting the harmful gradient updates subject to false negative predictions. Experimental results on GLUE and SQuAD benchmarks show that our counter-false-negative pre-training methods indeed bring about better performance together with stronger robustness.

Error correction techniques have been used to refine the output sentences from automatic speech recognition (ASR) models and achieve a lower word error rate (WER) than original ASR outputs. Previous works usually use a sequence-to-sequence model to correct an ASR output sentence autoregressively, which causes large latency and cannot be deployed in online ASR services. A straightforward solution to reduce latency, inspired by non-autoregressive (NAR) neural machine translation, is to use an NAR sequence generation model for ASR error correction, which, however, comes at the cost of significantly increased ASR error rate. In this paper, observing distinctive error patterns and correction operations (i.e., insertion, deletion, and substitution) in ASR, we propose FastCorrect, a novel NAR error correction model based on edit alignment. In training, FastCorrect aligns each source token from an ASR output sentence to the target tokens from the corresponding ground-truth sentence based on the edit distance between the source and target sentences, and extracts the number of target tokens corresponding to each source token during edition/correction, which is then used to train a length predictor and to adjust the source tokens to match the length of the target sentence for parallel generation. In inference, the token number predicted by the length predictor is used to adjust the source tokens for target sequence generation. Experiments on the public AISHELL-1 dataset and an internal industrial-scale ASR dataset show the effectiveness of FastCorrect for ASR error correction: 1) it speeds up the inference by 6-9 times and maintains the accuracy (8-14% WER reduction) compared with the autoregressive correction model; and 2) it outperforms the popular NAR models adopted in neural machine translation and text edition by a large margin.

Cloze任务是一种广泛使用的任务，可以评估NLP系统的语言理解能力。然而，大多数现有的渗透任务只需要NLP系统以提供每个输入数据样本的相对最佳预测，而不是在输入域中以一致的方式以一致的方式为所有可能的预测的绝对质量。因此，提出了一种新的任务：预测填充任务中的填充词是一个好的，中立或坏候选者。可以扩展复杂的版本以预测更多离散类或连续分数。我们专注于Semoval 2022任务7的子任务，探讨了一些可能的架构来解决这一新任务，提供了对它们的详细比较，并提出了一种在这项新任务中改进传统模型的集合方法。

虽然现代自动语音识别（ASR）系统可以实现高性能，但它们可能会产生削弱读者体验并对下游任务造成伤害的错误。为了提高ASR假设的准确性和可靠性，我们提出了一种用于语音识别器的跨模型后处理系统，其中1）熔断来自不同方式的声学特征和文本特征，2）接合置信度估计器和多个误差校正器任务学习时尚和3）统一纠错和话语抑制模块。与单模或单任务模型相比，我们提出的系统被证明更有效和高效。实验结果表明，我们的后处理系统导致对工业ASR系统的单扬声器和多扬声器语音相对降低的10％相对减少，每个令牌约为1.7ms延迟确保在流语音识别中可以接受后处理引入的额外延迟。

Error correction is widely used in automatic speech recognition (ASR) to post-process the generated sentence, and can further reduce the word error rate (WER). Although multiple candidates are generated by an ASR system through beam search, current error correction approaches can only correct one sentence at a time, failing to leverage the voting effect from multiple candidates to better detect and correct error tokens. In this work, we propose FastCorrect 2, an error correction model that takes multiple ASR candidates as input for better correction accuracy. FastCorrect 2 adopts non-autoregressive generation for fast inference, which consists of an encoder that processes multiple source sentences and a decoder that generates the target sentence in parallel from the adjusted source sentence, where the adjustment is based on the predicted duration of each source token. However, there are some issues when handling multiple source sentences. First, it is non-trivial to leverage the voting effect from multiple source sentences since they usually vary in length. Thus, we propose a novel alignment algorithm to maximize the degree of token alignment among multiple sentences in terms of token and pronunciation similarity. Second, the decoder can only take one adjusted source sentence as input, while there are multiple source sentences. Thus, we develop a candidate predictor to detect the most suitable candidate for the decoder. Experiments on our inhouse dataset and AISHELL-1 show that FastCorrect 2 can further reduce the WER over the previous correction model with single candidate by 3.2% and 2.6%, demonstrating the effectiveness of leveraging multiple candidates in ASR error correction. FastCorrect 2 achieves better performance than the cascaded re-scoring and correction pipeline and can serve as a unified post-processing module for ASR.

近年来BERT显示明显的优势，在自然语言处理任务的巨大潜力。然而，培训和应用BERT需要计算上下文语言表示，这阻碍了它的普遍性和适用性密集的时间和资源。为了克服这个瓶颈，我们采用窗口屏蔽机制立正层提出了深刻的双向语言模型。这项工作计算上下文的语言表示，而没有随意屏蔽一样在BERT和保持深双向架构类似BERT。为了计算相同的句子表示，我们的方法显示出O（n）的复杂性相比少其他基于变压器的型号O（$ N ^ $ 2）。为了进一步显示其优越性，计算在CPU环境背景下的语言表述中进行，通过短信分类方面使用的嵌入，从所提出的方法，logistic回归显示更高的精度。 Moverover，所提出的方法也实现了语义相似任务显著更高的性能。

事实证明，将先验知识纳入预训练的语言模型中对知识驱动的NLP任务有效，例如实体键入和关系提取。当前的培训程序通常通过使用知识掩盖，知识融合和知识更换将外部知识注入模型。但是，输入句子中包含的事实信息尚未完全开采，并且尚未严格检查注射的外部知识。结果，无法完全利用上下文信息，并将引入额外的噪音，或者注入的知识量受到限制。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了MLRIP，该MLRIP修改了Ernie-Baidu提出的知识掩盖策略，并引入了两阶段的实体替代策略。进行全面分析的广泛实验说明了MLRIP在军事知识驱动的NLP任务中基于BERT的模型的优势。

孟加拉语键入大多是使用英语键盘进行的，并且由于存在化合物和类似明显的字母，因此可能是错误的。拼写错误的单词的拼写校正需要了解单词键入模式以及用法一词的上下文。我们提出了一个专业的BERT模型，Bspell针对词校正句子级别。Bspell包含一个可训练的CNN子模型，名为Semanticnet以及专门的辅助损失。这使得Bspell在存在拼写错误的情况下专门研究高度易转的孟加拉词汇。我们进一步提出了将单词级别和字符水平掩蔽组合的混合预读方案。利用这种预审前的方案，BSPELL在现实生活中的孟加拉语拼写校正验证设置中实现了91.5％的准确性。对两个孟加拉语和一个印地语拼写校正数据集进行了详细比较，显示了拟议的Bspell优于现有咒语检查器的优势。