To apply federated learning to drug discovery we developed a novel platform in the context of European Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) project MELLODDY (grant n{\deg}831472), which was comprised of 10 pharmaceutical companies, academic research labs, large industrial companies and startups. The MELLODDY platform was the first industry-scale platform to enable the creation of a global federated model for drug discovery without sharing the confidential data sets of the individual partners. The federated model was trained on the platform by aggregating the gradients of all contributing partners in a cryptographic, secure way following each training iteration. The platform was deployed on an Amazon Web Services (AWS) multi-account architecture running Kubernetes clusters in private subnets. Organisationally, the roles of the different partners were codified as different rights and permissions on the platform and administrated in a decentralized way. The MELLODDY platform generated new scientific discoveries which are described in a companion paper.
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制药行业可以更好地利用其数据资产来通过协作机器学习平台虚拟化药物发现。另一方面,由于参与者的培训数据的意外泄漏,存在不可忽略的风险,因此,对于这样的平台,必须安全和隐私权。本文介绍了在药物发现的临床前阶段进行协作建模的隐私风险评估,以加快有前途的候选药物的选择。在最新推理攻击的简短分类法之后,我们采用并定制了几种基础情况。最后,我们用一些相关的隐私保护技术来描述和实验,以减轻此类攻击。
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网络威胁情报(CTI)共享是减少攻击者和捍卫者之间信息不对称的重要活动。但是,由于数据共享和机密性之间的紧张关系,这项活动带来了挑战,这导致信息保留通常会导致自由骑士问题。因此,共享的信息仅代表冰山一角。当前的文献假设访问包含所有信息的集中数据库,但是由于上述张力,这并不总是可行的。这会导致不平衡或不完整的数据集,需要使用技术扩展它们。我们展示了这些技术如何导致结果和误导性能期望。我们提出了一个新颖的框架,用于从分布式数据中提取有关事件,漏洞和妥协指标的分布式数据,并与恶意软件信息共享平台(MISP)一起证明其在几种实际情况下的使用。提出和讨论了CTI共享的政策影响。拟议的系统依赖于隐私增强技术和联合处理的有效组合。这使组织能够控制其CTI,并最大程度地减少暴露或泄漏的风险,同时为共享的好处,更准确和代表性的结果以及更有效的预测性和预防性防御能力。
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联邦学习一直是一个热门的研究主题,使不同组织的机器学习模型的协作培训在隐私限制下。随着研究人员试图支持更多具有不同隐私方法的机器学习模型,需要开发系统和基础设施,以便于开发各种联合学习算法。类似于Pytorch和Tensorflow等深度学习系统,可以增强深度学习的发展,联邦学习系统(FLSS)是等效的,并且面临各个方面的面临挑战,如有效性,效率和隐私。在本调查中,我们对联合学习系统进行了全面的审查。为实现流畅的流动和引导未来的研究,我们介绍了联合学习系统的定义并分析了系统组件。此外,我们根据六种不同方面提供联合学习系统的全面分类,包括数据分布,机器学习模型,隐私机制,通信架构,联合集市和联合的动机。分类可以帮助设计联合学习系统,如我们的案例研究所示。通过系统地总结现有联合学习系统,我们展示了设计因素,案例研究和未来的研究机会。
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联邦学习的出现在维持隐私的同时,促进了机器学习模型之间的大规模数据交换。尽管历史悠久,但联邦学习正在迅速发展,以使更广泛的使用更加实用。该领域中最重要的进步之一是将转移学习纳入联邦学习,这克服了主要联合学习的基本限制,尤其是在安全方面。本章从安全的角度进行了有关联合和转移学习的交集的全面调查。这项研究的主要目标是发现可能损害使用联合和转移学习的系统的隐私和性能的潜在脆弱性和防御机制。
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联合学习(FL)和分裂学习(SL)是两种新兴的协作学习方法,可能会极大地促进物联网(IoT)中无处不在的智能。联合学习使机器学习(ML)模型在本地培训的模型使用私人数据汇总为全球模型。分裂学习使ML模型的不同部分可以在学习框架中对不同工人进行协作培训。联合学习和分裂学习,每个学习都有独特的优势和各自的局限性,可能会相互补充,在物联网中无处不在的智能。因此,联合学习和分裂学习的结合最近成为一个活跃的研究领域,引起了广泛的兴趣。在本文中,我们回顾了联合学习和拆分学习方面的最新发展,并介绍了有关最先进技术的调查,该技术用于将这两种学习方法组合在基于边缘计算的物联网环境中。我们还确定了一些开放问题,并讨论了该领域未来研究的可能方向,希望进一步引起研究界对这个新兴领域的兴趣。
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Federated Learning is a distributed machine learning approach which enables model training on a large corpus of decentralized data. We have built a scalable production system for Federated Learning in the domain of mobile devices, based on TensorFlow. In this paper, we describe the resulting high-level design, sketch some of the challenges and their solutions, and touch upon the open problems and future directions.
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由于机器学习(ML)技术和应用正在迅速改变许多计算领域,以及与ML相关的安全问题也在出现。在系统安全领域中,已经进行了许多努力,以确保ML模型和数据机密性。ML计算通常不可避免地在不受信任的环境中执行,并因此需要复杂的多方安全要求。因此,研究人员利用可信任的执行环境(TEES)来构建机密ML计算系统。本文通过在不受信任的环境中分类攻击向量和缓解攻击载体和缓解来进行系统和全面的调查,分析多方ML安全要求,并讨论相关工程挑战。
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Data-driven Machine Learning has emerged as a promising approach for building accurate and robust statistical models from medical data, which is collected in huge volumes by modern healthcare systems. Existing medical data is not fully exploited by ML primarily because it sits in data silos and privacy concerns restrict access to this data. However, without access to sufficient data, ML will be prevented from reaching its full potential and, ultimately, from making the transition from research to clinical practice. This paper considers key factors contributing to this issue, explores how Federated Learning (FL) may provide a solution for the future of digital health and highlights the challenges and considerations that need to * Disclaimer: The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the institutions they are affiliated with, e.g. the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services or the National Institutes of Health. This is a pre-print version of https://www.nature.com/articles/s41746-020-00323-1 be addressed.
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The advent of Federated Learning (FL) has ignited a new paradigm for parallel and confidential decentralized Machine Learning (ML) with the potential of utilizing the computational power of a vast number of IoT, mobile and edge devices without data leaving the respective device, ensuring privacy by design. Yet, in order to scale this new paradigm beyond small groups of already entrusted entities towards mass adoption, the Federated Learning Framework (FLF) has to become (i) truly decentralized and (ii) participants have to be incentivized. This is the first systematic literature review analyzing holistic FLFs in the domain of both, decentralized and incentivized federated learning. 422 publications were retrieved, by querying 12 major scientific databases. Finally, 40 articles remained after a systematic review and filtering process for in-depth examination. Although having massive potential to direct the future of a more distributed and secure AI, none of the analyzed FLF is production-ready. The approaches vary heavily in terms of use-cases, system design, solved issues and thoroughness. We are the first to provide a systematic approach to classify and quantify differences between FLF, exposing limitations of current works and derive future directions for research in this novel domain.
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随着机器学习(ml)的进步及其日益增长的意识,许多拥有数据但不是ML专业知识(数据所有者)的组织希望汇集他们的数据并与那些具有专业知识的人合作,但需要来自不同来源的数据,以便训练真正普遍的资料模型(模型所有者)。在这种协作ML中,数据所有者希望保护其培训数据的隐私,而模型所有者希望模型的机密性和可能包含知识产权的培训方法。但是,现有的私人ML解决方案,如联合学习和分裂学习,不能同时满足数据和模型所有者的隐私要求。本文介绍了城可扩展的协作ML系统,可根据英特尔SGX在不受信任的基础架构中保护两个数据所有者和模型所有者的隐私。 CITADEL在代表数据所有者和代表模型所有者运行的多个训练环路中执行分布式训练。 CITADEL通过零和屏蔽和分层聚合进一步在这些外地之间建立了强大的信息屏障,以防止在协同培训期间防止数据/模型泄漏。与现有的SGX保护培训系统相比,Citadel实现了合作ML的更好的可扩展性和更强大的隐私保障。具有各种ML模型的云部署显示,Citadel缩放到大量的环路,由SGX引起的小于1.73x放缓。
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对网络攻击的现代防御越来越依赖于主动的方法,例如,基于过去的事件来预测对手的下一个行动。建立准确的预测模型需要许多组织的知识; las,这需要披露敏感信息,例如网络结构,安全姿势和政策,这些信息通常是不受欢迎的或完全不可能的。在本文中,我们探讨了使用联合学习(FL)预测未来安全事件的可行性。为此,我们介绍了Cerberus,这是一个系统,可以为参与组织的复发神经网络(RNN)模型进行协作培训。直觉是,FL可能会在非私有方法之间提供中间地面,在非私有方法中,训练数据在中央服务器上合并,而仅训练本地模型的较低性替代方案。我们将Cerberus实例化在从一家大型安全公司的入侵预防产品中获得的数据集上,并评估其有关实用程序,鲁棒性和隐私性,以及参与者如何从系统中贡献和受益。总体而言,我们的工作阐明了将FL执行此任务的积极方面和挑战,并为部署联合方法以进行预测安全铺平了道路。
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Today's AI still faces two major challenges. One is that in most industries, data exists in the form of isolated islands. The other is the strengthening of data privacy and security. We propose a possible solution to these challenges: secure federated learning. Beyond the federated learning framework first proposed by Google in 2016, we introduce a comprehensive secure federated learning framework, which includes horizontal federated learning, vertical federated learning and federated transfer learning. We provide definitions, architectures and applications for the federated learning framework, and provide a comprehensive survey of existing works on this subject. In addition, we propose building data networks among organizations based on federated mechanisms as an effective solution to allow knowledge to be shared without compromising user privacy.
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边缘计算是一个将数据处理服务转移到生成数据的网络边缘的范式。尽管这样的架构提供了更快的处理和响应,但除其他好处外,它还提出了必须解决的关键安全问题和挑战。本文讨论了从硬件层到系统层的边缘网络体系结构出现的安全威胁和漏洞。我们进一步讨论了此类网络中的隐私和法规合规性挑战。最后,我们认为需要一种整体方法来分析边缘网络安全姿势,该姿势必须考虑每一层的知识。
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Federated learning is a collaborative method that aims to preserve data privacy while creating AI models. Current approaches to federated learning tend to rely heavily on secure aggregation protocols to preserve data privacy. However, to some degree, such protocols assume that the entity orchestrating the federated learning process (i.e., the server) is not fully malicious or dishonest. We investigate vulnerabilities to secure aggregation that could arise if the server is fully malicious and attempts to obtain access to private, potentially sensitive data. Furthermore, we provide a method to further defend against such a malicious server, and demonstrate effectiveness against known attacks that reconstruct data in a federated learning setting.
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In terms of artificial intelligence, there are several security and privacy deficiencies in the traditional centralized training methods of machine learning models by a server. To address this limitation, federated learning (FL) has been proposed and is known for breaking down ``data silos" and protecting the privacy of users. However, FL has not yet gained popularity in the industry, mainly due to its security, privacy, and high cost of communication. For the purpose of advancing the research in this field, building a robust FL system, and realizing the wide application of FL, this paper sorts out the possible attacks and corresponding defenses of the current FL system systematically. Firstly, this paper briefly introduces the basic workflow of FL and related knowledge of attacks and defenses. It reviews a great deal of research about privacy theft and malicious attacks that have been studied in recent years. Most importantly, in view of the current three classification criteria, namely the three stages of machine learning, the three different roles in federated learning, and the CIA (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability) guidelines on privacy protection, we divide attack approaches into two categories according to the training stage and the prediction stage in machine learning. Furthermore, we also identify the CIA property violated for each attack method and potential attack role. Various defense mechanisms are then analyzed separately from the level of privacy and security. Finally, we summarize the possible challenges in the application of FL from the aspect of attacks and defenses and discuss the future development direction of FL systems. In this way, the designed FL system has the ability to resist different attacks and is more secure and stable.
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随着物联网,AI和ML/DL算法的出现,数据驱动的医疗应用已成为一种有前途的工具,用于从医学数据设计可靠且可扩展的诊断和预后模型。近年来,这引起了从学术界到工业的广泛关注。这无疑改善了医疗保健提供的质量。但是,由于这些基于AI的医疗应用程序在满足严格的安全性,隐私和服务标准(例如低延迟)方面的困难,因此仍然采用较差。此外,医疗数据通常是分散的和私人的,这使得在人群之间产生强大的结果具有挑战性。联邦学习(FL)的最新发展使得以分布式方式训练复杂的机器学习模型成为可能。因此,FL已成为一个积极的研究领域,尤其是以分散的方式处理网络边缘的医疗数据,以保护隐私和安全问题。为此,本次调查论文重点介绍了数据共享是重大负担的医疗应用中FL技术的当前和未来。它还审查并讨论了当前的研究趋势及其设计可靠和可扩展模型的结果。我们概述了FL将军的统计问题,设备挑战,安全性,隐私问题及其在医疗领域的潜力。此外,我们的研究还集中在医疗应用上,我们重点介绍了全球癌症的负担以及有效利用FL来开发计算机辅助诊断工具来解决这些诊断工具。我们希望这篇评论是一个检查站,以彻底的方式阐明现有的最新最新作品,并为该领域提供开放的问题和未来的研究指示。
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通信技术和互联网的最新进展与人工智能(AI)启用了智能医疗保健。传统上,由于现代医疗保健网络的高性性和日益增长的数据隐私问题,AI技术需要集中式数据收集和处理,这可能在现实的医疗环境中可能是不可行的。作为一个新兴的分布式协作AI范例,通过协调多个客户(例如,医院)来执行AI培训而不共享原始数据,对智能医疗保健特别有吸引力。因此,我们对智能医疗保健的使用提供了全面的调查。首先,我们在智能医疗保健中展示了近期进程,动机和使用FL的要求。然后讨论了近期智能医疗保健的FL设计,从资源感知FL,安全和隐私感知到激励FL和个性化FL。随后,我们对关键医疗领域的FL新兴应用提供了最先进的综述,包括健康数据管理,远程健康监测,医学成像和Covid-19检测。分析了几个最近基于智能医疗保健项目,并突出了从调查中学到的关键经验教训。最后,我们讨论了智能医疗保健未来研究的有趣研究挑战和可能的指示。
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联合学习(FL)为培训机器学习模型打开了新的观点,同时将个人数据保存在用户场所上。具体而言,在FL中,在用户设备上训练了模型,并且仅将模型更新(即梯度)发送到中央服务器以进行聚合目的。但是,近年来发表的一系列推理攻击泄漏了私人数据,这强调了需要设计有效的保护机制来激励FL的大规模采用。尽管存在缓解服务器端的这些攻击的解决方案,但几乎没有采取任何措施来保护用户免受客户端执行的攻击。在这种情况下,在客户端使用受信任的执行环境(TEE)是最建议的解决方案之一。但是,现有的框架(例如,Darknetz)需要静态地将机器学习模型的很大一部分放入T恤中,以有效防止复杂的攻击或攻击组合。我们提出了GradSec,该解决方案允许在静态或动态上仅在机器学习模型的TEE上进行保护,因此将TCB的大小和整体训练时间降低了30%和56%,相比之下 - 艺术竞争者。
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联合学习是一种数据解散隐私化技术,用于以安全的方式执行机器或深度学习。在本文中,我们介绍了有关联合学习的理论方面客户次数有所不同的用例。具体而言,使用从开放数据存储库中获得的胸部X射线图像提出了医学图像分析的用例。除了与隐私相关的优势外,还将研究预测的改进(就曲线下的准确性和面积而言)和减少执行时间(集中式方法)。将从培训数据中模拟不同的客户,以不平衡的方式选择,即,他们并非都有相同数量的数据。考虑三个或十个客户之间的结果与集中案件相比。间歇性客户将分析两种遵循方法,就像在实际情况下,某些客户可能会离开培训,一些新的新方法可能会进入培训。根据准确性,曲线下的区域和执行时间的结果,结果的结果的演变显示为原始数据被划分的客户次数。最后,提出了该领域的改进和未来工作。
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