从敏感数据中学习时，必须注意确保培训算法解决隐私问题。教师合奏或PATE的规范私人聚合通过通过投票机制汇总（可能分布的）教师模型集合的预测来计算输出标签。该机制增加了噪音，以获得有关教师培训数据的差异隐私保证。在这项工作中，我们观察到这种噪声的使用（使PATE预测随机）可以实现敏感信息的新形式。对于给定的输入，我们的对手利用这种随机性来提取基础教师提交的投票的高保真直方图。从这些直方图中，对手可以学习输入的敏感属性，例如种族，性别或年龄。尽管这次攻击并没有直接违反差异隐私保证，但它显然违反了隐私规范和期望，如果没有插入差异隐私的噪音，就根本不可能。实际上，违反直觉，随着我们添加更多噪音以提供更强的差异隐私，攻击变得更加容易。我们希望这鼓励未来的工作从整体上考虑隐私，而不是将差异隐私视为灵丹妙药。

在模型提取攻击中，对手可以通过反复查询并根据获得的预测来窃取通过公共API暴露的机器学习模型。为了防止模型窃取，现有的防御措施专注于检测恶意查询，截断或扭曲输出，因此必然会为合法用户引入鲁棒性和模型实用程序之间的权衡。取而代之的是，我们建议通过要求用户在阅读模型的预测之前完成工作证明来阻碍模型提取。这可以通过大大增加（甚至高达100倍）来阻止攻击者，以利用查询访问模型提取所需的计算工作。由于我们校准完成每个查询的工作证明所需的努力，因此这仅为常规用户（最多2倍）引入一个轻微的开销。为了实现这一目标，我们的校准应用了来自差异隐私的工具来衡量查询揭示的信息。我们的方法不需要对受害者模型进行任何修改，可以通过机器学习从业人员来应用其公开暴露的模型免于轻易被盗。

Differential privacy is a strong notion for privacy that can be used to prove formal guarantees, in terms of a privacy budget, , about how much information is leaked by a mechanism. However, implementations of privacy-preserving machine learning often select large values of in order to get acceptable utility of the model, with little understanding of the impact of such choices on meaningful privacy. Moreover, in scenarios where iterative learning procedures are used, differential privacy variants that offer tighter analyses are used which appear to reduce the needed privacy budget but present poorly understood trade-offs between privacy and utility. In this paper, we quantify the impact of these choices on privacy in experiments with logistic regression and neural network models. Our main finding is that there is a huge gap between the upper bounds on privacy loss that can be guaranteed, even with advanced mechanisms, and the effective privacy loss that can be measured using current inference attacks. Current mechanisms for differentially private machine learning rarely offer acceptable utility-privacy trade-offs with guarantees for complex learning tasks: settings that provide limited accuracy loss provide meaningless privacy guarantees, and settings that provide strong privacy guarantees result in useless models.

从公共机器学习（ML）模型中泄漏数据是一个越来越重要的领域，因为ML的商业和政府应用可以利用多个数据源，可能包括用户和客户的敏感数据。我们对几个方面的当代进步进行了全面的调查，涵盖了非自愿数据泄漏，这对ML模型很自然，潜在的恶毒泄漏是由隐私攻击引起的，以及目前可用的防御机制。我们专注于推理时间泄漏，这是公开可用模型的最可能场景。我们首先在不同的数据，任务和模型体系结构的背景下讨论什么是泄漏。然后，我们提出了跨非自愿和恶意泄漏的分类法，可用的防御措施，然后进行当前可用的评估指标和应用。我们以杰出的挑战和开放性的问题结束，概述了一些有希望的未来研究方向。

Applying machine learning (ML) to sensitive domains requires privacy protection of the underlying training data through formal privacy frameworks, such as differential privacy (DP). Yet, usually, the privacy of the training data comes at the cost of the resulting ML models' utility. One reason for this is that DP uses one uniform privacy budget epsilon for all training data points, which has to align with the strictest privacy requirement encountered among all data holders. In practice, different data holders have different privacy requirements and data points of data holders with lower requirements can contribute more information to the training process of the ML models. To account for this need, we propose two novel methods based on the Private Aggregation of Teacher Ensembles (PATE) framework to support the training of ML models with individualized privacy guarantees. We formally describe the methods, provide a theoretical analysis of their privacy bounds, and experimentally evaluate their effect on the final model's utility using the MNIST, SVHN, and Adult income datasets. Our empirical results show that the individualized privacy methods yield ML models of higher accuracy than the non-individualized baseline. Thereby, we improve the privacy-utility trade-off in scenarios in which different data holders consent to contribute their sensitive data at different individual privacy levels.

我们审查在机器学习（ML）中使用差异隐私（DP）对隐私保护的使用。我们表明，在维护学习模型的准确性的驱动下，基于DP的ML实现非常宽松，以至于它们不提供DP的事前隐私保证。取而代之的是，他们提供的基本上是与传统（经常受到批评的）统计披露控制方法相似的噪声。由于缺乏正式的隐私保证，因此所提供的实际隐私水平必须经过实验评估，这很少进行。在这方面，我们提出的经验结果表明，ML中的标准反拟合技术可以比DP实现更好的实用性/隐私/效率权衡。

鉴于对机器学习模型的访问，可以进行对手重建模型的培训数据？这项工作从一个强大的知情对手的镜头研究了这个问题，他们知道除了一个之外的所有培训数据点。通过实例化混凝土攻击，我们表明重建此严格威胁模型中的剩余数据点是可行的。对于凸模型（例如Logistic回归），重建攻击很简单，可以以封闭形式导出。对于更常规的模型（例如神经网络），我们提出了一种基于训练的攻击策略，该攻击策略接收作为输入攻击的模型的权重，并产生目标数据点。我们展示了我们对MNIST和CIFAR-10训练的图像分类器的攻击的有效性，并系统地研究了标准机器学习管道的哪些因素影响重建成功。最后，我们从理论上调查了有多差异的隐私足以通过知情对手减轻重建攻击。我们的工作提供了有效的重建攻击，模型开发人员可以用于评估超出以前作品中考虑的一般设置中的个别点的记忆（例如，生成语言模型或访问培训梯度）;它表明，标准模型具有存储足够信息的能力，以实现培训数据点的高保真重建;它表明，差异隐私可以成功减轻该参数制度中的攻击，其中公用事业劣化最小。

Although query-based systems (QBS) have become one of the main solutions to share data anonymously, building QBSes that robustly protect the privacy of individuals contributing to the dataset is a hard problem. Theoretical solutions relying on differential privacy guarantees are difficult to implement correctly with reasonable accuracy, while ad-hoc solutions might contain unknown vulnerabilities. Evaluating the privacy provided by QBSes must thus be done by evaluating the accuracy of a wide range of privacy attacks. However, existing attacks require time and expertise to develop, need to be manually tailored to the specific systems attacked, and are limited in scope. In this paper, we develop QuerySnout (QS), the first method to automatically discover vulnerabilities in QBSes. QS takes as input a target record and the QBS as a black box, analyzes its behavior on one or more datasets, and outputs a multiset of queries together with a rule to combine answers to them in order to reveal the sensitive attribute of the target record. QS uses evolutionary search techniques based on a novel mutation operator to find a multiset of queries susceptible to lead to an attack, and a machine learning classifier to infer the sensitive attribute from answers to the queries selected. We showcase the versatility of QS by applying it to two attack scenarios, three real-world datasets, and a variety of protection mechanisms. We show the attacks found by QS to consistently equate or outperform, sometimes by a large margin, the best attacks from the literature. We finally show how QS can be extended to QBSes that require a budget, and apply QS to a simple QBS based on the Laplace mechanism. Taken together, our results show how powerful and accurate attacks against QBSes can already be found by an automated system, allowing for highly complex QBSes to be automatically tested "at the pressing of a button".

差异隐私（DP）已被出现为严格的形式主义，以推理可量化的隐私泄漏。在机器学习（ML）中，已采用DP限制推理/披露训练示例。在现有的工作中杠杆横跨ML管道，尽管隔离，通常专注于梯度扰动等机制。在本文中，我们展示了DP-util，DP整体实用分析框架，跨越ML管道，重点是输入扰动，客观扰动，梯度扰动，输出扰动和预测扰动。在隐私敏感数据上给出ML任务，DP-Util使ML隐私从业者能够对DP在这五个扰动点中的影响，以模型公用事业丢失，隐私泄漏和真正透露的数量来测量DP的影响。训练样本。我们在视觉，医疗和金融数据集上使用两个代表性学习算法（Logistic回归和深神经网络）来评估DP-Uts，以防止会员资格推论攻击作为案例研究攻击。我们结果的一个亮点是，预测扰动一致地在所有数据集中始终如一地实现所有模型的最低实用损耗。在Logistic回归模型中，与其他扰动技术相比，客观扰动导致最低的隐私泄漏。对于深度神经网络，梯度扰动导致最低的隐私泄漏。此外，我们的结果揭示了记录的结果表明，由于隐私泄漏增加，差异私有模型揭示了更多数量的成员样本。总体而言，我们的研究结果表明，为了使使用的扰动机制有明智的决定，ML隐私从业者需要检查优化技术（凸与非凸），扰动机制，课程数量和隐私预算之间的动态。

差异隐私被广泛接受为预防ML数据泄漏的事实方法，传统观念表明，它为隐私攻击提供了强烈的保护。但是，现有的语义保证DP专注于会员推理，这可能高估了对手的能力，并且当成员身份本身不敏感时不适用。在本文中，我们得出了针对正式威胁模型下培训数据重建攻击的DP机制的第一个语义保证。我们表明，两种截然不同的隐私会计方法 - Renyi差异隐私和Fisher信息泄漏 - 都提供了针对数据重建攻击的强烈语义保护。

深度神经网络（DNNS）铰接对大型数据集的可用性的最新成功;但是，对此类数据集的培训经常为敏感培训信息构成隐私风险。在本文中，我们的目标是探讨生成模型和梯度稀疏性的力量，并提出了一种可扩展的隐私保留生成模型数据标准。与标准展示隐私保留框架相比，允许教师对一维预测进行投票，在高维梯度向量上投票在隐私保存方面具有挑战性。随着需要尺寸减少技术，我们需要在（1）之间的改进之间导航精致的权衡空间，并进行SGD收敛的放缓。为了解决这一点，我们利用通信高效学习，并通过将顶-K压缩与相应的噪声注入机构相结合，提出一种新的噪声压缩和聚集方法TopAGG。理论上，我们证明了DataLens框架保证了其生成数据的差异隐私，并提供了其收敛性的分析。为了展示DataLens的实际使用情况，我们对不同数据集进行广泛的实验，包括Mnist，Fashion-Mnist和高维Celeba，并且我们表明，DataLens显着优于其他基线DP生成模型。此外，我们改进了所提出的Topagg方法，该方法是DP SGD培训的主要构建块之一，并表明它能够在大多数情况下实现比最先进的DP SGD方法更高的效用案件。我们的代码在HTTPS://github.com/ai-secure/datalens公开提供。

Machine learning algorithms, when applied to sensitive data, pose a distinct threat to privacy. A growing body of prior work demonstrates that models produced by these algorithms may leak specific private information in the training data to an attacker, either through the models' structure or their observable behavior. However, the underlying cause of this privacy risk is not well understood beyond a handful of anecdotal accounts that suggest overfitting and influence might play a role.This paper examines the effect that overfitting and influence have on the ability of an attacker to learn information about the training data from machine learning models, either through training set membership inference or attribute inference attacks. Using both formal and empirical analyses, we illustrate a clear relationship between these factors and the privacy risk that arises in several popular machine learning algorithms. We find that overfitting is sufficient to allow an attacker to perform membership inference and, when the target attribute meets certain conditions about its influence, attribute inference attacks. Interestingly, our formal analysis also shows that overfitting is not necessary for these attacks and begins to shed light on what other factors may be in play. Finally, we explore the connection between membership inference and attribute inference, showing that there are deep connections between the two that lead to effective new attacks.

联合学习是一种协作机器学习，参与客户在本地处理他们的数据，仅与协作模型共享更新。这使得能够建立隐私意识的分布式机器学习模型等。目的是通过最大程度地减少一组客户本地存储的数据集的成本函数来优化统计模型的参数。这个过程使客户遇到了两个问题：私人信息的泄漏和模型的个性化缺乏。另一方面，随着分析数据的最新进步，人们对侵犯参与客户的隐私行为的关注激增。为了减轻这种情况，差异隐私及其变体是提供正式隐私保证的标准。客户通常代表非常异构的社区，并拥有非常多样化的数据。因此，与FL社区的最新重点保持一致，以为代表其多样性的用户建立个性化模型框架，这对于防止潜在威胁免受客户的敏感和个人信息而言也是至关重要的。 $ d $ - 私人是对地理位置可区分性的概括，即最近普及的位置隐私范式，它使用了一种基于公制的混淆技术，可保留原始数据的空间分布。为了解决保护客户隐私并允许个性化模型培训以增强系统的公平性和实用性的问题，我们提出了一种提供团体隐私性的方法在FL的框架下。我们为对现实世界数据集的适用性和实验验证提供了理论上的理由，以说明该方法的工作。

在联合学习（FL）中，数据不会在联合培训机器学习模型时留下个人设备。相反，这些设备与中央党（例如，公司）共享梯度。因为数据永远不会“离开”个人设备，因此FL作为隐私保留呈现。然而，最近显示这种保护是一个薄的外观，甚至是一种被动攻击者观察梯度可以重建各个用户的数据。在本文中，我们争辩说，事先工作仍然很大程度上低估了FL的脆弱性。这是因为事先努力专门考虑被动攻击者，这些攻击者是诚实但好奇的。相反，我们介绍了一个活跃和不诚实的攻击者，作为中央会，他们能够在用户计算模型渐变之前修改共享模型的权重。我们称之为修改的重量“陷阱重量”。我们的活跃攻击者能够完全恢复用户数据，并在接近零成本时：攻击不需要复杂的优化目标。相反，它利用了模型梯度的固有数据泄漏，并通过恶意改变共享模型的权重来放大这种效果。这些特异性使我们的攻击能够扩展到具有大型迷你批次数据的模型。如果来自现有工作的攻击者需要小时才能恢复单个数据点，我们的方法需要毫秒来捕获完全连接和卷积的深度神经网络的完整百分之批次数据。最后，我们考虑缓解。我们观察到，FL中的差异隐私（DP）的当前实现是有缺陷的，因为它们明确地信任中央会，并在增加DP噪音的关键任务，因此不提供对恶意中央党的保护。我们还考虑其他防御，并解释为什么它们类似地不足。它需要重新设计FL，为用户提供任何有意义的数据隐私。

机器学习（ML）模型已广泛应用于各种应用，包括图像分类，文本生成，音频识别和图形数据分析。然而，最近的研究表明，ML模型容易受到隶属推导攻击（MIS），其目的是推断数据记录是否用于训练目标模型。 ML模型上的MIA可以直接导致隐私违规行为。例如，通过确定已经用于训练与某种疾病相关的模型的临床记录，攻击者可以推断临床记录的所有者具有很大的机会。近年来，MIS已被证明对各种ML模型有效，例如，分类模型和生成模型。同时，已经提出了许多防御方法来减轻米西亚。虽然ML模型上的MIAS形成了一个新的新兴和快速增长的研究区，但还没有对这一主题进行系统的调查。在本文中，我们对会员推论和防御进行了第一个全面调查。我们根据其特征提供攻击和防御的分类管理，并讨论其优点和缺点。根据本次调查中确定的限制和差距，我们指出了几个未来的未来研究方向，以激发希望遵循该地区的研究人员。这项调查不仅是研究社区的参考，而且还为该研究领域之外的研究人员带来了清晰的照片。为了进一步促进研究人员，我们创建了一个在线资源存储库，并与未来的相关作品继续更新。感兴趣的读者可以在https://github.com/hongshenghu/membership-inference-machine-learning-literature找到存储库。

Federated learning is a collaborative method that aims to preserve data privacy while creating AI models. Current approaches to federated learning tend to rely heavily on secure aggregation protocols to preserve data privacy. However, to some degree, such protocols assume that the entity orchestrating the federated learning process (i.e., the server) is not fully malicious or dishonest. We investigate vulnerabilities to secure aggregation that could arise if the server is fully malicious and attempts to obtain access to private, potentially sensitive data. Furthermore, we provide a method to further defend against such a malicious server, and demonstrate effectiveness against known attacks that reconstruct data in a federated learning setting.

A distribution inference attack aims to infer statistical properties of data used to train machine learning models. These attacks are sometimes surprisingly potent, but the factors that impact distribution inference risk are not well understood and demonstrated attacks often rely on strong and unrealistic assumptions such as full knowledge of training environments even in supposedly black-box threat scenarios. To improve understanding of distribution inference risks, we develop a new black-box attack that even outperforms the best known white-box attack in most settings. Using this new attack, we evaluate distribution inference risk while relaxing a variety of assumptions about the adversary's knowledge under black-box access, like known model architectures and label-only access. Finally, we evaluate the effectiveness of previously proposed defenses and introduce new defenses. We find that although noise-based defenses appear to be ineffective, a simple re-sampling defense can be highly effective. Code is available at https://github.com/iamgroot42/dissecting_distribution_inference

如今，深度学习模型的所有者和开发人员必须考虑其培训数据的严格隐私保护规则，通常是人群来源且保留敏感信息。如今，深入学习模型执行隐私保证的最广泛采用的方法依赖于实施差异隐私的优化技术。根据文献，这种方法已被证明是针对多种模型的隐私攻击的成功防御，但其缺点是对模型的性能的实质性降级。在这项工作中，我们比较了差异私有的随机梯度下降（DP-SGD）算法与使用正则化技术的标准优化实践的有效性。我们分析了生成模型的实用程序，培训性能以及成员推理和模型反转攻击对学习模型的有效性。最后，我们讨论了差异隐私的缺陷和限制，并从经验上证明了辍学和L2型规范的卓越保护特性。

We initiate the study of privacy in pharmacogenetics, wherein machine learning models are used to guide medical treatments based on a patient's genotype and background. Performing an in-depth case study on privacy in personalized warfarin dosing, we show that suggested models carry privacy risks, in particular because attackers can perform what we call model inversion: an attacker, given the model and some demographic information about a patient, can predict the patient's genetic markers.As differential privacy (DP) is an oft-proposed solution for medical settings such as this, we evaluate its effectiveness for building private versions of pharmacogenetic models. We show that DP mechanisms prevent our model inversion attacks when the privacy budget is carefully selected. We go on to analyze the impact on utility by performing simulated clinical trials with DP dosing models. We find that for privacy budgets effective at preventing attacks, patients would be exposed to increased risk of stroke, bleeding events, and mortality. We conclude that current DP mechanisms do not simultaneously improve genomic privacy while retaining desirable clinical efficacy, highlighting the need for new mechanisms that should be evaluated in situ using the general methodology introduced by our work.

联合学习使多个用户能够通过共享其模型更新（渐变）来构建联合模型，而其原始数据在其设备上保持本地。与常见的信念相比，这提供了隐私福利，我们在共享渐变时，我们在这里增加了隐私风险的最新结果。具体而言，我们调查梯度（LLG）的标签泄漏，这是一种新建攻击，从他们的共享梯度提取用户培训数据的标签。该攻击利用梯度的方向和幅度来确定任何标签的存在或不存在。 LLG简单且有效，能够泄漏由标签表示的电位敏感信息，并缩放到任意批量尺寸和多个类别。在数学上以及经验上证明了不同设置下攻击的有效性。此外，经验结果表明，LLG在模型训练的早期阶段以高精度成功提取标签。我们还讨论了针对这种泄漏的不同防御机制。我们的研究结果表明，梯度压缩是减轻攻击的实用技术。