近年来,基于数据驱动的导航和定位方法吸收了注意力,并且在准确性和效率方面优于其所有竞争对手方法。本文介绍了一种称为IMUNET的新体系结构,该架构是对边缘设备实现的位置估算的准确和有效效率,该估算接收了一系列RAW IMU测量。该体系结构已与最新的CNN网络的一维版本进行了比较,该网络最近介绍了用于Edge设备实现的精确性和效率。此外,已经提出了一种使用IMU传感器和Google Arcore API收集数据集的新方法,并已记录了公开可用的数据集。使用四个不同的数据集以及提出的数据集和实际设备实现的全面评估已经证明了体系结构的性能。 Pytorch和Tensorflow框架以及Android应用程序代码中的所有代码都已共享,以改善进一​​步的研究。
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本文提出了一种轻巧,有效的校准神经网络模型,用于降低低成本微电力系统(MEMS)陀螺仪,并实时估算机器人的态度。关键思想是从惯性测量单元(IMU)测量的时间窗口中提取本地和全局特征,以动态地回归陀螺仪的输出补偿组件。遵循精心推导的数学校准模型,LGC-NET利用深度可分离的卷积捕获截面特征并减少网络模型参数。较大的内核注意力旨在更好地学习远程依赖性和特征表示。在EUROC和TUM-VI数据集中评估了所提出的算法,并在具有更轻巧模型结构的(看不见的)测试序列上实现了最先进的测试。尽管它不采用视觉传感器,但与我们的LGC-NET的估计取向与排名最高的视觉惯性探针系统相当。我们在:https://github.com/huazai665/lgc-net上进行开源方法
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惯性导航系统与全球导航卫星系统之间的融合经常用于许多平台,例如无人机,陆地车辆和船舶船只。融合通常是在基于模型的扩展卡尔曼过滤框架中进行的。过滤器的关键参数之一是过程噪声协方差。它负责实时解决方案的准确性,因为它考虑了车辆动力学不确定性和惯性传感器质量。在大多数情况下,过程噪声被认为是恒定的。然而,由于整个轨迹的车辆动力学和传感器测量变化,过程噪声协方差可能会发生变化。为了应对这种情况,文献中建议了几种基于自适应的Kalman过滤器。在本文中,我们提出了一个混合模型和基于学习的自适应导航过滤器。我们依靠基于模型的Kalman滤波器和设计深神网络模型来调整瞬时系统噪声协方差矩阵,仅基于惯性传感器读数。一旦学习了过程噪声协方差,就可以将其插入建立的基于模型的Kalman滤波器中。在推导了提出的混合框架后,提出了使用四极管的现场实验结果,并给出了与基于模型的自适应方法进行比较。我们表明,所提出的方法在位置误差中获得了25%的改善。此外,提出的混合学习方法可以在任何导航过滤器以及任何相关估计问题中使用。
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Visual Inertial Odometry (VIO) is one of the most established state estimation methods for mobile platforms. However, when visual tracking fails, VIO algorithms quickly diverge due to rapid error accumulation during inertial data integration. This error is typically modeled as a combination of additive Gaussian noise and a slowly changing bias which evolves as a random walk. In this work, we propose to train a neural network to learn the true bias evolution. We implement and compare two common sequential deep learning architectures: LSTMs and Transformers. Our approach follows from recent learning-based inertial estimators, but, instead of learning a motion model, we target IMU bias explicitly, which allows us to generalize to locomotion patterns unseen in training. We show that our proposed method improves state estimation in visually challenging situations across a wide range of motions by quadrupedal robots, walking humans, and drones. Our experiments show an average 15% reduction in drift rate, with much larger reductions when there is total vision failure. Importantly, we also demonstrate that models trained with one locomotion pattern (human walking) can be applied to another (quadruped robot trotting) without retraining.
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最近,数据驱动的惯性导航方法已经证明了它们使用训练有素的神经网络的能力,以获得来自惯性测量单元(IMU)测量的精确位置估计。在本文中,我们提出了一种用于惯性导航〜(CTIN)的基于鲁棒的基于变压器的网络,以准确地预测速度和轨迹。为此,我们首先通过本地和全局多头自我注意力增强基于Reset的编码器,以捕获来自IMU测量的空间上下文信息。然后,我们通过在变压器解码器中利用多针头注意,使用时间知识来熔化这些空间表示。最后,利用不确定性减少的多任务学习,以提高速度和轨迹的学习效率和预测准确性。通过广泛的实验在各种惯性数据集中〜(例如,ridi,oxiod,ronin,偶像和我们自己的),CTIN非常坚固,优于最先进的模型。
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A monocular visual-inertial system (VINS), consisting of a camera and a low-cost inertial measurement unit (IMU), forms the minimum sensor suite for metric six degreesof-freedom (DOF) state estimation. However, the lack of direct distance measurement poses significant challenges in terms of IMU processing, estimator initialization, extrinsic calibration, and nonlinear optimization. In this work, we present VINS-Mono: a robust and versatile monocular visual-inertial state estimator. Our approach starts with a robust procedure for estimator initialization and failure recovery. A tightly-coupled, nonlinear optimization-based method is used to obtain high accuracy visual-inertial odometry by fusing pre-integrated IMU measurements and feature observations. A loop detection module, in combination with our tightly-coupled formulation, enables relocalization with minimum computation overhead. We additionally perform four degrees-of-freedom pose graph optimization to enforce global consistency. We validate the performance of our system on public datasets and real-world experiments and compare against other state-of-the-art algorithms. We also perform onboard closed-loop autonomous flight on the MAV platform and port the algorithm to an iOS-based demonstration. We highlight that the proposed work is a reliable, complete, and versatile system that is applicable for different applications that require high accuracy localization. We open source our implementations for both PCs 1 and iOS mobile devices 2 .
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对不利环境中的行人无处不在的定位服务了很长的挑战。尽管深入学习的戏剧性进展,但多传感器深度测量系统却带来了高计算成本并随着时间的推移遭受累积漂移的错误。由于边缘设备的计算能力越来越多,我们通过在边缘与EKF(扩展卡尔曼滤波器) - 欧拉后端集成了最新的深径测量模型,提出了一种新的无处不在的定位解决方案。我们仔细比较并选择三个传感器模式,即惯性测量单元(IMU),毫米波(MMWAVE)雷达和热红外摄像机,并实现实时运行的深度内径推理引擎。提出了考虑精度,复杂性和边缘平台的深度径流的管道。我们设计一个Lora链接,用于定位数据回程,并将深度内径仪的聚合位置投影到全局框架中。我们发现简单的基于EKF的融合模块足以用于通用定位校准,具有超过34%的精度增长,针对任何独立的深径测量系统。不同环境的广泛测试验证了我们所提出的定位系统的效率和功效。
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由于低成本的惯性传感器误差积累,行人死的估算是一项具有挑战性的任务。最近的研究表明,深度学习方法可以在处理此问题时获得令人印象深刻的性能。在这封信中,我们使用基于深度学习的速度估计方法提出了惯性的进程。基于RES2NET模块和两个卷积块注意模块的深神经网络被利用,以恢复智能手机的水平速度矢量与原始惯性数据之间的潜在连接。我们的网络仅使用百分之五十的公共惯性探子仪数据集(RONIN)数据进行培训。然后,在Ronin测试数据集和另一个公共惯性探针数据集(OXIOD)上进行了验证。与传统的阶梯长度和基于标题的基于系统的算法相比,我们的方法将绝对翻译误差(ATE)降低了76%-86%。此外,与最先进的深度学习方法(Ronin)相比,我们的方法将其ATE提高了6%-31.4%。
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The field of autonomous mobile robots has undergone dramatic advancements over the past decades. Despite achieving important milestones, several challenges are yet to be addressed. Aggregating the achievements of the robotic community as survey papers is vital to keep the track of current state-of-the-art and the challenges that must be tackled in the future. This paper tries to provide a comprehensive review of autonomous mobile robots covering topics such as sensor types, mobile robot platforms, simulation tools, path planning and following, sensor fusion methods, obstacle avoidance, and SLAM. The urge to present a survey paper is twofold. First, autonomous navigation field evolves fast so writing survey papers regularly is crucial to keep the research community well-aware of the current status of this field. Second, deep learning methods have revolutionized many fields including autonomous navigation. Therefore, it is necessary to give an appropriate treatment of the role of deep learning in autonomous navigation as well which is covered in this paper. Future works and research gaps will also be discussed.
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对深度神经网络(DNN)进行了训练,以估计在城市区域驾驶的汽车速度,并输入来自低成本六轴惯性测量单元(IMU)的测量流。通过在配备了全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)实时运动学(RTK)定位设备和同步IMU的汽车中,通过驾驶以色列阿什杜德市(Ashdod)驾驶以色列市Ashdod市收集了三个小时的数据。使用以50 Hz的高速率获得的位置测量值计算了汽车速度的地面真实标签。提出了具有长短期内存层的DNN体系结构,以实现高频速度估计,以说明以前的输入历史记录和速度,加速度和角速度之间的非线性关系。制定了简化的死亡算法定位方案,以评估训练有素的模型,该模型提供了速度伪测量。训练有素的模型显示可在4分钟车程中大大提高位置准确性,而无需使用GNSS位置更新。
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安装在微空中车辆(MAV)上的地面穿透雷达是有助于协助人道主义陆地间隙的工具。然而,合成孔径雷达图像的质量取决于雷达天线的准确和精确运动估计以及与MAV产生信息性的观点。本文介绍了一个完整的自动空气缩进的合成孔径雷达(GPSAR)系统。该系统由空间校准和时间上同步的工业级传感器套件组成,使得在地面上方,雷达成像和光学成像。自定义任务规划框架允许在地上控制地上的Stripmap和圆形(GPSAR)轨迹的生成和自动执行,以及空中成像调查飞行。基于因子图基于Dual接收机实时运动(RTK)全局导航卫星系统(GNSS)和惯性测量单元(IMU)的测量值,以获得精确,高速平台位置和方向。地面真理实验表明,传感器时机为0.8美元,正如0.1美元的那样,定位率为1 kHz。与具有不确定标题初始化的单个位置因子相比,双位置因子配方可提高高达40%,批量定位精度高达59%。我们的现场试验验证了本地化准确性和精度,使得能够相干雷达测量和检测在沙子中埋入的雷达目标。这验证了作为鸟瞰着地图检测系统的潜力。
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对于大多数LIDAR惯性进程,精确的初始状态,包括LiDAR和6轴IMU之间的时间偏移和外部转换,起着重要作用,通常被视为先决条件。但是,这种信息可能不会始终在定制的激光惯性系统中获得。在本文中,我们提出了liinit:一个完整​​的实时激光惯性系统初始化过程,该过程校准了激光雷达和imus之间的时间偏移和外部参数,以及通过对齐从激光雷达估计的状态来校准重力矢量和IMU偏置通过IMU测量的测量。我们将提出的方法实现为初始化模块,如果启用了,该模块会自动检测到收集的数据的激发程度并校准,即直接偏移,外部偏移,外部,重力向量和IMU偏置,然后是这样的。用作实时激光惯性射测系统的高质量初始状态值。用不同类型的LIDAR和LIDAR惯性组合进行的实验表明我们初始化方法的鲁棒性,适应性和效率。我们的LIDAR惯性初始化过程LIINIT和测试数据的实现在GitHub上开源,并集成到最先进的激光辐射射击轨道测定系统FastLiO2中。
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组合多个传感器使机器人能够最大程度地提高其对环境的感知意识,并增强其对外部干扰的鲁棒性,对机器人导航至关重要。本文提出了可融合的基准测试,这是一个完整的多传感器数据集,具有多种移动机器人序列。本文提出了三项贡献。我们首先推进便携式和通用的多传感器套件,可提供丰富的感官测量值:10Hz激光镜点云,20Hz立体声框架图像,来自立体声事件相机的高速率和异步事件,来自IMU的200Hz惯性读数以及10Hz GPS信号。传感器已经在硬件中暂时同步。该设备轻巧,独立,并为移动机器人提供插件支持。其次,我们通过收集17个序列来构建数据集,该序列通过利用多个机器人平台进行数据收集来涵盖校园上各种环境。一些序列对现有的SLAM算法具有挑战性。第三,我们为将本地化和映射绩效评估提供了基础真理。我们还评估最新的大满贯方法并确定其局限性。该数据集将发布由原始传感器的设置,地面真相,校准数据和评估算法组成:https://ram-lab.com/file/site/site/multi-sensor-dataset。
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通过实现复杂场景实现长期漂移相机姿势估计的目标,我们提出了一种全球定位框架,融合了多层的视觉,惯性和全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)测量。不同于以前的松散和紧密耦合的方法,所提出的多层融合允许我们彻底校正视觉测量仪的漂移,并在GNSS降解时保持可靠的定位。特别地,通过融合GNSS的速度,在紧紧地集成的情况下,解决视觉测量测量测量测量率和偏差估计中的尺度漂移和偏差估计的问题的问题,惯性测量单元(IMU)的预集成以及紧密相机测量的情况下 - 耦合的方式。在外层中实现全局定位,其中局部运动进一步与GNSS位置和基于长期时期的过程以松散耦合的方式融合。此外,提出了一种专用的初始化方法,以保证所有状态变量和参数的快速准确估计。我们为室内和室外公共数据集提供了拟议框架的详尽测试。平均本地化误差减少了63%,而初始化精度与最先进的工程相比,促销率为69%。我们已将算法应用于增强现实(AR)导航,人群采购高精度地图更新等大型应用。
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机器人应用不断努力朝着更高的自主权努力。为了实现这一目标,高度健壮和准确的状态估计是必不可少的。事实证明,结合视觉和惯性传感器方式可以在短期应用中产生准确和局部一致的结果。不幸的是,视觉惯性状态估计器遭受长期轨迹漂移的积累。为了消除这种漂移,可以将全球测量值融合到状态估计管道中。全球测量的最著名和广泛可用的来源是全球定位系统(GPS)。在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的方法,该方法完全结合了立体视觉惯性同时定位和映射(SLAM),包括视觉循环封闭,并在基于紧密耦合且基于优化的框架中融合了全球传感器模式。结合了测量不确定性,我们提供了一个可靠的标准来解决全球参考框架初始化问题。此外,我们提出了一个类似环路的优化方案,以补偿接收GPS信号中断电中累积的漂移。在数据集和现实世界中的实验验证表明,与现有的最新方法相比,与现有的最新方法相比,我们对GPS辍学方法的鲁棒性以及其能够估算高度准确且全球一致的轨迹的能力。
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与单个IMU相比,多个刚性连接的惯性测量单元(IMU)传感器提供了更丰富的数据流。最先进的方法遵循IMU测量的概率模型,基于在贝叶斯框架下组合的错误的随机性质。但是,负担得起的低级IMU此外,由于其不受相应的概率模型所掩盖的缺陷而遭受了系统的错误。在本文中,我们提出了一种方法,即合并多个IMU(MIMU)传感器数据的最佳轴组成(BAC),以进行准确的3D置置估计,该数据通过从集合中动态选择最佳的IMU轴来考虑随机和系统误差所有可用的轴。我们在MIMU视觉惯性传感器上评估了我们的方法,并将方法的性能与MIMU数据融合的最新方法进行比较。我们表明,BAC的表现优于后者,并且在开放环路中的方向和位置估计都可以提高20%的精度,但需要适当的处理以保持获得的增益。
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The performance of inertial navigation systems is largely dependent on the stable flow of external measurements and information to guarantee continuous filter updates and bind the inertial solution drift. Platforms in different operational environments may be prevented at some point from receiving external measurements, thus exposing their navigation solution to drift. Over the years, a wide variety of works have been proposed to overcome this shortcoming, by exploiting knowledge of the system current conditions and turning it into an applicable source of information to update the navigation filter. This paper aims to provide an extensive survey of information aided navigation, broadly classified into direct, indirect, and model aiding. Each approach is described by the notable works that implemented its concept, use cases, relevant state updates, and their corresponding measurement models. By matching the appropriate constraint to a given scenario, one will be able to improve the navigation solution accuracy, compensate for the lost information, and uncover certain internal states, that would otherwise remain unobservable.
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Accurate and smooth global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning for pedestrians in urban canyons is still a challenge due to the multipath effects and the non-light-of-sight (NLOS) receptions caused by the reflections from surrounding buildings. The recently developed factor graph optimization (FGO) based GNSS positioning method opened a new window for improving urban GNSS positioning by effectively exploiting the measurement redundancy from the historical information to resist the outlier measurements. Unfortunately, the FGO-based GNSS standalone positioning is still challenged in highly urbanized areas. As an extension of the previous FGO-based GNSS positioning method, this paper exploits the potential of the pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) model in FGO to improve the GNSS standalone positioning performance in urban canyons. Specifically, the relative motion of the pedestrian is estimated based on the raw acceleration measurements from the onboard smartphone inertial measurement unit (IMU) via the PDR algorithm. Then the raw GNSS pseudorange, Doppler measurements, and relative motion from PDR are integrated using the FGO. Given the context of pedestrian navigation with a small acceleration most of the time, a novel soft motion model is proposed to smooth the states involved in the factor graph model. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified step-by-step through two datasets collected in dense urban canyons of Hong Kong using smartphone-level GNSS receivers. The comparison between the conventional extended Kalman filter, several existing methods, and FGO-based integration is presented. The results reveal that the existing FGO-based GNSS standalone positioning is highly complementary to the PDR's relative motion estimation. Both improved positioning accuracy and trajectory smoothness are obtained with the help of the proposed method.
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准确而健壮的本地化是移动代理的基本需求。视觉惯性进程(VIO)算法将信息从摄像机和惯性传感器中利用到估计位置和翻译。最近基于深度学习的VIO模型以数据驱动的方式提供姿势信息,而无需设计手工制作的算法,因此吸引了注意力。现有的基于学习的VIO模型依赖于经常性模型来融合多模式数据和过程传感器信号,这些模型很难训练并且不够有效。我们提出了一个基于学习的新型VIO框架,并有效地结合了视觉和惯性特征,以供各州估计。我们提出的模型也能够准确,稳健地估计,即使在具有挑战性的情况下,例如在阴天和充满水的地面上,对于传统的Vio算法而言,这很难提取视觉特征。实验验证了它在不同场景中的表现优于传统和基于学习的VIO基线。
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We propose a framework for tightly-coupled lidar inertial odometry via smoothing and mapping, LIO-SAM, that achieves highly accurate, real-time mobile robot trajectory estimation and map-building. LIO-SAM formulates lidar-inertial odometry atop a factor graph, allowing a multitude of relative and absolute measurements, including loop closures, to be incorporated from different sources as factors into the system. The estimated motion from inertial measurement unit (IMU) pre-integration de-skews point clouds and produces an initial guess for lidar odometry optimization. The obtained lidar odometry solution is used to estimate the bias of the IMU. To ensure high performance in real-time, we marginalize old lidar scans for pose optimization, rather than matching lidar scans to a global map. Scan-matching at a local scale instead of a global scale significantly improves the real-time performance of the system, as does the selective introduction of keyframes, and an efficient sliding window approach that registers a new keyframe to a fixed-size set of prior "sub-keyframes." The proposed method is extensively evaluated on datasets gathered from three platforms over various scales and environments.
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