This paper focuses on analyzing and improving the commonsense ability of recent popular vision-language (VL) models. Despite the great success, we observe that existing VL-models still lack commonsense knowledge/reasoning ability (e.g., "Lemons are sour"), which is a vital component towards artificial general intelligence. Through our analysis, we find one important reason is that existing large-scale VL datasets do not contain much commonsense knowledge, which motivates us to improve the commonsense of VL-models from the data perspective. Rather than collecting a new VL training dataset, we propose a more scalable strategy, i.e., "Data Augmentation with kNowledge graph linearization for CommonsensE capability" (DANCE). It can be viewed as one type of data augmentation technique, which can inject commonsense knowledge into existing VL datasets on the fly during training. More specifically, we leverage the commonsense knowledge graph (e.g., ConceptNet) and create variants of text description in VL datasets via bidirectional sub-graph sequentialization. For better commonsense evaluation, we further propose the first retrieval-based commonsense diagnostic benchmark. By conducting extensive experiments on some representative VL-models, we demonstrate that our DANCE technique is able to significantly improve the commonsense ability while maintaining the performance on vanilla retrieval tasks. The code and data are available at https://github.com/pleaseconnectwifi/DANCE

The availability of large-scale image captioning and visual question answering datasets has contributed significantly to recent successes in vision-and-language pretraining. However, these datasets are often collected with overrestrictive requirements inherited from their original target tasks (e.g., image caption generation), which limit the resulting dataset scale and diversity. We take a step further in pushing the limits of vision-and-language pretraining data by relaxing the data collection pipeline used in Conceptual Captions 3M (CC3M) [70] and introduce the Conceptual 12M (CC12M), a dataset with 12 million image-text pairs specifically meant to be used for visionand-language pre-training. We perform an analysis of this dataset and benchmark its effectiveness against CC3M on multiple downstream tasks with an emphasis on long-tail visual recognition. Our results clearly illustrate the benefit of scaling up pre-training data for vision-and-language tasks, as indicated by the new state-of-the-art results on both the nocaps and Conceptual Captions benchmarks. 1

Large-scale pre-training methods of learning cross-modal representations on image-text pairs are becoming popular for vision-language tasks. While existing methods simply concatenate image region features and text features as input to the model to be pre-trained and use selfattention to learn image-text semantic alignments in a brute force manner, in this paper, we propose a new learning method Oscar 1 , which uses object tags detected in images as anchor points to significantly ease the learning of alignments. Our method is motivated by the observation that the salient objects in an image can be accurately detected, and are often mentioned in the paired text. We pre-train an Oscar model on the public corpus of 6.5 million text-image pairs, and fine-tune it on downstream tasks, creating new state-of-the-arts on six well-established vision-language understanding and generation tasks. 2

Joint image-text embedding is the bedrock for most Visionand-Language (V+L) tasks, where multimodality inputs are simultaneously processed for joint visual and textual understanding. In this paper, we introduce UNITER, a UNiversal Image-TExt Representation, learned through large-scale pre-training over four image-text datasets (COCO, Visual Genome, Conceptual Captions, and SBU Captions), which can power heterogeneous downstream V+L tasks with joint multimodal embeddings. We design four pre-training tasks: Masked Language Modeling (MLM), Masked Region Modeling (MRM, with three variants), Image-Text Matching (ITM), and Word-Region Alignment (WRA). Different from previous work that applies joint random masking to both modalities, we use conditional masking on pre-training tasks (i.e., masked language/region modeling is conditioned on full observation of image/text). In addition to ITM for global image-text alignment, we also propose WRA via the use of Optimal Transport (OT) to explicitly encourage finegrained alignment between words and image regions during pre-training. Comprehensive analysis shows that both conditional masking and OTbased WRA contribute to better pre-training. We also conduct a thorough ablation study to find an optimal combination of pre-training tasks. Extensive experiments show that UNITER achieves new state of the art across six V+L tasks (over nine datasets), including Visual Question

This paper presents a detailed study of improving visual representations for vision language (VL) tasks and develops an improved object detection model to provide object-centric representations of images. Compared to the most widely used bottom-up and top-down model [2], the new model is bigger, better-designed for VL tasks, and pre-trained on much larger training corpora that combine multiple public annotated object detection datasets. Therefore, it can generate representations of a richer collection of visual objects and concepts. While previous VL research focuses mainly on improving the vision-language fusion model and leaves the object detection model improvement untouched, we show that visual features matter significantly in VL models. In our experiments we feed the visual features generated by the new object detection model into a Transformer-based VL fusion model OSCAR [21], and utilize an improved approach OSCAR+ to pre-train the VL model and fine-tune it on a wide range of downstream VL tasks. Our results show that the new visual features significantly improve the performance across all VL tasks, creating new state-of-the-art results on seven public benchmarks. Code, models and pre-extracted features are released at https://github.com/pzzhang/VinVL. ♥ Microsoft Corporation♠ University of Washington † indicates equal contributions.

In this paper, we propose an end-to-end Retrieval-Augmented Visual Language Model (REVEAL) that learns to encode world knowledge into a large-scale memory, and to retrieve from it to answer knowledge-intensive queries. REVEAL consists of four key components: the memory, the encoder, the retriever and the generator. The large-scale memory encodes various sources of multimodal world knowledge (e.g. image-text pairs, question answering pairs, knowledge graph triplets, etc) via a unified encoder. The retriever finds the most relevant knowledge entries in the memory, and the generator fuses the retrieved knowledge with the input query to produce the output. A key novelty in our approach is that the memory, encoder, retriever and generator are all pre-trained end-to-end on a massive amount of data. Furthermore, our approach can use a diverse set of multimodal knowledge sources, which is shown to result in significant gains. We show that REVEAL achieves state-of-the-art results on visual question answering and image captioning.

随着变压器的发展，近年来预先训练的模型已经以突破性的步伐发展。他们在自然语言处理（NLP）和计算机视觉（CV）中主导了主流技术。如何将预训练适应视觉和语言（V-L）学习和改善下游任务绩效成为多模式学习的重点。在本文中，我们回顾了视力语言预训练模型（VL-PTMS）的最新进展。作为核心内容，我们首先简要介绍了几种方法，将原始图像和文本编码为单模式嵌入在预训练之前。然后，我们在建模文本和图像表示之间的相互作用时深入研究VL-PTM的主流体系结构。我们进一步提出了广泛使用的预训练任务，然后我们介绍了一些常见的下游任务。我们终于结束了本文，并提出了一些有前途的研究方向。我们的调查旨在为研究人员提供合成和指向相关研究的指针。

我们提出了GLIPV2，这是一个接地的VL理解模型，该模型既服务于本地化任务（例如，对象检测，实例分割）和视觉语言（VL）理解任务（例如VQA，图像字幕）。 GLIPV2优雅地将本地化预训练和视觉语言预训练（VLP）具有三个预训练任务：短语接地作为对检测任务的VL重新重新制定，区域词对比度学习作为新型的区域词对比度对比度对比学习任务，以及蒙面的语言建模。这种统一不仅简化了先前的多阶段VLP程序，而且还可以在本地化和理解任务之间实现相互利益。实验结果表明，在各种本地化和理解任务上，单个GLIPV2模型（所有模型权重）在SOTA性能附近实现。该模型还显示了（1）在开放式摄制对象检测任务上进行的强零射击和很少的自适应性能，以及（2）VL理解任务上的卓越接地能力。代码将在https://github.com/microsoft/glip上发布。

视觉问题应答（VQA）任务利用视觉图像和语言分析来回回答图像的文本问题。它是一个流行的研究课题，在过去十年中越来越多的现实应用。本文介绍了我们最近对AliceMind-MMU的研究（阿里巴巴的编码器 - 解码器来自Damo Academy - 多媒体理解的机器智能实验室），其比人类在VQA上获得相似甚至略微更好的结果。这是通过系统地改善VQA流水线来实现的，包括：（1）具有全面的视觉和文本特征表示的预培训; （2）与学习参加的有效跨模型互动; （3）一个新颖的知识挖掘框架，具有专门的专业专家模块，适用于复杂的VQA任务。处理不同类型的视觉问题，需要具有相应的专业知识在提高我们的VQA架构的表现方面发挥着重要作用，这取决于人力水平。进行了广泛的实验和分析，以证明新的研究工作的有效性。

医学视觉和语言预训练（MED-VLP）由于适用于从医学图像和文本中提取通用视觉和语言表示的适用性而受到了相当大的关注。大多数现有方法主要包含三个元素：Uni-Modal编码器（即视觉编码器和语言编码器），多模式融合模块以及借口任务，很少有研究考虑医疗领域专家知识的重要性，并明确利用此类此类此类此类此类。知识以促进Med-vlp。尽管在通用域中存在具有知识增强的视觉和语言预训练（VLP）方法，但大多数人都需要现成的工具包（例如，对象检测器和场景图解析器），这些工具包在医疗领域中是不可用的。在本文中，我们提出了一种系统有效的方法，从三个角度通过结构化医学知识来增强MED-VLP。首先，考虑知识可以被视为视觉和语言之间的中间媒介，我们通过知识对齐视觉编码器和语言编码器的表示。其次，我们将知识注入多模式融合模型，以使模型能够使用知识作为补充输入图像和文本进行推理。第三，我们指导该模型通过设计知识引起的借口任务来强调图像和文本中最关键的信息。为了进行全面的评估并促进进一步的研究，我们构建了包括三个任务的医学视觉和语言基准。实验结果说明了我们方法的有效性，在所有下游任务上都实现了最先进的性能。进一步的分析探讨了我们方法的不同组成部分和预训练的各种环境的影响。

数据增强是提高深度学习数据效率的必要条件。对于视觉预训练，仅在以前的作品中为图像或文本增强数据。在本文中，我们介绍了Mixgen：视觉表示的联合数据增强学习，以进一步提高数据效率。它生成了新的图像文本对，并通过插值图像和串联文本保留了语义关系。它很简单，可以插入现有管道中。我们在五个下游视觉语言任务中评估了四个架构，包括夹子，vilt，albef和tcl在内的混合带，以显示其多功能性和有效性。例如，在ALBEF预训练中添加Mixgen会导致下游任务的绝对性能改进：图像文本检索（可可微型调整为+6.2％，Flicker30k零射击），视觉接地（+0.9％）（+0.9％） refcoco+），视觉推理（nlvr $^{2} $的+0.9％），视觉询问答案（vqa2.0上的+0.3％）和视觉效果（snli-ve上的+0.4％）。

Although pre-trained language models (PLMs) have shown impressive performance by text-only self-supervised training, they are found lack of visual semantics or commonsense, e.g., sizes, shapes, and colors of commonplace objects. Existing solutions often rely on explicit images for visual knowledge augmentation (requiring time-consuming retrieval or generation), and they also conduct the augmentation for the whole input text, without considering whether it is actually needed in specific inputs or tasks. To address these issues, we propose a novel visually-augmented fine-tuning approach that can be generally applied to various PLMs or NLP tasks, without using any retrieved or generated images, namely VAWI. Specifically, we first identify the visually-hungry words (VH-words) from input text via a token selector, where three different methods have been proposed, including syntax-, attention- and learning-based strategies. Then, we adopt a fixed CLIP text encoder to generate the visually-augmented representations of these VH-words. As it has been pre-trained by vision-language alignment task on the large-scale corpus, it is capable of injecting visual semantics into the aligned text representations. Finally, the visually-augmented features will be fused and transformed into the pre-designed visual prompts based on VH-words, which can be inserted into PLMs to enrich the visual semantics in word representations. We conduct extensive experiments on ten NLP tasks, i.e., GLUE benchmark, CommonsenseQA, CommonGen, and SNLI-VE. Experimental results show that our approach can consistently improve the performance of BERT, RoBERTa, BART, and T5 at different scales, and outperform several competitive baselines significantly. Our codes and data are publicly available at~\url{https://github.com/RUCAIBox/VAWI}.

Vision-Language Pre-Training (VLP) has shown promising capabilities to align image and text pairs, facilitating a broad variety of cross-modal learning tasks. However, we observe that VLP models often lack the visual grounding/localization capability which is critical for many downstream tasks such as visual reasoning. In this work, we propose a novel Position-guided Text Prompt (PTP) paradigm to enhance the visual grounding ability of cross-modal models trained with VLP. Specifically, in the VLP phase, PTP divides the image into $N\times N$ blocks, and identifies the objects in each block through the widely used object detector in VLP. It then reformulates the visual grounding task into a fill-in-the-blank problem given a PTP by encouraging the model to predict the objects in the given blocks or regress the blocks of a given object, e.g. filling `P" or ``O" in aPTP ``The block P has a O". This mechanism improves the visual grounding capability of VLP models and thus helps them better handle various downstream tasks. By introducing PTP into several state-of-the-art VLP frameworks, we observe consistently significant improvements across representative cross-modal learning model architectures and several benchmarks, e.g. zero-shot Flickr30K Retrieval (+4.8 in average recall@1) for ViLT \cite{vilt} baseline, and COCO Captioning (+5.3 in CIDEr) for SOTA BLIP \cite{blip} baseline. Moreover, PTP achieves comparable results with object-detector based methods, and much faster inference speed since PTP discards its object detector for inference while the later cannot. Our code and pre-trained weight will be released at \url{https://github.com/sail-sg/ptp}.

视觉语言（VL）预训练最近受到了广泛的关注。但是，大多数现有的端到端预训练方法只旨在解决诸如图像文本检索，视觉询问答案（VQA）和图像字幕等VL任务，以测试对图像的高级了解，或者仅对目标区域进行测试 - 对诸如短语接地和对象检测等任务的水平理解。我们提出了Fiber（基于回避的变压器），这是一种新的VL模型体系结构，可以无缝处理这两种类型的任务。 Fiber没有将多模式融合到模型深处，而不是将融合后的专用变压器层用于融合，而是通过将交叉注意力插入图像和文本骨干杆中，从而在记忆和性能方面带来了增长。此外，与以前的工作不同，它要么仅在图像文本数据上进行训练，要么在带有框级注释的细粒度数据上进行培训，我们提出了一种两阶段的预训练策略，该策略有效地使用了这两种数据：（（ i）基于图像文本数据的粗粒细化预训练；然后是（ii）基于图像文本框数据的细粒度预训练。我们对各种VL任务进行全面的实验，从VQA，图像字幕和检索到短语接地，参考表达理解和对象检测。使用深层多模式融合，结合两阶段的预训练，光纤可对所有任务的强基础进行一致的性能改进，通常使用幅度更优于更多数据的方法。代码可从https://github.com/microsoft/fiber获得。

Recent years have witnessed the resurgence of knowledge engineering which is featured by the fast growth of knowledge graphs. However, most of existing knowledge graphs are represented with pure symbols, which hurts the machine's capability to understand the real world. The multi-modalization of knowledge graphs is an inevitable key step towards the realization of human-level machine intelligence. The results of this endeavor are Multi-modal Knowledge Graphs (MMKGs). In this survey on MMKGs constructed by texts and images, we first give definitions of MMKGs, followed with the preliminaries on multi-modal tasks and techniques. We then systematically review the challenges, progresses and opportunities on the construction and application of MMKGs respectively, with detailed analyses of the strength and weakness of different solutions. We finalize this survey with open research problems relevant to MMKGs.

本文介绍了Omnivl，这是一种新的基础模型，旨在使用一种通用体系结构来支持图像语言和视频语言任务。它为图像和视频输入采用了统一的基于变压器的视觉编码器，因此可以执行联合图像语言和视频语言预处理。我们首次证明了这样的范式受益于图像和视频任务，而不是传统的单向传输（例如，使用图像语言来帮助视频语言）。为此，我们提出了对图像语言和视频语言的脱钩关节预处理，以有效地将视觉模型分解为空间和时间维度，并在图像和视频任务上获得性能提升。此外，我们引入了一种新颖的统一视觉对比度（UNIVLC）损失，以利用图像文本，视频文本，图像标签（例如，图像分类），视频标签（例如，视频动作识别）在一起受到监督和吵闹的监督预处理数据都尽可能多地利用。无需额外的任务适配器，Omnivl可以同时支持仅视觉任务（例如，图像分类，视频操作识别），跨模式对齐任务（例如，图像/视频 - 文本检索）和多模式理解和生成任务（例如，图像/视频问答，字幕）。我们在各种下游任务上评估Omnivl，并以相似的模型大小和数据量表获得最新的或竞争结果。

Contrastive language-image pretraining (CLIP) links vision and language modalities into a unified embedding space, yielding the tremendous potential for vision-language (VL) tasks. While early concurrent works have begun to study this potential on a subset of tasks, important questions remain: 1) What is the benefit of CLIP on unstudied VL tasks? 2) Does CLIP provide benefit in low-shot or domain-shifted scenarios? 3) Can CLIP improve existing approaches without impacting inference or pretraining complexity? In this work, we seek to answer these questions through two key contributions. First, we introduce an evaluation protocol that includes Visual Commonsense Reasoning (VCR), Visual Entailment (SNLI-VE), and Visual Question Answering (VQA), across a variety of data availability constraints and conditions of domain shift. Second, we propose an approach, named CLIP Targeted Distillation (CLIP-TD), to intelligently distill knowledge from CLIP into existing architectures using a dynamically weighted objective applied to adaptively selected tokens per instance. Experiments demonstrate that our proposed CLIP-TD leads to exceptional gains in the low-shot (up to 51.9%) and domain-shifted (up to 71.3%) conditions of VCR, while simultaneously improving performance under standard fully-supervised conditions (up to 2%), achieving state-of-art performance on VCR compared to other single models that are pretrained with image-text data only. On SNLI-VE, CLIP-TD produces significant gains in low-shot conditions (up to 6.6%) as well as fully supervised (up to 3%). On VQA, CLIP-TD provides improvement in low-shot (up to 9%), and in fully-supervised (up to 1.3%). Finally, CLIP-TD outperforms concurrent works utilizing CLIP for finetuning, as well as baseline naive distillation approaches. Code will be made available.

Vision-and语言（VL）预培训已被证明对各种VL下游任务非常有效。虽然最近的工作表明，基于完全变换器的VL模型可以比以前的基于区域特征的方法更有效，但它们在下游任务上的性能通常显着降低。在本文中，我们呈现仪表〜（\ textbf {m} ultimodal \ textbf {e} nd-to-text \ textbf {t} ransform \ textbf {er}），我们通过它系统地调查如何设计和预先列车基于完全变换器的VL模型以端到端的方式。具体而言，我们将模型设计沿多个尺寸分析：视觉编码器（例如，剪辑 - vit，Swin变压器），文本编码器（例如，Roberta，Deberta），多模式融合（例如，合并注意力与共同关注），架构设计（例如，仅编码器与编码器 - 解码器）和预训练目标（例如，屏蔽图像建模）。我们对广泛的VL任务进行全面实验，并提供有关如何在保持快速推理速度的同时培训表演VL变压器的见解。值得注意的是，仪表〜使用仅使用4M图像进行预培训的VQAV2 TEST-STD设置的精度为77.64 \％，超过最先进的区域特征的VINVL模型+1.04 \％，以及优于以前最好的完全变换器的ALBEF模型+1.6 \％。

Large-scale cross-modal pre-training paradigms have recently shown ubiquitous success on a wide range of downstream tasks, e.g., zero-shot classification, retrieval and image captioning. However, their successes highly rely on the scale and quality of web-crawled data that naturally contain incomplete and noisy information (e.g., wrong or irrelevant content). Existing works either design manual rules to clean data or generate pseudo-targets as auxiliary signals for reducing noise impact, which do not explicitly tackle both the incorrect and incomplete challenges simultaneously. In this paper, to automatically mitigate the impact of noise by solely mining over existing data, we propose a principled Noise-robust Language-Image Pre-training framework (NLIP) to stabilize pre-training via two schemes: noise-harmonization and noise-completion. First, in noise-harmonization scheme, NLIP estimates the noise probability of each pair according to the memorization effect of cross-modal transformers, then adopts noise-adaptive regularization to harmonize the cross-modal alignments with varying degrees. Second, in noise-completion scheme, to enrich the missing object information of text, NLIP injects a concept-conditioned cross-modal decoder to obtain semantic-consistent synthetic captions to complete noisy ones, which uses the retrieved visual concepts (i.e., objects' names) for the corresponding image to guide captioning generation. By collaboratively optimizing noise-harmonization and noise-completion schemes, our NLIP can alleviate the common noise effects during image-text pre-training in a more efficient way. Extensive experiments show the significant performance improvements of our NLIP using only 26M data over existing pre-trained models (e.g., CLIP, FILIP and BLIP) on 12 zero-shot classification datasets, MSCOCO image captioning and zero-shot image-text retrieval tasks.

随着视觉前训练的成功，我们目睹了最先进的方式，以多模式的理解和产生推动。但是，当前的预训练范式不能一次靶向所有模式（例如，文本生成和图像生成），或者需要多重设计良好的任务，从而显着限制可伸缩性。我们证明，可以通过文本和图像序列的前缀语言建模目标学习统一的模态模型。得益于简单但功能强大的预训练范式，我们提出的模型Davinci非常易于训练，可扩展到巨大的数据，并且可以适应跨模态（语言 /视觉 /视觉+语言）的各种下游任务（类型）（理解） / generation）和设置（例如，零射，微调，线性评估）具有单个统一体系结构。达文奇（Davinci）在26个理解 /发电任务的广泛范围内实现了竞争性能，并且在大多数任务上都超过了以前的统一视力语言模型，包括Imagenet分类（+1.6％），VQAV2（+1.4％）（+1.4％），可可标题生成（Bleu@@@@@ 4 +1.1％，苹果酒 +1.5％）和可可图像生成（ +0.9％，FID -1.0％），在可比的模型和数据量表处。此外，我们通过在异质和广泛的分布覆盖范围内报告不同尺度的量表上的性能，为将来的研究提供了明确的基准。我们的结果建立了新的，更强的基线，以便将来在不同的数据量表上进行比较，并阐明了更广泛地比较VLP模型的困难。