当前的语言模型因单独从文本学习语言而没有单词及其含义之间的联系而受到批评。因此,已经提出了多模式训练,以通过提供缺乏联系来创建具有更好的语言理解模型的一种方式。我们专注于预先训练的多模式视觉和语言(VL)模型,这些模型已经有了他们的语言理解能力的一些结果。然而,评估这些模型的语言技能的一个尚未解决的问题是,没有建立的方法可以使它们在没有分发不确定性的情况下适应仅文本输入。为了找到最佳方法,我们研究并比较了将三种不同的预训练VL模型适应仅文本输入的七种可能的方法。我们对胶水和视觉属性规范(VPN)的评估表明,应注意将VL模型调整为零击文本任务,而模型对我们如何使其适应非零射击任务的敏感性不太敏感。我们还发现,适应方法对不同模型的性能有所不同,并且单形模型对应物与VL模型相同,无论适应如何,这表明当前的VL模型并不一定从其多峰训练中获得更好的语言理解。
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我们提出了GLIPV2,这是一个接地的VL理解模型,该模型既服务于本地化任务(例如,对象检测,实例分割)和视觉语言(VL)理解任务(例如VQA,图像字幕)。 GLIPV2优雅地将本地化预训练和视觉语言预训练(VLP)具有三个预训练任务:短语接地作为对检测任务的VL重新重新制定,区域词对比度学习作为新型的区域词对比度对比度对比学习任务,以及蒙面的语言建模。这种统一不仅简化了先前的多阶段VLP程序,而且还可以在本地化和理解任务之间实现相互利益。实验结果表明,在各种本地化和理解任务上,单个GLIPV2模型(所有模型权重)在SOTA性能附近实现。该模型还显示了(1)在开放式摄制对象检测任务上进行的强零射击和很少的自适应性能,以及(2)VL理解任务上的卓越接地能力。代码将在https://github.com/microsoft/glip上发布。
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Vision-and语言(VL)预培训已被证明对各种VL下游任务非常有效。虽然最近的工作表明,基于完全变换器的VL模型可以比以前的基于区域特征的方法更有效,但它们在下游任务上的性能通常显着降低。在本文中,我们呈现仪表〜(\ textbf {m} ultimodal \ textbf {e} nd-to-text \ textbf {t} ransform \ textbf {er}),我们通过它系统地调查如何设计和预先列车基于完全变换器的VL模型以端到端的方式。具体而言,我们将模型设计沿多个尺寸分析:视觉编码器(例如,剪辑 - vit,Swin变压器),文本编码器(例如,Roberta,Deberta),多模式融合(例如,合并注意力与共同关注),架构设计(例如,仅编码器与编码器 - 解码器)和预训练目标(例如,屏蔽图像建模)。我们对广泛的VL任务进行全面实验,并提供有关如何在保持快速推理速度的同时培训表演VL变压器的见解。值得注意的是,仪表〜使用仅使用4M图像进行预培训的VQAV2 TEST-STD设置的精度为77.64 \%,超过最先进的区域特征的VINVL模型+1.04 \%,以及优于以前最好的完全变换器的ALBEF模型+1.6 \%。
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Multimodal models are becoming increasingly effective, in part due to unified components, such as the Transformer architecture. However, multimodal models still often consist of many task- and modality-specific pieces and training procedures. For example, CLIP (Radford et al., 2021) trains independent text and image towers via a contrastive loss. We explore an additional unification: the use of a pure pixel-based model to perform image, text, and multimodal tasks. Our model is trained with contrastive loss alone, so we call it CLIP-Pixels Only (CLIPPO). CLIPPO uses a single encoder that processes both regular images and text rendered as images. CLIPPO performs image-based tasks such as retrieval and zero-shot image classification almost as well as CLIP, with half the number of parameters and no text-specific tower or embedding. When trained jointly via image-text contrastive learning and next-sentence contrastive learning, CLIPPO can perform well on natural language understanding tasks, without any word-level loss (language modelling or masked language modelling), outperforming pixel-based prior work. Surprisingly, CLIPPO can obtain good accuracy in visual question answering, simply by rendering the question and image together. Finally, we exploit the fact that CLIPPO does not require a tokenizer to show that it can achieve strong performance on multilingual multimodal retrieval without
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This paper presents a detailed study of improving visual representations for vision language (VL) tasks and develops an improved object detection model to provide object-centric representations of images. Compared to the most widely used bottom-up and top-down model [2], the new model is bigger, better-designed for VL tasks, and pre-trained on much larger training corpora that combine multiple public annotated object detection datasets. Therefore, it can generate representations of a richer collection of visual objects and concepts. While previous VL research focuses mainly on improving the vision-language fusion model and leaves the object detection model improvement untouched, we show that visual features matter significantly in VL models. In our experiments we feed the visual features generated by the new object detection model into a Transformer-based VL fusion model OSCAR [21], and utilize an improved approach OSCAR+ to pre-train the VL model and fine-tune it on a wide range of downstream VL tasks. Our results show that the new visual features significantly improve the performance across all VL tasks, creating new state-of-the-art results on seven public benchmarks. Code, models and pre-extracted features are released at https://github.com/pzzhang/VinVL. ♥ Microsoft Corporation♠ University of Washington † indicates equal contributions.
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Large-scale pre-training methods of learning cross-modal representations on image-text pairs are becoming popular for vision-language tasks. While existing methods simply concatenate image region features and text features as input to the model to be pre-trained and use selfattention to learn image-text semantic alignments in a brute force manner, in this paper, we propose a new learning method Oscar 1 , which uses object tags detected in images as anchor points to significantly ease the learning of alignments. Our method is motivated by the observation that the salient objects in an image can be accurately detected, and are often mentioned in the paired text. We pre-train an Oscar model on the public corpus of 6.5 million text-image pairs, and fine-tune it on downstream tasks, creating new state-of-the-arts on six well-established vision-language understanding and generation tasks. 2
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大规模预制速度迅速成为视觉语言(VL)建模中的规范。然而,普遍的VL方法受标记数据的要求和复杂的多步预介质目标的要求受限。我们呈现Magma - 使用基于适配器的FineTuning使用额外的方式增强生成语言模型的简单方法。在冻结的情况下,我们培训一系列VL模型,从视觉和文本输入的任意组合自动生成文本。使用单一语言建模目的,预先预测完全结束于结束,与先前的方法相比,简化优化。重要的是,在培训期间,语言模型权重保持不变,允许从语言预磨练转移百科全书知识和内心的学习能力。 Magma在开放式生成任务上冻结的岩浆,实现了最先进的状态,结果在Okvqa基准和竞争结果上的一系列其他流行的VL基准测试中,同时预先训练用于培训SIMVLM的样本数量的0.2%。
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可靠的评估基准是为了可复制性和全面性而设计的,在机器学习方面取得了进步。但是,由于缺乏多语言基准,视觉和语言研究主要集中在英语任务上。为了填补这一空白,我们介绍了图像的语言理解评估基准。 Iglue通过汇总已有的数据集并创建新的数据来汇集 - 视觉问题回答,跨模式检索,扎根的推理以及跨20种不同语言的扎根成本。我们的基准测试能够评估多语言多模型用于转移学习的模型,不仅在零弹位设置中,而且还以新定义的少数图学习设置。根据对可用最新模型的评估,我们发现翻译测试转移优于零弹性转移,并且对于许多任务而言,很难利用射击的学习。此外,下游性能部分用可用的未标记文本数据进行预处理来解释,并且仅通过目标源语言的类型学距离而微弱。我们希望通过向社区释放基准来鼓励该领域的未来研究工作。
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我们介绍了一个名为VL-BEIT的视觉基础模型,这是一种双向多模式变压器,通过生成预处理学习。我们的极简主义解决方案通过共享变压器对单接和多模式数据进行掩盖的预测。具体而言,我们对图像文本对,文本上的掩盖语言建模以及图像上的掩盖图像建模进行了掩盖视觉模型。VL-从头开始学习,其中一项统一的预处理任务,一个共用的骨干和一阶段的训练。我们的方法在概念上是简单的,并且在经验上有效。实验结果表明,VL-BEIT在各种视觉语言基准(例如视觉问题回答,视觉推理和图像文本检索)上获得了强大的结果。此外,我们的方法学习可转移的视觉特征,在图像分类方面实现竞争性能以及语义分割。
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随着变压器的发展,近年来预先训练的模型已经以突破性的步伐发展。他们在自然语言处理(NLP)和计算机视觉(CV)中主导了主流技术。如何将预训练适应视觉和语言(V-L)学习和改善下游任务绩效成为多模式学习的重点。在本文中,我们回顾了视力语言预训练模型(VL-PTMS)的最新进展。作为核心内容,我们首先简要介绍了几种方法,将原始图像和文本编码为单模式嵌入在预训练之前。然后,我们在建模文本和图像表示之间的相互作用时深入研究VL-PTM的主流体系结构。我们进一步提出了广泛使用的预训练任务,然后我们介绍了一些常见的下游任务。我们终于结束了本文,并提出了一些有前途的研究方向。我们的调查旨在为研究人员提供合成和指向相关研究的指针。
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Pre-trained representations are becoming crucial for many NLP and perception tasks. While representation learning in NLP has transitioned to training on raw text without human annotations, visual and vision-language representations still rely heavily on curated training datasets that are expensive or require expert knowledge. For vision applications, representations are mostly learned using datasets with explicit class labels such as Ima-geNet or OpenImages. For vision-language, popular datasets like Conceptual Captions, MSCOCO, or CLIP all involve a non-trivial data collection (and cleaning) process. This costly curation process limits the size of datasets and hence hinders the scaling of trained models. In this paper, we leverage a noisy dataset of over one billion image alt-text pairs, obtained without expensive filtering or post-processing steps in the Conceptual Captions dataset. A simple dual-encoder architecture learns to align visual and language representations of the image and text pairs using a contrastive loss. We show that the scale of our corpus can make up for its noise and leads to state-of-the-art representations even with such a simple learning scheme. Our visual representation achieves strong performance when transferred to classification tasks such as ImageNet and VTAB. The aligned visual and language representations enables zero-shot image classification and also set new state-of-the-art results on Flickr30K and MSCOCO image-text retrieval benchmarks, even when compared with more sophisticated crossattention models. The representations also enable cross-modality search with complex text and text + image queries.
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最先进的愿景和愿景和语言模型依靠大规模的Visio-linguisting预借鉴,以获得各种下游任务的良好性能。通常,这种模型通常是跨模态(对比)或多模态(具有早期融合)但不是两者;它们通常只针对特定的方式或任务。有希望的方向将是使用单一整体普遍模型,作为“基础”,目标是一次性的所有方式 - 真正的视觉和语言基础模型应该擅长视力任务,语言任务和交叉和多数模态视觉和语言任务。我们将Flava介绍在这样的模型中,并在跨越这些目标模式的广泛的35个任务上展示令人印象深刻的性能。
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近年来,根据Vision-Language预训练(VLP),我们在图像标题任务中掌握了显着的性能提升。比例被认为是这一进步的重要因素。然而,大多数现有工作仅侧重于预训练的变压器,在大约400万图像上具有中等大小(例如,12或24层)。在本文中,我们呈现柠檬,一个大规模的图像标题器,并为图像标题的VLP的缩放行为提供第一个实证研究。我们使用最先进的VINVL模型作为我们的参考模型,它由图像特征提取器和变压器模型组成,并将变压器上下放大,模型大小范围从13到675万参数。在数据方面,我们通过高达200万图像文本对进行实验,该对基于图像的Alt属性自动从Web自动收集(称为ALT200M)。广泛的分析有助于将性能趋势表征为模型大小和预训练数据尺寸增加。我们还比较不同的培训配方,特别是在大规模嘈杂数据上培训。结果,柠檬在几个主要图像标题基准上实现了新的技术状态,包括Coco标题,Nocaps和概念标题。我们还显示柠檬可以在以零拍摄方式使用时生成带有长尾视觉概念的标题。
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随着图像文本对的大量数据以及视觉和语言(V&L)任务的多样性,学者在该研究领域引入了大量的深度学习模型。此外,近年来,转移学习还显示出在计算机愿景中的巨大成功,例如图像分类,对象检测等以及在自然语言处理中以进行问答,机器翻译等的自然语言处理。继承转移学习的精神, V&L的研究工作已经在大规模数据集上设计了多种预训练技术,以增强下游任务的性能。本文的目的是提供当代V&L预审前模型的全面修订。特别是,我们对预处理的方法进行了分类和描述,以及最先进的视觉和语言预训练模型的摘要。此外,还提供了培训数据集和下游任务的列表,以进一步提高V&L预处理的观点。最后,我们决定采取进一步的一步,讨论众多未来研究的方向。
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State-of-the-art computer vision systems are trained to predict a fixed set of predetermined object categories. This restricted form of supervision limits their generality and usability since additional labeled data is needed to specify any other visual concept. Learning directly from raw text about images is a promising alternative which leverages a much broader source of supervision. We demonstrate that the simple pre-training task of predicting which caption goes with which image is an efficient and scalable way to learn SOTA image representations from scratch on a dataset of 400 million (image, text) pairs collected from the internet. After pre-training, natural language is used to reference learned visual concepts (or describe new ones) enabling zero-shot transfer of the model to downstream tasks. We study the performance of this approach by benchmarking on over 30 different existing computer vision datasets, spanning tasks such as OCR, action recognition in videos, geo-localization, and many types of fine-grained object classification. The model transfers non-trivially to most tasks and is often competitive with a fully supervised baseline without the need for any dataset specific training. For instance, we match the accuracy of the original ResNet-50 on ImageNet zero-shot without needing to use any of the 1.28 million training examples it was trained on. We release our code and pre-trained model weights at https://github.com/OpenAI/CLIP.
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Vision-and-Language Pre-training (VLP) has improved performance on various joint vision-andlanguage downstream tasks. Current approaches to VLP heavily rely on image feature extraction processes, most of which involve region supervision (e.g., object detection) and the convolutional architecture (e.g., ResNet). Although disregarded in the literature, we find it problematic in terms of both (1) efficiency/speed, that simply extracting input features requires much more computation than the multimodal interaction steps; and (2) expressive power, as it is upper bounded to the expressive power of the visual embedder and its predefined visual vocabulary. In this paper, we present a minimal VLP model, Vision-and-Language Transformer (ViLT), monolithic in the sense that the processing of visual inputs is drastically simplified to just the same convolution-free manner that we process textual inputs. We show that ViLT is up to tens of times faster than previous VLP models, yet with competitive or better downstream task performance. Our code and pre-trained weights are available at https://github.com/dandelin/vilt.
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视觉语言(VL)预训练最近受到了广泛的关注。但是,大多数现有的端到端预训练方法只旨在解决诸如图像文本检索,视觉询问答案(VQA)和图像字幕等VL任务,以测试对图像的高级了解,或者仅对目标区域进行测试 - 对诸如短语接地和对象检测等任务的水平理解。我们提出了Fiber(基于回避的变压器),这是一种新的VL模型体系结构,可以无缝处理这两种类型的任务。 Fiber没有将多模式融合到模型深处,而不是将融合后的专用变压器层用于融合,而是通过将交叉注意力插入图像和文本骨干杆中,从而在记忆和性能方面带来了增长。此外,与以前的工作不同,它要么仅在图像文本数据上进行训练,要么在带有框级注释的细粒度数据上进行培训,我们提出了一种两阶段的预训练策略,该策略有效地使用了这两种数据:(( i)基于图像文本数据的粗粒细化预训练;然后是(ii)基于图像文本框数据的细粒度预训练。我们对各种VL任务进行全面的实验,从VQA,图像字幕和检索到短语接地,参考表达理解和对象检测。使用深层多模式融合,结合两阶段的预训练,光纤可对所有任务的强基础进行一致的性能改进,通常使用幅度更优于更多数据的方法。代码可从https://github.com/microsoft/fiber获得。
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We introduce a new language representation model called BERT, which stands for Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers. Unlike recent language representation models (Peters et al., 2018a;Radford et al., 2018), BERT is designed to pretrain deep bidirectional representations from unlabeled text by jointly conditioning on both left and right context in all layers. As a result, the pre-trained BERT model can be finetuned with just one additional output layer to create state-of-the-art models for a wide range of tasks, such as question answering and language inference, without substantial taskspecific architecture modifications.BERT is conceptually simple and empirically powerful. It obtains new state-of-the-art results on eleven natural language processing tasks, including pushing the GLUE score to 80.5% (7.7% point absolute improvement), MultiNLI accuracy to 86.7% (4.6% absolute improvement), SQuAD v1.1 question answering Test F1 to 93.2 (1.5 point absolute improvement) and SQuAD v2.0 Test F1 to 83.1 (5.1 point absolute improvement).
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语言基础与视觉是一个积极的研究领域,旨在通过利用视觉感知知识来丰富基于文本的单词含义的表示。尽管进行了多次接地尝试,但仍不清楚如何以一种保持文本和视觉知识的适当平衡的方式将视觉知识注入语言嵌入一词。一些普遍的问题是以下内容。视觉基础对抽象单词有益吗?还是仅限于具体单词的贡献?弥合文本和视觉之间差距的最佳方法是什么?通过视觉接地的文本嵌入,我们可以获得多少收益?本研究通过提出一种简单但非常有效的基础方法来解决这些问题,以预先训练的单词嵌入。我们的模型将文本嵌入与视觉保持一致,同时在很大程度上保留了在文本语料库中使用单词使用的分布统计数据。通过应用学习的对齐方式,我们能够生成视觉接地的嵌入,用于看不见的单词,包括抽象单词。一系列对单词相似性基准的评估表明,视觉接地不仅对具体单词有益,而且对抽象单词也有益。我们还表明,我们的视觉接地方法为上下文化的嵌入提供了优势,但只有在对相对尺寸相对较小的语料库进行培训时,我们才能提供优势。可以在https://github.com/hazel1994/visaly_grounded_word_word_embeddings_2上获得英语的代码和接地嵌入。
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视觉问题应答(VQA)任务利用视觉图像和语言分析来回回答图像的文本问题。它是一个流行的研究课题,在过去十年中越来越多的现实应用。本文介绍了我们最近对AliceMind-MMU的研究(阿里巴巴的编码器 - 解码器来自Damo Academy - 多媒体理解的机器智能实验室),其比人类在VQA上获得相似甚至略微更好的结果。这是通过系统地改善VQA流水线来实现的,包括:(1)具有全面的视觉和文本特征表示的预培训; (2)与学习参加的有效跨模型互动; (3)一个新颖的知识挖掘框架,具有专门的专业专家模块,适用于复杂的VQA任务。处理不同类型的视觉问题,需要具有相应的专业知识在提高我们的VQA架构的表现方面发挥着重要作用,这取决于人力水平。进行了广泛的实验和分析,以证明新的研究工作的有效性。
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