以前的研究如vizwiz发现，可以阅读的视觉问题（VQA）系统可以阅读和图像中的文本的理由在辅助视觉上受损人群的应用领域很有用。 TextVQA是一个用于这个问题的VQA数据集，其中问题需要回答系统来读取和理由图像中的视觉对象和文本对象。 TextVQA中的一个关键挑战是系统的设计，有效地是单独的视觉和文本对象的理由，而且还有关于这些对象之间的空间关系。这激励了使用“边缘特征”，即关于每对对象之间的关系的信息。一些当前TextVQA模型解决了这个问题，但只使用关系类别（而不是边缘特征向量），或者不要在变压器架构中使用边缘功能。为了克服这些缺点，我们提出了一种曲线图形关系变压器（GRT），除了节点信息之外，还使用边缘信息进行变压器中的图注意计算。我们发现，在不使用任何其他优化的情况下，所提出的GRT方法优于M4C基线模型的精度0.65％在Val Set上的精度和测试集0.57％。定性，我们观察到GRT对M4C具有卓越的空间推理能力。

在本文中，我们提出了端到端的结构化多峰关注（SMA）神经网络，主要解决了上述前两个问题。 SMA首先使用结构图表示来编码图像中出现的对象对象，对象文本和文本文本关系，然后设计多模式图注意网络以推理它。最后，由上述模块的输出由全局本地注意力应答模块处理，以通过跟随M4C迭代地生成从两个OCR和常规词汇拼接的答案。我们所提出的模型优于TextVQA数据集上的SOTA模型以及除基于预先训练的水龙头之外的所有模型中的所有模型中的ST-VQA数据集的两个任务。展示了强大的推理能力，它还在TextVQA挑战中获得了第一名的第一名。我们在几种推理模型中广泛测试了不同的OCR方法，并调查了逐步提高了OCR性能对TextVQA基准的影响。通过更好的OCR结果，不同的型号对VQA准确性的戏剧性提高，但我们的模型受益最强烈的文本视觉推理能力。要授予我们的方法，并为进一步作品提供公平的测试基础，我们还为TextVQA数据集提供人为的地面实际OCR注释，这些ocr注释未在原始版本中提供。 TextVQA数据集的代码和地面ocr注释在https://github.com/chenyugao-cs/sma提供

文本VQA旨在回答需要了解图像中文本提示的问题。尽管现有的文本VQA方法取得了长足的进步，但它们的性能仍遭受了人类标记的问题解答（QA）对不足。但是，我们观察到，通常在现有数据集中没有完全利用场景文本 - 每个图像中只有一小部分文本参与了带注释的QA活动。这导致大量有用的信息浪费。为了解决这种缺陷，我们开发了一种新方法来通过明确利用每个图像的场景上下文中可用的现有文本来生成高质量和多样化的质量质量对。具体而言，我们建议，TAG是一种文本感知的视觉问题 - 答案生成的结构，该结构学会使用多模式变压器来生成有意义且准确的QA样品。该体系结构通过将生成的QA对与初始培训数据相结合，从而利用了未充满激光的场景文本信息，并增强了文本VQA模型的场景理解。对两个众所周知的Text-VQA基准（TextVQA和ST-VQA）的广泛实验结果表明，我们提议的标签有效地扩大了训练数据，有助于提高文本VQA性能而无需额外的标签努力。此外，我们的模型优于预先通过大规模数据进行训练的最先进方法。代码将公开可用。

根据图像回答语义复杂的问题是在视觉问题应答（VQA）任务中的具有挑战性。虽然图像可以通过深度学习来良好代表，但是始终简单地嵌入问题，并且不能很好地表明它的含义。此外，视觉和文本特征具有不同模式的间隙，很难对齐和利用跨模块信息。在本文中，我们专注于这两个问题，并提出了一种匹配关注（GMA）网络的图表。首先，它不仅为图像构建图形，而且在句法和嵌入信息方面构建了该问题的图表。接下来，我们通过双级图形编码器探讨了模特内的关系，然后呈现双边跨模型图匹配注意力以推断图像与问题之间的关系。然后将更新的跨模式特征发送到答案预测模块中以进行最终答案预测。实验表明，我们的网络在GQA数据集和VQA 2.0数据集上达到了最先进的性能。消融研究验证了GMA网络中每个模块的有效性。

Most TextVQA approaches focus on the integration of objects, scene texts and question words by a simple transformer encoder. But this fails to capture the semantic relations between different modalities. The paper proposes a Scene Graph based co-Attention Network (SceneGATE) for TextVQA, which reveals the semantic relations among the objects, Optical Character Recognition (OCR) tokens and the question words. It is achieved by a TextVQA-based scene graph that discovers the underlying semantics of an image. We created a guided-attention module to capture the intra-modal interplay between the language and the vision as a guidance for inter-modal interactions. To make explicit teaching of the relations between the two modalities, we proposed and integrated two attention modules, namely a scene graph-based semantic relation-aware attention and a positional relation-aware attention. We conducted extensive experiments on two benchmark datasets, Text-VQA and ST-VQA. It is shown that our SceneGATE method outperformed existing ones because of the scene graph and its attention modules.

基于文本的视觉问题回答〜（TextVQA）旨在为具有多个场景文本的图像问题提供正确的答案。在大多数情况下，文本自然附着在物体表面上。因此，文本和对象之间的空间推理在文本VQA中至关重要。但是，现有方法在从输入图像中学到的2D空间信息中受到限制，并依靠基于变压器的体系结构在融合过程中隐含地推理。在此设置下，这些2D空间推理方法无法区分同一图像平面上的视觉对象和场景文本之间的细颗粒空间关系，从而损害了TextVQA模型的可解释性和性能。在本文中，我们将3D几何信息引入了类似人类的空间推理过程，以逐步捕获关键对象的上下文知识。 ％我们通过引入3D几何信息来捕获关键对象的上下文知识来制定类似人类的空间推理过程。为了增强模型对3D空间关系的理解，特别是（i）〜我们提出了一个关系预测模块，以准确定位关键对象的关注区域； （ii）〜我们设计了一个深度感知的注意校准模块，以根据关键对象校准OCR令牌的注意力。广泛的实验表明，我们的方法在TextVQA和ST-VQA数据集上实现了最先进的性能。更令人鼓舞的是，我们的模型在涉及TextVQA和ST-VQA有效拆分中的空间推理的问题上以5.7 \％和12.1 \％的明显边缘超过了他人。此外，我们还验证了模型对基于文本的图像字幕任务的普遍性。

文本VQA的开放式问题回答任务通常需要读取和推理图像中很少见或完全看不见的场景文本内容。我们通过提出广义使用外部知识来增强我们对场景文本的理解来解决问题的零射击性质。我们设计一个框架，使用标准的多模式变压器来提取，验证和理性，以了解视觉语言理解任务。通过经验证据和定性结果，我们证明了外部知识如何突出实例的线索，从而有助于应对培训数据偏见，提高答案实体类型的正确性并检测名为“实体”的多字。在类似上游OCR系统和培训数据的限制下，我们生成的结果与三个公开数据集的最新结果相当。

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its applications have sparked extraordinary interest in recent years. This achievement can be ascribed in part to advances in AI subfields including Machine Learning (ML), Computer Vision (CV), and Natural Language Processing (NLP). Deep learning, a sub-field of machine learning that employs artificial neural network concepts, has enabled the most rapid growth in these domains. The integration of vision and language has sparked a lot of attention as a result of this. The tasks have been created in such a way that they properly exemplify the concepts of deep learning. In this review paper, we provide a thorough and an extensive review of the state of the arts approaches, key models design principles and discuss existing datasets, methods, their problem formulation and evaluation measures for VQA and Visual reasoning tasks to understand vision and language representation learning. We also present some potential future paths in this field of research, with the hope that our study may generate new ideas and novel approaches to handle existing difficulties and develop new applications.

用于视觉语言表示学习的变压器已经引起了很多兴趣，并在视觉问题答案（VQA）和接地方面表现出了巨大的表现。但是，大多数显示出良好性能的系统在培训过程中仍然依赖于预训练的对象探测器，这将其适用性限制在可用于这些检测器的对象类中。为了减轻这种限制，以下论文着重于在变形金刚中的视觉问题答案的背景下进行弱监督的基础问题。该方法通过将每个视觉令牌分组在视觉编码器中，并使用语言自我发项层作为文本引导选择模块来利用胶囊，以在将它们转发到下一层之前掩盖它们。我们评估了针对挑战的GQA以及VQA帽数据集的VQA接地的方法。我们的实验表明：在从标准变压器体系结构中删除蒙版对象的信息的同时，胶囊的集成显着提高了此类系统的接地能力，并提供了与其他新的最先进的结果。在现场接近。

视觉问题应答（VQA）任务利用视觉图像和语言分析来回回答图像的文本问题。它是一个流行的研究课题，在过去十年中越来越多的现实应用。本文介绍了我们最近对AliceMind-MMU的研究（阿里巴巴的编码器 - 解码器来自Damo Academy - 多媒体理解的机器智能实验室），其比人类在VQA上获得相似甚至略微更好的结果。这是通过系统地改善VQA流水线来实现的，包括：（1）具有全面的视觉和文本特征表示的预培训; （2）与学习参加的有效跨模型互动; （3）一个新颖的知识挖掘框架，具有专门的专业专家模块，适用于复杂的VQA任务。处理不同类型的视觉问题，需要具有相应的专业知识在提高我们的VQA架构的表现方面发挥着重要作用，这取决于人力水平。进行了广泛的实验和分析，以证明新的研究工作的有效性。

Visual Question Answering (VQA) requires a finegrained and simultaneous understanding of both the visual content of images and the textual content of questions. Therefore, designing an effective 'co-attention' model to associate key words in questions with key objects in images is central to VQA performance. So far, most successful attempts at co-attention learning have been achieved by using shallow models, and deep co-attention models show little improvement over their shallow counterparts. In this paper, we propose a deep Modular Co-Attention Network (MCAN) that consists of Modular Co-Attention (MCA) layers cascaded in depth. Each MCA layer models the self-attention of questions and images, as well as the guided-attention of images jointly using a modular composition of two basic attention units. We quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate MCAN on the benchmark VQA-v2 dataset and conduct extensive ablation studies to explore the reasons behind MCAN's effectiveness.Experimental results demonstrate that MCAN significantly outperforms the previous state-ofthe-art. Our best single model delivers 70.63% overall accuracy on the test-dev set.Code is available at https://github.com/MILVLG/mcan-vqa.

我们介绍了空间本地化叙述中的视频中的任务。我们的方法的关键是能够学会在与随附的叙述的视频中的大型视频中对自我监督进行空间地定位与自我监督的互动。为实现这一目标，我们提出了一种多层跨模型关注网络，可以在培训期间有效优化对比损失。我们介绍了一种分割的策略，可以通过视觉和自然语言方式计算和中间模态注意力之间的交替，这允许通过直接对比两种方式的表示来实现有效的培训。我们展示了我们对HOWTO100M教学数据集的自我训练的方法的有效性，并在YouCook2 DataSet中的本地化描述交互的新收集数据集上进行评估。我们展示了我们的方法优于替代基准，包括浅薄的共同关注和完全跨越的关注。我们还将我们的方法应用于在Flickr30k上的弱监管下的图像中的接地短语，并显示堆叠多个注意层是有效的，并且当与对区域丢失相结合时，在召回召回和指向时达到最先进的艺术状态手准确性。

Video Question Answering methods focus on commonsense reasoning and visual cognition of objects or persons and their interactions over time. Current VideoQA approaches ignore the textual information present in the video. Instead, we argue that textual information is complementary to the action and provides essential contextualisation cues to the reasoning process. To this end, we propose a novel VideoQA task that requires reading and understanding the text in the video. To explore this direction, we focus on news videos and require QA systems to comprehend and answer questions about the topics presented by combining visual and textual cues in the video. We introduce the ``NewsVideoQA'' dataset that comprises more than $8,600$ QA pairs on $3,000+$ news videos obtained from diverse news channels from around the world. We demonstrate the limitations of current Scene Text VQA and VideoQA methods and propose ways to incorporate scene text information into VideoQA methods.

Vision-and-language reasoning requires an understanding of visual concepts, language semantics, and, most importantly, the alignment and relationships between these two modalities. We thus propose the LXMERT (Learning Cross-Modality Encoder Representations from Transformers) framework to learn these vision-and-language connections. In LXMERT, we build a large-scale Transformer model that consists of three encoders: an object relationship encoder, a language encoder, and a cross-modality encoder. Next, to endow our model with the capability of connecting vision and language semantics, we pre-train the model with large amounts of image-and-sentence pairs, via five diverse representative pre-training tasks: masked language modeling, masked object prediction (feature regression and label classification), cross-modality matching, and image question answering. These tasks help in learning both intra-modality and cross-modality relationships. After fine-tuning from our pretrained parameters, our model achieves the state-of-the-art results on two visual question answering datasets (i.e., VQA and GQA). We also show the generalizability of our pretrained cross-modality model by adapting it to a challenging visual-reasoning task, NLVR 2 , and improve the previous best result by 22% absolute (54% to 76%). Lastly, we demonstrate detailed ablation studies to prove that both our novel model components and pretraining strategies significantly contribute to our strong results; and also present several attention visualizations for the different encoders. 1

Attention networks in multimodal learning provide an efficient way to utilize given visual information selectively. However, the computational cost to learn attention distributions for every pair of multimodal input channels is prohibitively expensive. To solve this problem, co-attention builds two separate attention distributions for each modality neglecting the interaction between multimodal inputs. In this paper, we propose bilinear attention networks (BAN) that find bilinear attention distributions to utilize given vision-language information seamlessly. BAN considers bilinear interactions among two groups of input channels, while low-rank bilinear pooling extracts the joint representations for each pair of channels. Furthermore, we propose a variant of multimodal residual networks to exploit eight-attention maps of the BAN efficiently. We quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate our model on visual question answering (VQA 2.0) and Flickr30k Entities datasets, showing that BAN significantly outperforms previous methods and achieves new state-of-the-arts on both datasets.

Astounding results from Transformer models on natural language tasks have intrigued the vision community to study their application to computer vision problems. Among their salient benefits, Transformers enable modeling long dependencies between input sequence elements and support parallel processing of sequence as compared to recurrent networks e.g., Long short-term memory (LSTM). Different from convolutional networks, Transformers require minimal inductive biases for their design and are naturally suited as set-functions. Furthermore, the straightforward design of Transformers allows processing multiple modalities (e.g., images, videos, text and speech) using similar processing blocks and demonstrates excellent scalability to very large capacity networks and huge datasets. These strengths have led to exciting progress on a number of vision tasks using Transformer networks. This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the Transformer models in the computer vision discipline. We start with an introduction to fundamental concepts behind the success of Transformers i.e., self-attention, large-scale pre-training, and bidirectional feature encoding. We then cover extensive applications of transformers in vision including popular recognition tasks (e.g., image classification, object detection, action recognition, and segmentation), generative modeling, multi-modal tasks (e.g., visual-question answering, visual reasoning, and visual grounding), video processing (e.g., activity recognition, video forecasting), low-level vision (e.g., image super-resolution, image enhancement, and colorization) and 3D analysis (e.g., point cloud classification and segmentation). We compare the respective advantages and limitations of popular techniques both in terms of architectural design and their experimental value. Finally, we provide an analysis on open research directions and possible future works. We hope this effort will ignite further interest in the community to solve current challenges towards the application of transformer models in computer vision.

我们提出了一种用于场景文本视觉问题的新型多模式架构（STVQA），命名为布局感知变压器（LatR）。 STVQA的任务需要模型以推理不同的方式。因此，我们首先调查每种方式的影响，并揭示语言模块的重要性，尤其是在丰富布局信息时。考虑到这一点，我们提出了一种客观预培训计划，只需要文本和空间线索。我们表明，尽管域间隙差距，但仍然对扫描文件进行了对扫描文件的培训方案具有某些优点。扫描的文档易于采购，文本密集并具有各种布局，帮助模型通过捆绑语言和布局信息来学习各种空间线索（例如，下面等等）。与现有方法相比，我们的方法执行无词汇解码，如图所示，概括到超出培训词汇。我们进一步证明Latr改善了对OCR错误的鲁棒性，在STVQA失败的常见原因。另外，通过利用视觉变压器，我们消除了对外部物体检测器的需求。 Latr在多个数据集上赢得最先进的STVQA方法。特别是+ 7.6％的TextVQA，ST-VQA上的10.8％，+ 4.0％在OCR-VQA（所有绝对精度数字）。

3D场景理解是一个相对新兴的研究领域。在本文中，我们介绍了3D现实世界场景（VQA-3D）中的视觉问题应答任务，旨在给出3D场景的所有可能的问题。为了解决这个问题，提出了第一个VQA-3D数据集，即CLEVR3D，其中包含在1,129个现实世界场景中的60k个问题。具体而言，我们开发一个问题发动机利用3D场景图结构来生成不同的推理问题，涵盖物体属性的问题（即，大小，颜色和材料）及其空间关系。建立在此数据集之上，我们进一步设计了第一个VQA-3D基线模型TransVQA3D。 TransVQA3D型号采用精心设计的变压器架构，实现优越的VQA-3D性能，与纯语言基线和先前的3D推理方法直接应用于3D场景。实验结果验证了VQA-3D作为辅助任务可以提高3D场景理解的性能，包括节点明智分类和全图识别的场景图分析。

多模式变压器表现出高容量和灵活性，可将图像和文本对齐以进行视觉接地。然而，由于自我发挥操作的二次时间复杂性，仅编码的接地框架（例如，transvg）遭受了沉重的计算。为了解决这个问题，我们通过将整个接地过程解散为编码和解码阶段，提出了一种新的多模式变压器体系结构，以动态MDETR形成。关键观察是，图像中存在很高的空间冗余。因此，我们通过在加快视觉接地过程之前利用这种稀疏性来设计一种新的动态多模式变压器解码器。具体而言，我们的动态解码器由2D自适应采样模块和文本引导的解码模块组成。采样模块旨在通过预测参考点的偏移来选择这些信息补丁，而解码模块则可以通过在图像功能和文本功能之间执行交叉注意来提取接地对象信息。这两个模块也被堆叠起来，以逐渐弥合模态间隙，并迭代地完善接地对象的参考点，最终实现了视觉接地的目的。对五个基准测试的广泛实验表明，我们提出的动态MDETR实现了计算和准确性之间的竞争权衡。值得注意的是，在解码器中仅使用9％的特征点，我们可以降低〜44％的多模式变压器的GLOP，但仍然比仅编码器的对应物更高的精度。此外，为了验证其概括能力并扩展我们的动态MDETR，我们构建了第一个单级剪辑授权的视觉接地框架，并在这些基准测试中实现最先进的性能。

Question Answering (QA) is a task that entails reasoning over natural language contexts, and many relevant works augment language models (LMs) with graph neural networks (GNNs) to encode the Knowledge Graph (KG) information. However, most existing GNN-based modules for QA do not take advantage of rich relational information of KGs and depend on limited information interaction between the LM and the KG. To address these issues, we propose Question Answering Transformer (QAT), which is designed to jointly reason over language and graphs with respect to entity relations in a unified manner. Specifically, QAT constructs Meta-Path tokens, which learn relation-centric embeddings based on diverse structural and semantic relations. Then, our Relation-Aware Self-Attention module comprehensively integrates different modalities via the Cross-Modal Relative Position Bias, which guides information exchange between relevant entities of different modalities. We validate the effectiveness of QAT on commonsense question answering datasets like CommonsenseQA and OpenBookQA, and on a medical question answering dataset, MedQA-USMLE. On all the datasets, our method achieves state-of-the-art performance. Our code is available at http://github.com/mlvlab/QAT.