用于视觉语言表示学习的变压器已经引起了很多兴趣，并在视觉问题答案（VQA）和接地方面表现出了巨大的表现。但是，大多数显示出良好性能的系统在培训过程中仍然依赖于预训练的对象探测器，这将其适用性限制在可用于这些检测器的对象类中。为了减轻这种限制，以下论文着重于在变形金刚中的视觉问题答案的背景下进行弱监督的基础问题。该方法通过将每个视觉令牌分组在视觉编码器中，并使用语言自我发项层作为文本引导选择模块来利用胶囊，以在将它们转发到下一层之前掩盖它们。我们评估了针对挑战的GQA以及VQA帽数据集的VQA接地的方法。我们的实验表明：在从标准变压器体系结构中删除蒙版对象的信息的同时，胶囊的集成显着提高了此类系统的接地能力，并提供了与其他新的最先进的结果。在现场接近。

从纯图像和具有对比性损失的纯图像和文本预测的自我监督的视觉语言是有效的，但是由于双流式体系结构仅在全球层面上与图像和文本表示形式对齐，因此忽略了细粒度​​的对齐。早些时候，受监督的，非对比度的方法具有更细粒度的对齐方式，但需要致密的注释，这些注释不可伸缩。我们提出了一个单个流体系结构，该体系结构使用两个新颖的任务：对称交叉模式重建（XMM）和一个伪标记的关键字预测，将图像和语言对齐：全局，细粒度的补丁和概念/语义（PSL）。在XMM中，我们从一种模态掩盖了输入令牌，并使用跨模式信息重建掩盖的令牌，从而改善了两种模式之间的细粒度对齐。在PSL中，我们使用注意力在标题中选择关键字，使用动量编码器推荐标题中缺少但在图像中表示的其他重要关键字，然后训练视觉编码器以预测这些关键字的存在，并帮助它。学习对于将文本令牌接地到图像区域至关重要的语义概念。我们证明了对图像文本检索，接地，视觉问题的回答/推理的竞争性能和提高的数据效率，以针对对更多数据进行培训的较大模型和模型。 Zaidkhan.me/simla上可用的代码和型号。

以前的视觉语言预训练模型主要构建具有令牌和对象（像素）的多模式输入，然后在它们之间执行交叉模式相互作用。我们认为，只有令牌和对象的输入限制了诸如短语到区域接地之类的高级语义对齐。同时，多层次对齐本质上是一致的，并且能够协同促进表示形式学习。因此，在本文中，我们建议学习视觉预训练（MVPTR）的多级语义一致性。在MVPTR中，我们遵循两种方式的嵌套结构，以引入概念为高级语义。为了简化从多模式多级输入的学习，我们的框架分为两个阶段，第一阶段着重于模式内多级表示学习，第二阶段通过粗粒和细粒度跨模态强化了跨模式的交互语义对齐任务。除了常用的图像文本匹配和掩盖语言模型任务外，我们还引入了第一阶段蒙版概念恢复任务以增强概念表示学习，第二阶段的另外两个任务在第二阶段中，以明确鼓励跨跨层次的多层次对准方式。我们的代码可在https://github.com/junction4nako/mvp_pytorch上找到。

我们建议对视觉模型预处理的基于利润的损失，以鼓励基于梯度的解释，这些解释与区域级注释一致。我们将该目标称为注意面罩的一致性（AMC），并证明它与依赖于区域级注释的模型相比，它产生了卓越的视觉接地性能，以显式训练对象检测器，例如更快的R-CNN。 AMC通过鼓励基于梯度的解释掩盖来工作，该掩盖的注意力分数主要集中在包含这种注释的图像的注释区域中。尤其是，在标准视觉建模目标之上接受AMC训练的模型在FlickR30K视觉接地基准中获得了86.59％的最新精度，与最佳先前模型相比，绝对改善了5.48％。我们的方法在既定的基准中都表现出表达理解，并通过设计基于梯度的解释来更好地与人类注释保持一致，从而提供了极大的表现。

视觉问题应答（VQA）任务利用视觉图像和语言分析来回回答图像的文本问题。它是一个流行的研究课题，在过去十年中越来越多的现实应用。本文介绍了我们最近对AliceMind-MMU的研究（阿里巴巴的编码器 - 解码器来自Damo Academy - 多媒体理解的机器智能实验室），其比人类在VQA上获得相似甚至略微更好的结果。这是通过系统地改善VQA流水线来实现的，包括：（1）具有全面的视觉和文本特征表示的预培训; （2）与学习参加的有效跨模型互动; （3）一个新颖的知识挖掘框架，具有专门的专业专家模块，适用于复杂的VQA任务。处理不同类型的视觉问题，需要具有相应的专业知识在提高我们的VQA架构的表现方面发挥着重要作用，这取决于人力水平。进行了广泛的实验和分析，以证明新的研究工作的有效性。

Large-scale vision and language representation learning has shown promising improvements on various vision-language tasks. Most existing methods employ a transformer-based multimodal encoder to jointly model visual tokens (region-based image features) and word tokens. Because the visual tokens and word tokens are unaligned, it is challenging for the multimodal encoder to learn image-text interactions. In this paper, we introduce a contrastive loss to ALign the image and text representations BEfore Fusing (ALBEF) them through cross-modal attention, which enables more grounded vision and language representation learning. Unlike most existing methods, our method does not require bounding box annotations nor high-resolution images. To improve learning from noisy web data, we propose momentum distillation, a self-training method which learns from pseudo-targets produced by a momentum model. We provide a theoretical analysis of ALBEF from a mutual information maximization perspective, showing that different training tasks can be interpreted as different ways to generate views for an image-text pair. ALBEF achieves state-of-the-art performance on multiple downstream visionlanguage tasks. On image-text retrieval, ALBEF outperforms methods that are pre-trained on orders of magnitude larger datasets. On VQA and NLVR 2 , ALBEF achieves absolute improvements of 2.37% and 3.84% compared to the state-ofthe-art, while enjoying faster inference speed. Code and models are available at https://github.com/salesforce/ALBEF.

Vision-and-language reasoning requires an understanding of visual concepts, language semantics, and, most importantly, the alignment and relationships between these two modalities. We thus propose the LXMERT (Learning Cross-Modality Encoder Representations from Transformers) framework to learn these vision-and-language connections. In LXMERT, we build a large-scale Transformer model that consists of three encoders: an object relationship encoder, a language encoder, and a cross-modality encoder. Next, to endow our model with the capability of connecting vision and language semantics, we pre-train the model with large amounts of image-and-sentence pairs, via five diverse representative pre-training tasks: masked language modeling, masked object prediction (feature regression and label classification), cross-modality matching, and image question answering. These tasks help in learning both intra-modality and cross-modality relationships. After fine-tuning from our pretrained parameters, our model achieves the state-of-the-art results on two visual question answering datasets (i.e., VQA and GQA). We also show the generalizability of our pretrained cross-modality model by adapting it to a challenging visual-reasoning task, NLVR 2 , and improve the previous best result by 22% absolute (54% to 76%). Lastly, we demonstrate detailed ablation studies to prove that both our novel model components and pretraining strategies significantly contribute to our strong results; and also present several attention visualizations for the different encoders. 1

We study joint learning of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Transformer for vision-language pre-training (VLPT) which aims to learn cross-modal alignments from millions of image-text pairs. State-of-the-art approaches extract salient image regions and align regions with words step-by-step. As region-based visual features usually represent parts of an image, it is challenging for existing visionlanguage models to fully understand the semantics from paired natural languages. In this paper, we propose SOHO to "See Out of tHe bOx" that takes a whole image as input, and learns vision-language representation in an endto-end manner. SOHO does not require bounding box annotations which enables inference 10 times faster than regionbased approaches. In particular, SOHO learns to extract comprehensive yet compact image features through a visual dictionary (VD) that facilitates cross-modal understanding. VD is designed to represent consistent visual abstractions of similar semantics. It is updated on-the-fly and utilized in our proposed pre-training task Masked Visual Modeling (MVM). We conduct experiments on four well-established vision-language tasks by following standard VLPT settings. In particular, SOHO achieves absolute gains of 2.0% R@1 score on MSCOCO text retrieval 5k test split, 1.5% accuracy on NLVR 2 test-P split, 6.7% accuracy on SNLI-VE test split, respectively.

远见和语言预测已成为解决多模式下游任务的普遍方法。当前的趋势是朝着更大的模型和预处理数据集迈进。从长远来看，这一计算头急促似乎是不合理的，而是朝着可持续的解决方案迈进，事实上，排除了资源有限的学术实验室。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个称为VICHA的新框架，该框架有效利用输入数据以通过以下方式提高学习，以： ，（c）利用图像级注释，称为视觉概念，使用现有基础模型（例如剪辑）获得，以提高图像编码器的性能。尽管对数据的预估计少了四倍，但我们的VICHA策略在下游任务（例如图像文本检索，VQA，视觉推理，视觉上和视觉接地）上的其他方法优于其他方法。该代码将在此处公开提供：https：//github.com/mshukor/vicha

Vision语言中最现有的方法依赖于通过对象检测提取的对象中心特征，并在提取的功能和文本之间进行细粒度对齐。我们认为物体检测的使用可能不适合视觉语言预培训。相反，我们指出应该执行任务，以便文本中提到的“视觉概念”的区域位于图像中，并且在文本和视觉概念之间的平时对齐中，识别在其中的校准处于多个 - 粒度。本文提出了一种称为X-VLM的新方法，以执行“多粒度的视觉语言预训练”。实验结果表明，X-VLM在许多下游视觉语言任务中始终如一地优于最先进的方法。

We present ViLBERT (short for Vision-and-Language BERT), a model for learning task-agnostic joint representations of image content and natural language. We extend the popular BERT architecture to a multi-modal two-stream model, processing both visual and textual inputs in separate streams that interact through co-attentional transformer layers. We pretrain our model through two proxy tasks on the large, automatically collected Conceptual Captions dataset and then transfer it to multiple established vision-and-language tasks -visual question answering, visual commonsense reasoning, referring expressions, and caption-based image retrieval -by making only minor additions to the base architecture. We observe significant improvements across tasks compared to existing task-specific modelsachieving state-of-the-art on all four tasks. Our work represents a shift away from learning groundings between vision and language only as part of task training and towards treating visual grounding as a pretrainable and transferable capability.Preprint. Under review.

自我监督的视觉和语言预处理（VLP）旨在从大规模的图像文本数据中学习可转移的多模式表示形式，并在填充后在广泛的视觉范围内实现强大的表现。以前的主流VLP方法通常采用依靠外部对象检测器来编码多模式变压器框架中的图像的两步策略，该框架遭受了限制性对象概念空间，有限的图像上下文和效率低下的计算。在本文中，我们提出了一个对象感知的端到端VLP框架，该框架将来自CNN的图像网格特征直接馈送到变压器中，并共同学习多模式表示。更重要的是，我们建议执行对象知识蒸馏，以促进在不同语义级别的学习跨模式对齐。为了实现这一目标，我们通过将对象特征及其来自外部检测器的语义标签作为监督来设计两个新颖的借口任务：1。）对象引导的蒙版视觉建模任务的重点是在多模式变压器中强制执行对象感知的表示的学习； 2.）短语区域对准任务旨在通过利用语言空间中名词短语和对象标签之间的相似性来改善跨模式对齐。对各种视觉语言任务进行的广泛实验证明了我们提出的框架的功效，并且我们在现有的预科策略中实现了竞争性或优越的表现。

Joint image-text embedding is the bedrock for most Visionand-Language (V+L) tasks, where multimodality inputs are simultaneously processed for joint visual and textual understanding. In this paper, we introduce UNITER, a UNiversal Image-TExt Representation, learned through large-scale pre-training over four image-text datasets (COCO, Visual Genome, Conceptual Captions, and SBU Captions), which can power heterogeneous downstream V+L tasks with joint multimodal embeddings. We design four pre-training tasks: Masked Language Modeling (MLM), Masked Region Modeling (MRM, with three variants), Image-Text Matching (ITM), and Word-Region Alignment (WRA). Different from previous work that applies joint random masking to both modalities, we use conditional masking on pre-training tasks (i.e., masked language/region modeling is conditioned on full observation of image/text). In addition to ITM for global image-text alignment, we also propose WRA via the use of Optimal Transport (OT) to explicitly encourage finegrained alignment between words and image regions during pre-training. Comprehensive analysis shows that both conditional masking and OTbased WRA contribute to better pre-training. We also conduct a thorough ablation study to find an optimal combination of pre-training tasks. Extensive experiments show that UNITER achieves new state of the art across six V+L tasks (over nine datasets), including Visual Question

Astounding results from Transformer models on natural language tasks have intrigued the vision community to study their application to computer vision problems. Among their salient benefits, Transformers enable modeling long dependencies between input sequence elements and support parallel processing of sequence as compared to recurrent networks e.g., Long short-term memory (LSTM). Different from convolutional networks, Transformers require minimal inductive biases for their design and are naturally suited as set-functions. Furthermore, the straightforward design of Transformers allows processing multiple modalities (e.g., images, videos, text and speech) using similar processing blocks and demonstrates excellent scalability to very large capacity networks and huge datasets. These strengths have led to exciting progress on a number of vision tasks using Transformer networks. This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the Transformer models in the computer vision discipline. We start with an introduction to fundamental concepts behind the success of Transformers i.e., self-attention, large-scale pre-training, and bidirectional feature encoding. We then cover extensive applications of transformers in vision including popular recognition tasks (e.g., image classification, object detection, action recognition, and segmentation), generative modeling, multi-modal tasks (e.g., visual-question answering, visual reasoning, and visual grounding), video processing (e.g., activity recognition, video forecasting), low-level vision (e.g., image super-resolution, image enhancement, and colorization) and 3D analysis (e.g., point cloud classification and segmentation). We compare the respective advantages and limitations of popular techniques both in terms of architectural design and their experimental value. Finally, we provide an analysis on open research directions and possible future works. We hope this effort will ignite further interest in the community to solve current challenges towards the application of transformer models in computer vision.

事实证明，多模式文档预训练的模型在各种视觉上富裕的文档理解（VRDU）任务中非常有效。尽管现有的文档预先培训模型在VRDU的标准基准上取得了出色的性能，但它们建模和利用文档上的视觉和语言之间的互动的方式阻碍了他们无法获得更好的概括能力和更高的准确性。在这项工作中，我们主要从监督信号的角度研究了VRDU视觉联合表示学习的问题。具体而言，提出了一种称为BI-VLDOC的预训练范式，其中设计了双向视觉监督策略和视觉性混合注意机制，以完全探索并利用这两种方式之间的相互作用，以学习更强的交叉交叉方式 - 具有更丰富语义的模式文档表示。 Bi-Vldoc受益于学习丰富的跨模式文档表示形式，显着提高了三个广泛使用文档的最新性能，理解基准，包括形式的理解（从85.14％到93.44％），收据信息提取（从96.01％到97.84％）和文档分类（从96.08％到97.12％）。在文档视觉质量检查中，BI-VLDOC与以前的单个模型方法相比，实现了最先进的性能。

在本文中，我们提出了Unicorn，一种vision-language（vl）模型，使文本生成和边界框预测到单个架构中。具体而言，我们将每个框量化为四个离散框令牌，并将其序列化为序列，可以与文本令牌集成。我们将所有VL问题作为一代任务，其中目标序列由集成文本和框令牌组成。然后，我们训练变压器编码器解码器以以自动回归方式预测目标。通过如此统一的框架和输入输出格式，Unicorn在7 VL基准测试中实现了对现有技术的可比性的性能，涵盖了视觉接地，接地字幕，视觉问题应答和图像标题任务。当用多任务FINETUNING培训时，UNICORN可以通过单一的参数方法接近不同的VL任务，从而跨越下游任务边界。我们展示了具有单一模型不仅可以节省参数，而且还可以在某些任务上提高模型性能。最后，Unicorn显示了概括到诸如ImageNet对象本地化的新任务的能力。

Vision-Language Transformers can be learned without human labels (e.g. class labels, bounding boxes, etc). Existing work, whether explicitly utilizing bounding boxes or patches, assumes that the visual backbone must first be trained on ImageNet class prediction before being integrated into a multimodal linguistic pipeline. We show that this is not necessary and introduce a new model Vision-Language from Captions (VLC) built on top of Masked Auto-Encoders that does not require this supervision. In fact, in a head-to-head comparison between ViLT, the current state-of-the-art patch-based vision-language transformer which is pretrained with supervised object classification, and our model, VLC, we find that our approach 1. outperforms ViLT on standard benchmarks, 2. provides more interpretable and intuitive patch visualizations, and 3. is competitive with many larger models that utilize ROIs trained on annotated bounding-boxes.

随着变压器的发展，近年来预先训练的模型已经以突破性的步伐发展。他们在自然语言处理（NLP）和计算机视觉（CV）中主导了主流技术。如何将预训练适应视觉和语言（V-L）学习和改善下游任务绩效成为多模式学习的重点。在本文中，我们回顾了视力语言预训练模型（VL-PTMS）的最新进展。作为核心内容，我们首先简要介绍了几种方法，将原始图像和文本编码为单模式嵌入在预训练之前。然后，我们在建模文本和图像表示之间的相互作用时深入研究VL-PTM的主流体系结构。我们进一步提出了广泛使用的预训练任务，然后我们介绍了一些常见的下游任务。我们终于结束了本文，并提出了一些有前途的研究方向。我们的调查旨在为研究人员提供合成和指向相关研究的指针。

近年来，统一的视觉语言框架已经大大提高，其中大多数采用编码器架构将图像文本任务统一为序列到序列的生成。但是，现有的视频语言（VIDL）模型仍需要在每个任务的模型体系结构和培训目标中进行特定于任务的设计。在这项工作中，我们探索了一个统一的VIDL框架薰衣草，其中蒙版语言建模（MLM）用作所有前训练和下游任务的常见接口。这样的统一导致了简化的模型体系结构，在多模式编码器之上，只需要一个轻巧的MLM头，而不是具有更多参数的解码器。令人惊讶的是，实验结果表明，这个统一的框架在14个VIDL基准测试中实现了竞争性能，涵盖了视频问答，文本到视频检索和视频字幕。广泛的分析进一步证明了薰衣草比现有VIDL方法的优势：（i）在多任务列出时仅使用一组参数值支持所有下游任务； （ii）对各种下游任务的几乎没有概括； （iii）在视频问题回答任务上启用零射门评估。代码可从https://github.com/microsoft/lavender获得。

Large-scale pre-training methods of learning cross-modal representations on image-text pairs are becoming popular for vision-language tasks. While existing methods simply concatenate image region features and text features as input to the model to be pre-trained and use selfattention to learn image-text semantic alignments in a brute force manner, in this paper, we propose a new learning method Oscar 1 , which uses object tags detected in images as anchor points to significantly ease the learning of alignments. Our method is motivated by the observation that the salient objects in an image can be accurately detected, and are often mentioned in the paired text. We pre-train an Oscar model on the public corpus of 6.5 million text-image pairs, and fine-tune it on downstream tasks, creating new state-of-the-arts on six well-established vision-language understanding and generation tasks. 2