在处理大规模网络和关系数据时,降低图是基本的。它们可以通过在粗糙的结构中求解它们来缩小高度计算影响的尺寸。同时,图减少起着在图神经网络中合并层的作用,从结构中提取多分辨率表示。在这些情况下,还原机制保留距离关系和拓扑特性的能力似乎是基本的,以及可扩展性,使其能够应用于实际大小的问题。在本文中,我们基于最大重量$ k $独立的集合的图理论概念引入了图形粗化机制,从而提供了一种贪婪的算法,该算法允许在GPU上有效地并行实现。我们的方法是常规数据(图像,序列)中的第一个图形结构化对应物。我们证明了在路径长度上的失真界限的理论保证,以及在污垢图中保留关键拓扑特性的能力。我们利用这些概念来定义我们在图形分类任务中经验评估的图表合并机制,表明它与文献中的合并方法进行了比较。
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近年来,基于Weisfeiler-Leman算法的算法和神经架构,是一个众所周知的Graph同构问题的启发式问题,它成为具有图形和关系数据的机器学习的强大工具。在这里,我们全面概述了机器学习设置中的算法的使用,专注于监督的制度。我们讨论了理论背景,展示了如何将其用于监督的图形和节点表示学习,讨论最近的扩展,并概述算法的连接(置换 - )方面的神经结构。此外,我们概述了当前的应用和未来方向,以刺激进一步的研究。
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Graph neural networks (GNNs) are widely used for modeling complex interactions between entities represented as vertices of a graph. Despite recent efforts to theoretically analyze the expressive power of GNNs, a formal characterization of their ability to model interactions is lacking. The current paper aims to address this gap. Formalizing strength of interactions through an established measure known as separation rank, we quantify the ability of certain GNNs to model interaction between a given subset of vertices and its complement, i.e. between sides of a given partition of input vertices. Our results reveal that the ability to model interaction is primarily determined by the partition's walk index -- a graph-theoretical characteristic that we define by the number of walks originating from the boundary of the partition. Experiments with common GNN architectures corroborate this finding. As a practical application of our theory, we design an edge sparsification algorithm named Walk Index Sparsification (WIS), which preserves the ability of a GNN to model interactions when input edges are removed. WIS is simple, computationally efficient, and markedly outperforms alternative methods in terms of induced prediction accuracy. More broadly, it showcases the potential of improving GNNs by theoretically analyzing the interactions they can model.
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Graph classification is an important area in both modern research and industry. Multiple applications, especially in chemistry and novel drug discovery, encourage rapid development of machine learning models in this area. To keep up with the pace of new research, proper experimental design, fair evaluation, and independent benchmarks are essential. Design of strong baselines is an indispensable element of such works. In this thesis, we explore multiple approaches to graph classification. We focus on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), which emerged as a de facto standard deep learning technique for graph representation learning. Classical approaches, such as graph descriptors and molecular fingerprints, are also addressed. We design fair evaluation experimental protocol and choose proper datasets collection. This allows us to perform numerous experiments and rigorously analyze modern approaches. We arrive to many conclusions, which shed new light on performance and quality of novel algorithms. We investigate application of Jumping Knowledge GNN architecture to graph classification, which proves to be an efficient tool for improving base graph neural network architectures. Multiple improvements to baseline models are also proposed and experimentally verified, which constitutes an important contribution to the field of fair model comparison.
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消息传递神经网络(MPNNS)是由于其简单性和可扩展性而大部分地进行图形结构数据的深度学习的领先架构。不幸的是,有人认为这些架构的表现力有限。本文提出了一种名为Comifariant Subgraph聚合网络(ESAN)的新颖框架来解决这个问题。我们的主要观察是,虽然两个图可能无法通过MPNN可区分,但它们通常包含可区分的子图。因此,我们建议将每个图形作为由某些预定义策略导出的一组子图,并使用合适的等分性架构来处理它。我们为图同构同构同构造的1立维Weisfeiler-Leman(1-WL)测试的新型变体,并在这些新的WL变体方面证明了ESAN的表达性下限。我们进一步证明,我们的方法增加了MPNNS和更具表现力的架构的表现力。此外,我们提供了理论结果,描述了设计选择诸如子图选择政策和等效性神经结构的设计方式如何影响我们的架构的表现力。要处理增加的计算成本,我们提出了一种子图采样方案,可以将其视为我们框架的随机版本。关于真实和合成数据集的一套全面的实验表明,我们的框架提高了流行的GNN架构的表现力和整体性能。
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Pre-publication draft of a book to be published byMorgan & Claypool publishers. Unedited version released with permission. All relevant copyrights held by the author and publisher extend to this pre-publication draft.
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在过去十年中,图形内核引起了很多关注,并在结构化数据上发展成为一种快速发展的学习分支。在过去的20年中,该领域发生的相当大的研究活动导致开发数十个图形内核,每个图形内核都对焦于图形的特定结构性质。图形内核已成功地成功地在广泛的域中,从社交网络到生物信息学。本调查的目标是提供图形内核的文献的统一视图。特别是,我们概述了各种图形内核。此外,我们对公共数据集的几个内核进行了实验评估,并提供了比较研究。最后,我们讨论图形内核的关键应用,并概述了一些仍有待解决的挑战。
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Deep learning has revolutionized many machine learning tasks in recent years, ranging from image classification and video processing to speech recognition and natural language understanding. The data in these tasks are typically represented in the Euclidean space. However, there is an increasing number of applications where data are generated from non-Euclidean domains and are represented as graphs with complex relationships and interdependency between objects. The complexity of graph data has imposed significant challenges on existing machine learning algorithms. Recently, many studies on extending deep learning approaches for graph data have emerged. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of graph neural networks (GNNs) in data mining and machine learning fields. We propose a new taxonomy to divide the state-of-the-art graph neural networks into four categories, namely recurrent graph neural networks, convolutional graph neural networks, graph autoencoders, and spatial-temporal graph neural networks. We further discuss the applications of graph neural networks across various domains and summarize the open source codes, benchmark data sets, and model evaluation of graph neural networks. Finally, we propose potential research directions in this rapidly growing field.
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图形神经网络(GNNS)依赖于图形结构来定义聚合策略,其中每个节点通过与邻居的信息组合来更新其表示。已知GNN的限制是,随着层数的增加,信息被平滑,压扁并且节点嵌入式变得无法区分,对性能产生负面影响。因此,实用的GNN模型雇用了几层,只能在每个节点周围的有限邻域利用图形结构。不可避免地,实际的GNN不会根据图的全局结构捕获信息。虽然有几种研究GNNS的局限性和表达性,但是关于图形结构数据的实际应用的问题需要全局结构知识,仍然没有答案。在这项工作中,我们通过向几个GNN模型提供全球信息并观察其对下游性能的影响来认证解决这个问题。我们的研究结果表明,全球信息实际上可以为共同的图形相关任务提供显着的好处。我们进一步确定了一项新的正规化策略,导致所有考虑的任务的平均准确性提高超过5%。
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卷积神经网络(CNN)已通过卷积和汇总实现了图像分类的重大进展。特别是,图像池将连接的离散网格转换为具有相同连接性的还原网格,并允许还原功能考虑图像的所有像素。但是,对于图形而不存在满足此类属性的合并。实际上,某些方法基于一个顶点选择步骤,该步骤会导致重要信息丢失。其他方法学习了顶点集的模糊聚类,该聚类几乎诱导了几乎完全减少的图形。我们建议使用名为MivSpool的新合并方法克服这两个问题。该方法基于使用最大独立顶点集(MIV)和将其余顶点分配给幸存者的最大独立顶点集(MIV)的选择的顶点。因此,我们的方法不会丢弃任何顶点信息,也不会人为地增加图的密度。实验结果表明,各种标准数据集上的图形分类的精度有所提高。
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图表表示学习是一种快速增长的领域,其中一个主要目标是在低维空间中产生有意义的图形表示。已经成功地应用了学习的嵌入式来执行各种预测任务,例如链路预测,节点分类,群集和可视化。图表社区的集体努力提供了数百种方法,但在所有评估指标下没有单一方法擅长,例如预测准确性,运行时间,可扩展性等。该调查旨在通过考虑算法来评估嵌入方法的所有主要类别的图表变体,参数选择,可伸缩性,硬件和软件平台,下游ML任务和多样化数据集。我们使用包含手动特征工程,矩阵分解,浅神经网络和深图卷积网络的分类法组织了图形嵌入技术。我们使用广泛使用的基准图表评估了节点分类,链路预测,群集和可视化任务的这些类别算法。我们在Pytorch几何和DGL库上设计了我们的实验,并在不同的多核CPU和GPU平台上运行实验。我们严格地审查了各种性能指标下嵌入方法的性能,并总结了结果。因此,本文可以作为比较指南,以帮助用户选择最适合其任务的方法。
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我们提出了一个新的图形神经网络,我们称为AgentNet,该网络专为图形级任务而设计。 AgentNet的灵感来自子宫性算法,具有独立于图形大小的计算复杂性。代理Net的体系结构从根本上与已知图神经网络的体系结构不同。在AgentNet中,一些受过训练的\ textit {神经代理}智能地行走图,然后共同决定输出。我们提供了对AgentNet的广泛理论分析:我们表明,代理可以学会系统地探索其邻居,并且AgentNet可以区分某些甚至3-WL无法区分的结构。此外,AgentNet能够将任何两个图形分开,这些图在子图方面完全不同。我们通过在难以辨认的图和现实图形分类任务上进行合成实验来确认这些理论结果。在这两种情况下,我们不仅与标准GNN相比,而且与计算更昂贵的GNN扩展相比。
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Kernel matrices, as well as weighted graphs represented by them, are ubiquitous objects in machine learning, statistics and other related fields. The main drawback of using kernel methods (learning and inference using kernel matrices) is efficiency -- given $n$ input points, most kernel-based algorithms need to materialize the full $n \times n$ kernel matrix before performing any subsequent computation, thus incurring $\Omega(n^2)$ runtime. Breaking this quadratic barrier for various problems has therefore, been a subject of extensive research efforts. We break the quadratic barrier and obtain $\textit{subquadratic}$ time algorithms for several fundamental linear-algebraic and graph processing primitives, including approximating the top eigenvalue and eigenvector, spectral sparsification, solving linear systems, local clustering, low-rank approximation, arboricity estimation and counting weighted triangles. We build on the recent Kernel Density Estimation framework, which (after preprocessing in time subquadratic in $n$) can return estimates of row/column sums of the kernel matrix. In particular, we develop efficient reductions from $\textit{weighted vertex}$ and $\textit{weighted edge sampling}$ on kernel graphs, $\textit{simulating random walks}$ on kernel graphs, and $\textit{importance sampling}$ on matrices to Kernel Density Estimation and show that we can generate samples from these distributions in $\textit{sublinear}$ (in the support of the distribution) time. Our reductions are the central ingredient in each of our applications and we believe they may be of independent interest. We empirically demonstrate the efficacy of our algorithms on low-rank approximation (LRA) and spectral sparsification, where we observe a $\textbf{9x}$ decrease in the number of kernel evaluations over baselines for LRA and a $\textbf{41x}$ reduction in the graph size for spectral sparsification.
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Graph神经网络(GNN)最近已成为使用图的机器学习的主要范式。对GNNS的研究主要集中于消息传递神经网络(MPNNS)的家族。与同构的Weisfeiler-Leman(WL)测试类似,这些模型遵循迭代的邻域聚合过程以更新顶点表示,并通过汇总顶点表示来更新顶点图表。尽管非常成功,但在过去的几年中,对MPNN进行了深入的研究。因此,需要新颖的体系结构,这将使该领域的研究能够脱离MPNN。在本文中,我们提出了一个新的图形神经网络模型,即所谓的$ \ pi $ -gnn,该模型学习了每个图的“软”排列(即双随机)矩阵,从而将所有图形投影到一个共同的矢量空间中。学到的矩阵在输入图的顶点上强加了“软”顺序,并基于此顺序,将邻接矩阵映射到向量中。这些向量可以被送入完全连接或卷积的层,以应对监督的学习任务。在大图的情况下,为了使模型在运行时间和记忆方面更有效,我们进一步放松了双随机矩阵,以使其排列随机矩阵。我们从经验上评估了图形分类和图形回归数据集的模型,并表明它与最新模型达到了性能竞争。
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图形神经网络(GNN)已被证明可以实现竞争结果,以解决与图形相关的任务,例如节点和图形分类,链接预测和节点以及各种域中的图形群集。大多数GNN使用消息传递框架,因此称为MPNN。尽管有很有希望的结果,但据报道,MPNN会遭受过度平滑,过度阵型和不足的影响。文献中已经提出了图形重新布线和图形池作为解决这些局限性的解决方案。但是,大多数最先进的图形重新布线方法无法保留该图的全局拓扑,因此没有可区分(电感),并且需要调整超参数。在本文中,我们提出了Diffwire,这是一个在MPNN中进行图形重新布线的新型框架,它通过利用LOV \'ASZ绑定来原理,完全可区分且无参数。我们的方法通过提出两个新的,mpnns中的新的互补层来提供统一的图形重新布线:首先,ctlayer,一个学习通勤时间并将其用作边缘重新加权的相关函数;其次,Gaplayer是优化光谱差距的图层,具体取决于网络的性质和手头的任务。我们从经验上验证了我们提出的方法的价值,并使用基准数据集分别验证了这些层的每个层以进行图形分类。 Diffwire将通勤时间的可学习性汇集到相关的曲率定义,为发展更具表现力的MPNN的发展打开了大门。
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Graph clustering is a fundamental problem in unsupervised learning, with numerous applications in computer science and in analysing real-world data. In many real-world applications, we find that the clusters have a significant high-level structure. This is often overlooked in the design and analysis of graph clustering algorithms which make strong simplifying assumptions about the structure of the graph. This thesis addresses the natural question of whether the structure of clusters can be learned efficiently and describes four new algorithmic results for learning such structure in graphs and hypergraphs. All of the presented theoretical results are extensively evaluated on both synthetic and real-word datasets of different domains, including image classification and segmentation, migration networks, co-authorship networks, and natural language processing. These experimental results demonstrate that the newly developed algorithms are practical, effective, and immediately applicable for learning the structure of clusters in real-world data.
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Most graph neural network models rely on a particular message passing paradigm, where the idea is to iteratively propagate node representations of a graph to each node in the direct neighborhood. While very prominent, this paradigm leads to information propagation bottlenecks, as information is repeatedly compressed at intermediary node representations, which causes loss of information, making it practically impossible to gather meaningful signals from distant nodes. To address this issue, we propose shortest path message passing neural networks, where the node representations of a graph are propagated to each node in the shortest path neighborhoods. In this setting, nodes can directly communicate between each other even if they are not neighbors, breaking the information bottleneck and hence leading to more adequately learned representations. Theoretically, our framework generalizes message passing neural networks, resulting in provably more expressive models, and we show that some recent state-of-the-art models are special instances of this framework. Empirically, we verify the capacity of a basic model of this framework on dedicated synthetic experiments, and on real-world graph classification and regression benchmarks, and obtain state-of-the-art results.
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子图GNNS是最近表达的图形神经网络(GNN)的一类,它们将图形图形为子图的集合。到目前为止,可能的子图GNN体系结构的设计空间及其基本理论属性仍然在很大程度上尚未探索。在本文中,我们研究了子图方法的最突出形式,该方法采用了基于节点的子图选择策略,例如自我网络或节点标记和删除。我们解决了两个中心问题:(1)这些方法的表达能力的上限是什么? (2)在这些子图集上传递层的模棱两可的消息家族是什么?我们回答这些问题的第一步是一种新颖的对称分析,该分析表明,建模基于节点的子图集的对称性需要比以前的作品中所采用的对称组明显小。然后,该分析用于建立子图GNN和不变图网络(IGNS)之间的联系。我们通过首先通过3-WL来界定子图方法的表达能力,然后提出一个通用子图方法的一般家族,以将所有先前基于节点的子图GNN泛化。最后,我们设计了一个新颖的子图Gnn称为Sun,从理论上讲,该子gnn统一了以前的体系结构,同时在多个基准上提供了更好的经验性能。
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消息传递神经网络(MPNNs)是格拉夫神经网络(GNN)的一个常见的类型,其中,每个节点的表示是通过聚集从表示其直接邻居(消息)类似于一个星形图案递归计算。 MPNNs的呼吁是有效的,可扩展的,怎么样,曾经它们的表现是由一阶Weisfeiler雷曼同构测试(1-WL)的上界。对此,之前的作品提出在可扩展性的成本极富表现力的模型,有时泛化性能。我们的工作表示这两个政权:我们介绍抬升任何MPNN更加传神,具有可扩展性有限的开销,大大提高了实用性能的总体框架。我们从星星图案一般的子模式(例如,K-egonets)在MPNNs扩展本地聚合实现这一点:在我们的框架中,每个节点表示被计算为周边诱发子的编码,而不是唯一的近邻编码(即一个明星)。我们选择子编码器是一个GNN(主要是MPNNs,考虑到可扩展性)来设计用作一个包装掀任何GNN的总体框架。我们把我们提出的方法GNN-AK(GNN为核心),作为框架用GNNS更换内核类似于卷积神经网络。从理论上讲,我们表明,我们的框架比1和2-WL确实更强大,并且不超过3-WL那么强大。我们还设计子取样策略,可大大降低内存占用和提高速度的同时保持性能。我们的方法将大利润率多家知名图形ML任务新的国家的最先进的性能;具体地,0.08 MAE锌,74.79%和86.887%的准确度上CIFAR10和分别PATTERN。
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图形内核是历史上最广泛使用的图形分类任务的技术。然而,由于图的手工制作的组合特征,这些方法具有有限的性能。近年来,由于其性能卓越,图形神经网络(GNNS)已成为与下游图形相关任务的最先进的方法。大多数GNN基于消息传递神经网络(MPNN)框架。然而,最近的研究表明,MPNN不能超过Weisfeiler-Lehman(WL)算法在图形同构术中的力量。为了解决现有图形内核和GNN方法的限制,在本文中,我们提出了一种新的GNN框架,称为\ Texit {内核图形神经网络}(Kernnns),该框架将图形内核集成到GNN的消息传递过程中。通过卷积神经网络(CNNS)中的卷积滤波器的启发,KERGNNS采用可训练的隐藏图作为绘图过滤器,该绘图过滤器与子图组合以使用图形内核更新节点嵌入式。此外,我们表明MPNN可以被视为Kergnns的特殊情况。我们将Kergnns应用于多个与图形相关的任务,并使用交叉验证来与基准进行公平比较。我们表明,与现有的现有方法相比,我们的方法达到了竞争性能,证明了增加GNN的表现能力的可能性。我们还表明,KERGNNS中的训练有素的图形过滤器可以揭示数据集的本地图形结构,与传统GNN模型相比,显着提高了模型解释性。
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