通过言语技术的最新进步和智能助理的引入,如亚马逊Alexa,Apple Siri和Google Home,越来越多的用户通过语音命令与各种应用程序进行交互。电子商务公司通常在其网页上显示较短的产品标题,在需要简洁时,可以在其网页上进行人工策划或算法生成。然而,这些标题与自然语言不同。例如,“幸运的魅力面筋无麸质谷物,20.5盎司盒装幸运魅力含有无麸质”可以在网页上显示,而在基于语音的文本到语音应用程序中不能使用类似的标题。在这种对话系统中,易于理解的句子,例如“20.5盎司的幸运魅力麸质谷物”是优选的。与显示设备相比,可以向用户呈现图像和详细的产品信息,在与语音助手相互作用时,需要传达最重要信息的产品的短标题。我们提出Ebert,通过进一步预先训练电子商务产品描述语料库中的BERT嵌入来进行序列到序列方法,然后微调结果模型,以产生来自输入Web标题的短,自然的语言标题。我们对现实世界行业数据集的广泛实验,以及对模型输出的人类评估,表明Ebert摘要优于相当的基线模型。由于该模型的功效,该模型的版本已在真实世界中进行部署。
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Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT; Devlin et al. 2019) represents the latest incarnation of pretrained language models which have recently advanced a wide range of natural language processing tasks. In this paper, we showcase how BERT can be usefully applied in text summarization and propose a general framework for both extractive and abstractive models. We introduce a novel document-level encoder based on BERT which is able to express the semantics of a document and obtain representations for its sentences. Our extractive model is built on top of this encoder by stacking several intersentence Transformer layers. For abstractive summarization, we propose a new fine-tuning schedule which adopts different optimizers for the encoder and the decoder as a means of alleviating the mismatch between the two (the former is pretrained while the latter is not). We also demonstrate that a two-staged fine-tuning approach can further boost the quality of the generated summaries. Experiments on three datasets show that our model achieves stateof-the-art results across the board in both extractive and abstractive settings. 1
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对比学习模型在无监督的视觉表示学习中取得了巨大成功,这使得相同图像的不同视图的特征表示之间的相似性最大化,同时最小化不同图像的视图的特征表示之间的相似性。在文本摘要中,输出摘要是输入文档的较短形式,它们具有类似的含义。在本文中,我们提出了对监督抽象文本摘要的对比学习模型,在那里我们查看文档,它的金摘要及其模型生成的摘要,与相同的平均表示的不同视图,并在培训期间最大化它们之间的相似性。我们在三个不同的摘要数据集上改进了一个强序列到序列文本生成模型(即,BART)。人类评估还表明,与其对应物相比,我们的模型达到了更好的忠实性评级,没有对比的目标。
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本文对过去二十年来对自然语言生成(NLG)的研究提供了全面的审查,特别是与数据到文本生成和文本到文本生成深度学习方法有关,以及NLG的新应用技术。该调查旨在(a)给出关于NLG核心任务的最新综合,以及该领域采用的建筑;(b)详细介绍各种NLG任务和数据集,并提请注意NLG评估中的挑战,专注于不同的评估方法及其关系;(c)强调一些未来的强调和相对近期的研究问题,因为NLG和其他人工智能领域的协同作用而增加,例如计算机视觉,文本和计算创造力。
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在过去的十年中,电子商务的自动产品描述生成已经取得了重大进步。产品文案旨在通过通过文本描述突出产品特征来吸引用户的兴趣并改善用户体验。随着电子商务平台提供的服务变得多样化,有必要动态地调整自动生成描述的模式。在本文中,我们将基于电子商务前缀的可控文案生成(EPCCG)系统部署到JD.com电子商务产品推荐平台中的经验。系统的开发包含两个主要组成部分:1)文案写作方面提取; 2)弱监督的方面标签; 3)具有基于前缀的语言模型的文本生成; 4)文案写作质量控制。我们进行实验以验证拟议的EPCCG的有效性。此外,我们将与EPCCG合作的已部署架构介绍到实时JD.com电子商务推荐平台以及部署以来的巨大回报。
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上下文:堆栈溢出对于寻求编程问题答案的软件开发人员非常有帮助。先前的研究表明,越来越多的问题质量低,因此从潜在的答案者那里获得了更少的关注。 Gao等。提出了一个基于LSTM的模型(即BilstM-CC),以自动从代码片段中生成问题标题,以提高问题质量。但是,只有在问题主体中使用代码段无法为标题生成提供足够的信息,而LSTMS无法捕获令牌之间的远程依赖性。目的:本文提出了基于深度学习的新型模型CCBERT,旨在通过充分利用整个问题主体的双模式信息来增强问题标题生成的性能。方法:CCBERT遵循编码器范式范式,并使用Codebert将问题主体编码为隐藏的表示形式,堆叠的变压器解码器以生成预测的代币,以及附加的复制注意层来完善输出分布。编码器和解码器都执行多头自我注意操作,以更好地捕获远程依赖性。本文构建了一个数据集,该数据集包含大约200,000个高质量问题,该数据从Stack Overflow正式发布的数据中滤除,以验证CCBERT模型的有效性。结果:CCBERT优于数据集上的所有基线模型。对仅代码和低资源数据集进行的实验表明,CCBERT的优势性能较小。人类评估还显示了CCBERT关于可读性和相关标准的出色表现。
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我们提出了一种新的域特定的生成预训练(DS-GPT)方法,用于文本生成,并将其应用于电子商务移动显示器上的产品Titleand审查总结问题。首先,我们采用了仅限解码器的变压器体系结构,该架构Fitswell通过组合输入和输出全部携带的微调任务。其次,我们在相关域中仅使用少量预训练数据是强大的。预先训练从一般语料库中的矛盾,如维基百科或通用需要巨大的时间和资源承诺,如果下游任务有限。 OUDSGPT在Limble DataSet中预先培训,中文短篇演示数据集(LCSTS)。第三,我们的模型不要求相关的人类标记数据。对于标题摘要任务,艺术状态明确地使用额外的背景知识训练和预测阶段。相比之下,我们的模型暗示 - 在公共Taobao.comDataset上微调后,旨在捕获这种知识并实现了重要的改进其他方法。对于审查摘要任务,我们利用JD.com在-UteedAtaset上,并观察到缺乏微调灵活性的标准机械进程方法的类似改进。我们的工作可以简单地扩展到其他文本生成任务的域。
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诸如学术文章和商业报告之类的长期文件一直是详细说明重要问题和需要额外关注的复杂主题的标准格式。自动汇总系统可以有效地将长文档置于简短而简洁的文本中,以封装最重要的信息,从而在帮助读者的理解中很重要。最近,随着神经体系结构的出现,已经做出了重大的研究工作,以推动自动文本摘要系统,以及有关将这些系统扩展到长期文档领域的挑战的大量研究。在这项调查中,我们提供了有关长期文档摘要的研究的全面概述,以及其研究环境的三个主要组成部分的系统评估:基准数据集,汇总模型和评估指标。对于每个组成部分,我们在长期汇总的背景下组织文献,并进行经验分析,以扩大有关当前研究进度的观点。实证分析包括一项研究基准数据集的内在特征,摘要模型的多维分析以及摘要评估指标的综述。根据总体发现,我们通过提出可能在这个快速增长的领域中提出未来探索的方向来得出结论。
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In this work, we model abstractive text summarization using Attentional Encoder-Decoder Recurrent Neural Networks, and show that they achieve state-of-the-art performance on two different corpora. We propose several novel models that address critical problems in summarization that are not adequately modeled by the basic architecture, such as modeling key-words, capturing the hierarchy of sentence-toword structure, and emitting words that are rare or unseen at training time. Our work shows that many of our proposed models contribute to further improvement in performance. We also propose a new dataset consisting of multi-sentence summaries, and establish performance benchmarks for further research.
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We present BART, a denoising autoencoder for pretraining sequence-to-sequence models. BART is trained by ( 1) corrupting text with an arbitrary noising function, and (2) learning a model to reconstruct the original text. It uses a standard Tranformer-based neural machine translation architecture which, despite its simplicity, can be seen as generalizing BERT (due to the bidirectional encoder), GPT (with the left-to-right decoder), and many other more recent pretraining schemes. We evaluate a number of noising approaches, finding the best performance by both randomly shuffling the order of the original sentences and using a novel in-filling scheme, where spans of text are replaced with a single mask token. BART is particularly effective when fine tuned for text generation but also works well for comprehension tasks. It matches the performance of RoBERTa with comparable training resources on GLUE and SQuAD, achieves new stateof-the-art results on a range of abstractive dialogue, question answering, and summarization tasks, with gains of up to 6 ROUGE. BART also provides a 1.1 BLEU increase over a back-translation system for machine translation, with only target language pretraining. We also report ablation experiments that replicate other pretraining schemes within the BART framework, to better measure which factors most influence end-task performance.
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多文件摘要(MDS)是信息聚合的有效工具,它从与主题相关文档集群生成信息和简洁的摘要。我们的调查是,首先,系统地概述了最近的基于深度学习的MDS模型。我们提出了一种新的分类学,总结神经网络的设计策略,并进行全面的最先进的概要。我们突出了在现有文献中很少讨论的各种客观函数之间的差异。最后,我们提出了与这个新的和令人兴奋的领域有关的几个方向。
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Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.
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Nowadays, time-stamped web documents related to a general news query floods spread throughout the Internet, and timeline summarization targets concisely summarizing the evolution trajectory of events along the timeline. Unlike traditional document summarization, timeline summarization needs to model the time series information of the input events and summarize important events in chronological order. To tackle this challenge, in this paper, we propose a Unified Timeline Summarizer (UTS) that can generate abstractive and extractive timeline summaries in time order. Concretely, in the encoder part, we propose a graph-based event encoder that relates multiple events according to their content dependency and learns a global representation of each event. In the decoder part, to ensure the chronological order of the abstractive summary, we propose to extract the feature of event-level attention in its generation process with sequential information remained and use it to simulate the evolutionary attention of the ground truth summary. The event-level attention can also be used to assist in extracting summary, where the extracted summary also comes in time sequence. We augment the previous Chinese large-scale timeline summarization dataset and collect a new English timeline dataset. Extensive experiments conducted on these datasets and on the out-of-domain Timeline 17 dataset show that UTS achieves state-of-the-art performance in terms of both automatic and human evaluations.
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维基百科是可理解知识的重要自由来源。尽管如此,巴西葡萄牙维基百科仍然缺乏对许多科目的描述。为了扩大巴西维基百科,我们贡献了Plsum,这是一种从多个描述性网站生成类似的Wiki的抽象摘要的框架。该框架具有提取阶段,然后是抽象。特别是,对于抽象阶段,我们微调并比较了变压器神经网络,PTT5和啰覆的最近最近的变化。为了微调和评估模型,我们创建了一个具有数千个示例的数据集,将参考网站链接到维基百科。我们的结果表明,可以从巴西葡萄牙语网上内容生成有意义的抽象摘要。
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名人认可是品牌交流中最重要的策略之一。如今,越来越多的公司试图为自己建立生动的特征。因此,他们的品牌身份交流应符合人类和法规的某些特征。但是,以前的作品主要是通过假设停止的,而不是提出一种特定的品牌和名人之间匹配的方式。在本文中,我们建议基于自然语言处理(NLP)技术的品牌名人匹配模型(BCM)。鉴于品牌和名人,我们首先从互联网上获得了一些描述性文档,然后总结了这些文档,最后计算品牌和名人之间的匹配程度,以确定它们是否匹配。根据实验结果,我们提出的模型以0.362 F1得分和精度的6.3%优于最佳基线,这表明我们模型在现实世界中的有效性和应用值。更重要的是,据我们所知,拟议的BCM模型是使用NLP解决认可问题的第一项工作,因此它可以为以下工作提供一些新颖的研究思想和方法。
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与单案摘要相比,抽象性多文件摘要(MDS)对其冗长和链接的来源的表示和覆盖范围提出了挑战。这项研究开发了一个平行的层次变压器(PHT),具有MDS的注意对齐。通过合并单词和段落级的多头注意,PHT的层次结构可以更好地处理令牌和文档级别的依赖项。为了指导解码到更好的源文档覆盖范围,然后将注意力调整机制引入以校准光束搜索,并预测的最佳注意力分布。根据Wikisum数据,进行了全面的评估,以测试拟议的体系结构对MD的改进。通过更好地处理内部和跨文档的信息,结果胭脂和人类评估都表明,我们的分层模型以相对较低的计算成本生成较高质量的摘要。
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具有复制机制的最近神经序列到序列模型在各种文本生成任务中取得了显着的进展。这些模型解决了词汇问题,并促进了稀有词的产生。然而,如先前的复制模型所观察到的,难以产生的,难以产生和缺乏抽象,难以识别。在本文中,我们提出了一种副本网络的新颖监督方法,该方法可帮助模型决定需要复制哪些单词并需要生成。具体而言,我们重新定义目标函数,它利用源序列和目标词汇表作为复制的指导。关于数据到文本生成和抽象总结任务的实验结果验证了我们的方法提高了复制质量,提高了抽象程度。
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Summarization based on text extraction is inherently limited, but generation-style abstractive methods have proven challenging to build. In this work, we propose a fully data-driven approach to abstractive sentence summarization. Our method utilizes a local attention-based model that generates each word of the summary conditioned on the input sentence. While the model is structurally simple, it can easily be trained end-to-end and scales to a large amount of training data. The model shows significant performance gains on the DUC-2004 shared task compared with several strong baselines.
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深度神经语言模型的最新进展与大规模数据集的能力相结合,加速了自然语言生成系统的发展,这些系统在多种任务和应用程序上下文中产生流利和连贯的文本(在各种成功程度上)。但是,为所需的用户控制这些模型的输出仍然是一个开放的挑战。这不仅对于自定义生成语言的内容和样式至关重要,而且对于他们在现实世界中的安全可靠部署至关重要。我们提出了一项关于受约束神经语言生成的新兴主题的广泛调查,在该主题中,我们通过区分条件和约束(后者是在输出文本上而不是输入的可检验条件),正式定义和分类自然语言生成问题,目前是可检验的)约束文本生成任务,并查看受限文本生成的现有方法和评估指标。我们的目的是强调这个新兴领域的最新进展和趋势,以告知最有希望的方向和局限性,以推动受约束神经语言生成研究的最新作品。
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This paper presents a new UNIfied pre-trained Language Model (UNILM) that can be fine-tuned for both natural language understanding and generation tasks. The model is pre-trained using three types of language modeling tasks: unidirectional, bidirectional, and sequence-to-sequence prediction. The unified modeling is achieved by employing a shared Transformer network and utilizing specific self-attention masks to control what context the prediction conditions on. UNILM compares favorably with BERT on the GLUE benchmark, and the SQuAD 2.0 and CoQA question answering tasks. Moreover, UNILM achieves new state-ofthe-art results on five natural language generation datasets, including improving the CNN/DailyMail abstractive summarization ROUGE-L to 40.51 (2.04 absolute improvement), the Gigaword abstractive summarization ROUGE-L to 35.75 (0.86 absolute improvement), the CoQA generative question answering F1 score to 82.5 (37.1 absolute improvement), the SQuAD question generation BLEU-4 to 22.12 (3.75 absolute improvement), and the DSTC7 document-grounded dialog response generation NIST-4 to 2.67 (human performance is 2.65). The code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/microsoft/unilm. * Equal contribution. † Contact person.
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