在这个不断变化的世界中,必须不断学习新概念的能力。但是,深层神经网络在学习新类别时会遭受灾难性的遗忘。已经提出了许多减轻这种现象的作品,而其中大多数要么属于稳定性困境,要么陷入了过多的计算或储存开销。受到梯度增强算法的启发,以逐渐适应目标模型和上一个合奏模型之间的残差,我们提出了一种新颖的两阶段学习范式寄养物,使该模型能够适应新的类别。具体而言,我们首先动态扩展新模块,以适合原始模型的目标和输出之间的残差。接下来,我们通过有效的蒸馏策略删除冗余参数和特征尺寸,以维护单个骨干模型。我们在不同的设置下验证CIFAR-100和Imagenet-100/1000的方法寄养。实验结果表明,我们的方法实现了最先进的性能。代码可在以下网址获得:https://github.com/g-u-n/eccv22-foster。
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深度学习模型在逐步学习新任务时遭受灾难性遗忘。已经提出了增量学习,以保留旧课程的知识,同时学习识别新课程。一种典型的方法是使用一些示例来避免忘记旧知识。在这种情况下,旧类和新课之间的数据失衡是导致模型性能下降的关键问题。由于数据不平衡,已经设计了几种策略来纠正新类别的偏见。但是,他们在很大程度上依赖于新旧阶层之间偏见关系的假设。因此,它们不适合复杂的现实世界应用。在这项研究中,我们提出了一种假设不足的方法,即多粒性重新平衡(MGRB),以解决此问题。重新平衡方法用于减轻数据不平衡的影响;但是,我们从经验上发现,他们将拟合新的课程。为此,我们进一步设计了一个新颖的多晶正式化项,该项使模型还可以考虑除了重新平衡数据之外的类别的相关性。类层次结构首先是通过将语义或视觉上类似类分组来构建的。然后,多粒性正则化将单热标签向量转换为连续的标签分布,这反映了基于构造的类层次结构的目标类别和其他类之间的关系。因此,该模型可以学习类间的关系信息,这有助于增强新旧课程的学习。公共数据集和现实世界中的故障诊断数据集的实验结果验证了所提出的方法的有效性。
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在学习新知识时,班级学习学习(CIL)与灾难性遗忘和无数据CIL(DFCIL)的斗争更具挑战性,而无需访问以前学过的课程的培训数据。尽管最近的DFCIL作品介绍了诸如模型反转以合成以前类的数据,但由于合成数据和真实数据之间的严重域间隙,它们无法克服遗忘。为了解决这个问题,本文提出了有关DFCIL的关系引导的代表学习(RRL),称为R-DFCIL。在RRL中,我们引入了关系知识蒸馏,以灵活地将新数据的结构关系从旧模型转移到当前模型。我们的RRL增强DFCIL可以指导当前的模型来学习与以前类的表示更好地兼容的新课程的表示,从而大大减少了在改善可塑性的同时遗忘。为了避免表示和分类器学习之间的相互干扰,我们在RRL期间采用本地分类损失而不是全球分类损失。在RRL之后,分类头将通过全球类平衡的分类损失进行完善,以解决数据不平衡问题,并学习新课程和以前类之间的决策界限。关于CIFAR100,Tiny-Imagenet200和Imagenet100的广泛实验表明,我们的R-DFCIL显着超过了以前的方法,并实现了DFCIL的新最新性能。代码可从https://github.com/jianzhangcs/r-dfcil获得。
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The dynamic expansion architecture is becoming popular in class incremental learning, mainly due to its advantages in alleviating catastrophic forgetting. However, task confusion is not well assessed within this framework, e.g., the discrepancy between classes of different tasks is not well learned (i.e., inter-task confusion, ITC), and certain priority is still given to the latest class batch (i.e., old-new confusion, ONC). We empirically validate the side effects of the two types of confusion. Meanwhile, a novel solution called Task Correlated Incremental Learning (TCIL) is proposed to encourage discriminative and fair feature utilization across tasks. TCIL performs a multi-level knowledge distillation to propagate knowledge learned from old tasks to the new one. It establishes information flow paths at both feature and logit levels, enabling the learning to be aware of old classes. Besides, attention mechanism and classifier re-scoring are applied to generate more fair classification scores. We conduct extensive experiments on CIFAR100 and ImageNet100 datasets. The results demonstrate that TCIL consistently achieves state-of-the-art accuracy. It mitigates both ITC and ONC, while showing advantages in battle with catastrophic forgetting even no rehearsal memory is reserved.
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Modern machine learning suffers from catastrophic forgetting when learning new classes incrementally. The performance dramatically degrades due to the missing data of old classes. Incremental learning methods have been proposed to retain the knowledge acquired from the old classes, by using knowledge distilling and keeping a few exemplars from the old classes. However, these methods struggle to scale up to a large number of classes. We believe this is because of the combination of two factors: (a) the data imbalance between the old and new classes, and (b) the increasing number of visually similar classes. Distinguishing between an increasing number of visually similar classes is particularly challenging, when the training data is unbalanced. We propose a simple and effective method to address this data imbalance issue. We found that the last fully connected layer has a strong bias towards the new classes, and this bias can be corrected by a linear model. With two bias parameters, our method performs remarkably well on two large datasets: ImageNet (1000 classes) and MS-Celeb-1M (10000 classes), outperforming the state-of-the-art algorithms by 11.1% and 13.2% respectively.
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我们研究了类新型小说类发现的新任务(class-incd),该任务是指在未标记的数据集中发现新型类别的问题,该问题通过利用已在包含脱节的标签数据集上训练的预训练的模型,该模型已受过培训但是相关类别。除了发现新颖的课程外,我们还旨在维护模型识别先前看到的基本类别的能力。受到基于彩排的增量学习方法的启发,在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的方法,以防止通过共同利用基类功能原型和特征级知识蒸馏来忘记对基础类的过去信息。我们还提出了一种自我训练的聚类策略,该策略同时将新颖的类别簇簇,并为基础和新颖类培训共同分类器。这使得我们的方法能够在课堂内设置中运行。我们的实验以三个共同的基准进行,表明我们的方法显着优于最先进的方法。代码可从https://github.com/oatmealliu/class-incd获得
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General Continual Learning (GCL) aims at learning from non independent and identically distributed stream data without catastrophic forgetting of the old tasks that don't rely on task boundaries during both training and testing stages. We reveal that the relation and feature deviations are crucial problems for catastrophic forgetting, in which relation deviation refers to the deficiency of the relationship among all classes in knowledge distillation, and feature deviation refers to indiscriminative feature representations. To this end, we propose a Complementary Calibration (CoCa) framework by mining the complementary model's outputs and features to alleviate the two deviations in the process of GCL. Specifically, we propose a new collaborative distillation approach for addressing the relation deviation. It distills model's outputs by utilizing ensemble dark knowledge of new model's outputs and reserved outputs, which maintains the performance of old tasks as well as balancing the relationship among all classes. Furthermore, we explore a collaborative self-supervision idea to leverage pretext tasks and supervised contrastive learning for addressing the feature deviation problem by learning complete and discriminative features for all classes. Extensive experiments on four popular datasets show that our CoCa framework achieves superior performance against state-of-the-art methods. Code is available at https://github.com/lijincm/CoCa.
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Despite significant advances, the performance of state-of-the-art continual learning approaches hinges on the unrealistic scenario of fully labeled data. In this paper, we tackle this challenge and propose an approach for continual semi-supervised learning -- a setting where not all the data samples are labeled. An underlying issue in this scenario is the model forgetting representations of unlabeled data and overfitting the labeled ones. We leverage the power of nearest-neighbor classifiers to non-linearly partition the feature space and learn a strong representation for the current task, as well as distill relevant information from previous tasks. We perform a thorough experimental evaluation and show that our method outperforms all the existing approaches by large margins, setting a strong state of the art on the continual semi-supervised learning paradigm. For example, on CIFAR100 we surpass several others even when using at least 30 times less supervision (0.8% vs. 25% of annotations).
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Although deep learning approaches have stood out in recent years due to their state-of-the-art results, they continue to suffer from catastrophic forgetting, a dramatic decrease in overall performance when training with new classes added incrementally. This is due to current neural network architectures requiring the entire dataset, consisting of all the samples from the old as well as the new classes, to update the model-a requirement that becomes easily unsustainable as the number of classes grows. We address this issue with our approach to learn deep neural networks incrementally, using new data and only a small exemplar set corresponding to samples from the old classes. This is based on a loss composed of a distillation measure to retain the knowledge acquired from the old classes, and a cross-entropy loss to learn the new classes. Our incremental training is achieved while keeping the entire framework end-to-end, i.e., learning the data representation and the classifier jointly, unlike recent methods with no such guarantees. We evaluate our method extensively on the CIFAR-100 and Im-ageNet (ILSVRC 2012) image classification datasets, and show state-of-the-art performance.
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新课程经常出现在我们不断变化的世界中,例如社交媒体中的新兴主题和电子商务中的新产品。模型应识别新的类,同时保持对旧类的可区分性。在严重的情况下,只有有限的新颖实例可以逐步更新模型。在不忘记旧课程的情况下识别几个新课程的任务称为少数类的课程学习(FSCIL)。在这项工作中,我们通过学习多相增量任务(limit)提出了一个基于元学习的FSCIL的新范式,该任务从基本数据集中综合了伪造的FSCIL任务。假任务的数据格式与“真实”的增量任务一致,我们可以通过元学习构建可概括的特征空间。此外,限制还基于变压器构建了一个校准模块,该模块将旧类分类器和新类原型校准为相同的比例,并填补语义间隙。校准模块还可以自适应地将具有设置对集合函数的特定于实例的嵌入方式化。限制有效地适应新课程,同时拒绝忘记旧课程。在三个基准数据集(CIFAR100,Miniimagenet和Cub200)和大规模数据集上进行的实验,即Imagenet ILSVRC2012验证以实现最新性能。
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我们考虑了类增量学习(CIL)问题,其中学习代理人通过逐步到达的培训数据批次不断学习新课程,并旨在在迄今为止所学的所有课程中很好地预测。问题的主要挑战是灾难性的遗忘,对于基于典范的示例性记忆方法,通常众所周知,遗忘通常是由于分类评分偏差引起的,该分类得分偏差是由于新类和新类之间的数据失衡而注射的旧课(在示例记忆中)。尽管已经提出了几种方法来通过一些其他后处理(例如,得分重新缩放或平衡的微调)来纠正这种分数偏见,但没有对这种偏见的根本原因进行系统分析。为此,我们分析了通过组合所有旧类和新类的输出得分来计算SoftMax概率的主要原因。然后,我们提出了一种新方法,称为分离的软磁性学习(SS-IL),该方法由分离的SoftMax(SS)输出层组成,结合了任务知识蒸馏(TKD)来解决此类偏见。在几个大规模CIL基准数据集的广泛实验结果中,我们通过在没有任何其他后处理的情况下获得更加平衡的预测分数来表明我们的SS-IL实现了强大的最新准确性。
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基于正规化的方法有利于缓解类渐进式学习中的灾难性遗忘问题。由于缺乏旧任务图像,如果分类器在新图像上产生类似的输出,它们通常会假设旧知识得到很好的保存。在本文中,我们发现他们的效果很大程度上取决于旧课程的性质:它们在彼此之间容易区分的课程上工作,但可能在更细粒度的群体上失败,例如,男孩和女孩。在SPIRIT中,此类方法将新数据项目投入到完全连接层中的权重向量中跨越的特征空间,对应于旧类。由此产生的预测在细粒度的旧课程上是相似的,因此,新分类器将逐步失去这些课程的歧视能力。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种无记忆生成的重播策略,通过直接从旧分类器生成代表性的旧图像并结合新的分类器培训的新数据来保留细粒度的旧阶级特征。为了解决所产生的样本的均化问题,我们还提出了一种分集体损失,使得产生的样品之间的Kullback Leibler(KL)发散。我们的方法最好是通过先前的基于正规化的方法补充,证明是为了易于区分的旧课程有效。我们验证了上述关于CUB-200-2011,CALTECH-101,CIFAR-100和微小想象的设计和见解,并表明我们的策略优于现有的无记忆方法,并具有清晰的保证金。代码可在https://github.com/xmengxin/mfgr获得
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在课堂学习学习中,预计该模型将在保持以前课程的知识的同时,不断地学习新课程。这里的挑战在于保留该模型在功能空间中有效代表先前类的能力,同时调整其代表传入的新类。我们提出了两个基于蒸馏的目标,用于类增量学习,以利用特征空间的结构来维持以前的课程的准确性,并使学习新课程。在我们的第一个目标(称为跨空间聚类(CSC))中,我们建议使用先前模型的特征空间结构来表征优化的方向,这些方向可以最大程度地保留类 - 特定类的所有实例应集体优化,对,以及他们应该集体优化的人。除了最大程度地减少忘记之外,这种间接的鼓励模型将所有类的实例聚集在当前功能空间中,并引起牛群免疫的感觉,从而使班级的所有样本都可以将模型共同与遗忘班级共同打击模型。我们的第二个目标被称为受控转移(CT)从研究班间转移的研究的逐步学习。 CT明确近似于和条件,当前模型在逐步到达类和先验类之间的语义相似性上。这使模型可以学习类,以使其从相似的先前类中最大化正向转移,从而提高可塑性,并最大程度地减少不同先验类别的负向后转移,从而增强稳定性。我们在两个基准数据集上执行了广泛的实验,并在三种突出的课堂学习方法的顶部添加了我们的方法(CSCCT)。我们观察到各种实验环境的性能一致。
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最近的自我监督学习方法能够学习高质量的图像表示,并通过监督方法关闭差距。但是,这些方法无法逐步获取新的知识 - 事实上,它们实际上主要仅用为具有IID数据的预训练阶段。在这项工作中,我们在没有额外的记忆或重放的情况下调查持续学习制度的自我监督方法。为防止忘记以前的知识,我们提出了功能正规化的使用。我们将表明,朴素的功能正则化,也称为特征蒸馏,导致可塑性的低可塑性,因此严重限制了连续的学习性能。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了预测的功能正则化,其中一个单独的投影网络确保新学习的特征空间保留了先前的特征空间的信息,同时允许学习新功能。这使我们可以防止在保持学习者的可塑性时忘记。针对应用于自我监督的其他增量学习方法的评估表明我们的方法在不同场景和多个数据集中获得竞争性能。
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本文在课堂增量学习中使用视觉变压器(VIT)研究。令人惊讶的是,天真地应用Vit替代卷积神经网络(CNNS)导致性能下降。我们的分析揭示了三个天然使用VIT的问题:(a)vit在课程中较小时具有非常缓慢的会聚,(b)在比CNN的模型中观察到新类的更多偏差,并且(c)适当的学习率Vit太低,无法学习良好的分类器。基于此分析,我们展示了这些问题可以简单地通过使用现有技术来解决:使用卷积杆,平衡FineTuning来纠正偏置,以及分类器的更高学习率。我们的简单解决方案名为Vitil(Vit用于增量学习),为所有三类增量学习设置实现了全新的最先进的保证金,为研究界提供了强大的基线。例如,在ImageNet-1000上,我们的体内体达到69.20%的前1个精度为500个初始类别的15个初始类别,5个增量步骤(每次100个新类),表现优于leulir + dde ​​1.69%。对于10个增量步骤(100个新课程)的更具挑战性的协议,我们的方法优于PODNet 7.27%(65.13%与57.86%)。
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Data-Free Class Incremental Learning (DFCIL) aims to sequentially learn tasks with access only to data from the current one. DFCIL is of interest because it mitigates concerns about privacy and long-term storage of data, while at the same time alleviating the problem of catastrophic forgetting in incremental learning. In this work, we introduce robust saliency guidance for DFCIL and propose a new framework, which we call RObust Saliency Supervision (ROSS), for mitigating the negative effect of saliency drift. Firstly, we use a teacher-student architecture leveraging low-level tasks to supervise the model with global saliency. We also apply boundary-guided saliency to protect it from drifting across object boundaries at intermediate layers. Finally, we introduce a module for injecting and recovering saliency noise to increase robustness of saliency preservation. Our experiments demonstrate that our method can retain better saliency maps across tasks and achieve state-of-the-art results on the CIFAR-100, Tiny-ImageNet and ImageNet-Subset DFCIL benchmarks. Code will be made publicly available.
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在课堂增量学习(CIL)设置中,在每个学习阶段将类别组引入模型。目的是学习到目前为止观察到的所有类别的统一模型表现。鉴于视觉变压器(VIT)在常规分类设置中的最新流行,一个有趣的问题是研究其持续学习行为。在这项工作中,我们为CIL开发了一个伪造的双蒸馏变压器,称为$ \ textrm {d}^3 \ textrm {前} $。提出的模型利用混合嵌套的VIT设计,以确保数据效率和可扩展性对小数据集和大数据集。与最近的基于VIT的CIL方法相反,我们的$ \ textrm {d}^3 \ textrm {前} $在学习新任务并仍然适用于大量增量任务时不会动态扩展其体系结构。 $ \ textrm {d}^3 \ textrm {oft} $的CIL行为的改善归功于VIT设计的两个基本变化。首先,我们将增量学习视为一个长尾分类问题,其中大多数新课程的大多数样本都超过了可用于旧课程的有限范例。为了避免对少数族裔的偏见,我们建议动态调整逻辑,以强调保留与旧任务相关的表示形式。其次,我们建议在学习跨任务进行时保留空间注意图的配置。这有助于减少灾难性遗忘,通过限制模型以将注意力保留到最歧视区域上。 $ \ textrm {d}^3 \ textrm {以前} $在CIFAR-100,MNIST,SVHN和Imagenet数据集的增量版本上获得了有利的结果。
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持续学习旨在快速,不断地从一系列任务中学习当前的任务。与其他类型的方法相比,基于经验重播的方法表现出了极大的优势来克服灾难性的遗忘。该方法的一个常见局限性是上一个任务和当前任务之间的数据不平衡,这将进一步加剧遗忘。此外,如何在这种情况下有效解决稳定性困境也是一个紧迫的问题。在本文中,我们通过提出一个通过多尺度知识蒸馏和数据扩展(MMKDDA)提出一个名为Meta学习更新的新框架来克服这些挑战。具体而言,我们应用多尺度知识蒸馏来掌握不同特征级别的远程和短期空间关系的演变,以减轻数据不平衡问题。此外,我们的方法在在线持续训练程序中混合了来自情节记忆和当前任务的样品,从而减轻了由于概率分布的变化而减轻了侧面影响。此外,我们通过元学习更新来优化我们的模型,该更新诉诸于前面所看到的任务数量,这有助于保持稳定性和可塑性之间的更好平衡。最后,我们对四个基准数据集的实验评估显示了提出的MMKDDA框架对其他流行基线的有效性,并且还进行了消融研究,以进一步分析每个组件在我们的框架中的作用。
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当以连续的方式学习新任务时,深层神经网络倾向于忘记他们以前学到的任务,这种现象称为灾难性遗忘。班级增量学习方法旨在通过记忆以前学到的任务的一些示例,并从中蒸馏出知识来解决此问题。但是,现有的方法努力平衡跨课程的性能,因为它们通常将模型过于最新任务。在我们的工作中,我们建议通过引入一种实现级别平衡性能的逐步学习(TKIL)的新型方法来解决这些挑战。该方法保留了各个类别的表示形式,并平衡了每个类别的准确性,因此可以更好地达到总体准确性和差异。 TKIL方法基于神经切线核(NTK),该神经网络将神经网络作为无限宽度极限的内核函数的收敛行为。在tkil中,特征层之间的梯度被视为这些层的表示之间的距离,可以定义为切线切线损失(GTK损耗),因此将其与平均重量一起最小化。这允许TKIL自动识别任务并在推理过程中快速适应它。具有各种增量学习设置的CIFAR-100和Imagenet数据集的实验表明,这些策略允许TKIL优于现有的最新方法。
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Conventionally, deep neural networks are trained offline, relying on a large dataset prepared in advance. This paradigm is often challenged in real-world applications, e.g. online services that involve continuous streams of incoming data. Recently, incremental learning receives increasing attention, and is considered as a promising solution to the practical challenges mentioned above. However, it has been observed that incremental learning is subject to a fundamental difficulty -catastrophic forgetting, namely adapting a model to new data often results in severe performance degradation on previous tasks or classes. Our study reveals that the imbalance between previous and new data is a crucial cause to this problem. In this work, we develop a new framework for incrementally learning a unified classifier, i.e. a classifier that treats both old and new classes uniformly. Specifically, we incorporate three components, cosine normalization, less-forget constraint, and inter-class separation, to mitigate the adverse effects of the imbalance. Experiments show that the proposed method can effectively rebalance the training process, thus obtaining superior performance compared to the existing methods. On CIFAR-100 and ImageNet, our method can reduce the classification errors by more than 6% and 13% respectively, under the incremental setting of 10 phases.
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