News Image Captioning requires describing an image by leveraging additional context from a news article. Previous works only coarsely leverage the article to extract the necessary context, which makes it challenging for models to identify relevant events and named entities. In our paper, we first demonstrate that by combining more fine-grained context that captures the key named entities (obtained via an oracle) and the global context that summarizes the news, we can dramatically improve the model's ability to generate accurate news captions. This begs the question, how to automatically extract such key entities from an image? We propose to use the pre-trained vision and language retrieval model CLIP to localize the visually grounded entities in the news article and then capture the non-visual entities via an open relation extraction model. Our experiments demonstrate that by simply selecting a better context from the article, we can significantly improve the performance of existing models and achieve new state-of-the-art performance on multiple benchmarks.
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人类利用先验知识来描述图像,并能够使其解释适应特定的上下文信息,即使在上下文信息和图像不匹配时,也可以在发明合理的解释的范围内。在这项工作中,我们提出了通过整合上下文知识来字幕Wikipedia图像的新颖任务。具体而言,我们制作的模型共同推理了Wikipedia文章,Wikimedia图像及其相关描述以产生上下文化的标题。特别是,可以使用类似的Wikimedia图像来说明不同的文章,并且所产生的标题需要适应特定的上下文,因此使我们能够探索模型的限制以调整标题为不同的上下文信息。该领域中的一个特殊挑战性的任务是处理量不多的单词和命名实体。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一个预训练目标,掩盖了命名实体建模(MNEM),并表明与基线模型相比,此借口任务可以改善。此外,我们验证了Wikipedia中使用MNEM目标预先训练的模型可以很好地推广到新闻字幕数据集。此外,我们根据字幕任务的难度定义了两种不同的测试拆分。我们提供有关每种方式的作用和重要性的见解,并突出我们模型的局限性。接受时,代码,模型和数据拆分可公开可用。
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自动编写长品是一个复杂和挑战的语言生成任务。前工作主要专注于使用人写的提示生成这些文章,以提供一些关于文章的局部背景和一些元数据。也就是说,对于许多应用程序,例如生成新闻报道,这些文章通常与图像及其字幕或alt文本配对,这反过来基于真实的事件,并且可以参考许多不同的命名实体通过语言模型正确识别和预测。为了解决这两个问题,本文介绍了一个具有图像信息的实体感知新闻生成方法,Engin,将新闻图像信息结合到语言模型中。 Engin在元数据和从图像中提取的标题和命名实体之类的元数据上生成有关的新闻文章。我们还提出了一个实体感知机制来帮助我们的模型更好地识别并预测新闻中的实体名称。我们对两辆公共大型新闻数据集,Goodnews和VisualEws进行实验。定量结果表明,我们的方法在基础型号上通过4-5点提高了物品困惑。定性结果展示了Engin产生的文本与新闻图像更加一致。我们还对所生成的文章进行文章质量注释实验,以验证我们的模型生产更高质量的文章。最后,我们调查了自动检测机器生成的物品的方法的效果。
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最近的自我监督方法使用了大规模的图像文本数据集来学习强大的表示,这些表示无需填补即可将其转移到许多任务。这些方法通常假定其图像与其(简短)字幕之间存在一对一的对应关系。但是,许多任务需要有关多个图像和长文本叙述的推理,例如描述带有视觉摘要的新闻文章。因此,我们探索了一个新颖的环境,其目标是学习一个自我监督的视觉语言表示,该表示对改变文本长度和图像数量是可靠的。此外,与假设字幕的先前工作不同,我们假设图像仅包含与文本的宽松说明对应关系。为了探索这个问题,我们介绍了一个大规模的多模式数据集,其中包含31m文章,22m图像和1M视频。我们表明,对具有多个图像的更长叙述,最新的图像文本对齐方法并不强大。最后,我们介绍了一个直观的基线,该基线在GoodNews数据集上在零摄像集检索上胜过10%。
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连接视觉和语言在生成智能中起着重要作用。因此,已经致力于图像标题的大型研究工作,即用句法和语义有意义的句子描述图像。从2015年开始,该任务通常通过由Visual Encoder组成的管道和文本生成的语言模型来解决任务。在这些年来,两种组件通过对象区域,属性,介绍多模态连接,完全关注方法和伯特早期融合策略的利用而显着发展。但是,无论令人印象深刻的结果,图像标题的研究还没有达到结论性答案。这项工作旨在提供图像标题方法的全面概述,从视觉编码和文本生成到培训策略,数据集和评估度量。在这方面,我们量化地比较了许多相关的最先进的方法来确定架构和培训策略中最有影响力的技术创新。此外,讨论了问题的许多变体及其开放挑战。这项工作的最终目标是作为理解现有文献的工具,并突出显示计算机视觉和自然语言处理的研究领域的未来方向可以找到最佳的协同作用。
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Visual Entity Linking (VEL) is a task to link regions of images with their corresponding entities in Knowledge Bases (KBs), which is beneficial for many computer vision tasks such as image retrieval, image caption, and visual question answering. While existing tasks in VEL either rely on textual data to complement a multi-modal linking or only link objects with general entities, which fails to perform named entity linking on large amounts of image data. In this paper, we consider a purely Visual-based Named Entity Linking (VNEL) task, where the input only consists of an image. The task is to identify objects of interest (i.e., visual entity mentions) in images and link them to corresponding named entities in KBs. Since each entity often contains rich visual and textual information in KBs, we thus propose three different sub-tasks, i.e., visual to visual entity linking (V2VEL), visual to textual entity linking (V2TEL), and visual to visual-textual entity linking (V2VTEL). In addition, we present a high-quality human-annotated visual person linking dataset, named WIKIPerson. Based on WIKIPerson, we establish a series of baseline algorithms for the solution of each sub-task, and conduct experiments to verify the quality of proposed datasets and the effectiveness of baseline methods. We envision this work to be helpful for soliciting more works regarding VNEL in the future. The codes and datasets are publicly available at https://github.com/ict-bigdatalab/VNEL.
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误导现在是由于其核心民主和社会价值观和订单的潜在高风险导致的主要问题。外观的错误信息是对病毒假故事进行的对手使用的最简单有效的方法之一。在这种威胁中,通过歪曲其上下文和/或元素来重新设计真实的图像以支持其他叙述。互联网被用作使用不同来源和模态的信息来验证信息。我们的目标是一种可防止的方法,通过使用Web证据来检查图像标题配对来自动实现这一耗时和推理的密集流程。要从两种方式集成证据和提示,我们介绍了“多模态周期 - 一致性检查”的概念;从图像/标题开始,我们收集文本/视觉证据,将分别与其他配对的字幕/图像进行比较。此外,我们提出了一种新颖的架构,一致性检查网络(CCN),其模拟了相同和不同的方式的分层人工理学:标题与文本证据,图像与视觉证据和图像与标题。我们的工作为开放式,基于内容,多模态事实检查提供的第一步和基准,并且显着优于未杠杆效率的基准。
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Vision-Language Pretraining (VLP) and Foundation models have been the go-to recipe for achieving SoTA performance on general benchmarks. However, leveraging these powerful techniques for more complex vision-language tasks, such as cooking applications, with more structured input data, is still little investigated. In this work, we propose to leverage these techniques for structured-text based computational cuisine tasks. Our strategy, dubbed VLPCook (Structured Vision-Language Pretraining for Computational Cooking), first transforms existing image-text pairs to image and structured-text pairs. This allows to pretrain our VLPCook model using VLP objectives adapted to the strutured data of the resulting datasets, then finetuning it on downstream computational cooking tasks. During finetuning, we also enrich the visual encoder, leveraging pretrained foundation models (e.g. CLIP) to provide local and global textual context. VLPCook outperforms current SoTA by a significant margin (+3.3 Recall@1 absolute improvement) on the task of Cross-Modal Food Retrieval on the large Recipe1M dataset. Finally, we conduct further experiments on VLP to validate their importance, especially on the Recipe1M+ dataset. The code will be made publicly available.
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图像字幕模型通常是根据人体注释的地面真实字幕训练的,该字幕可能会产生准确但通用的字幕。为了提高字幕模型的独特性,我们首先提出了一系列使用大规模视觉语言预训练模型剪辑来评估标题的独特性。然后,我们提出了一种简单有效的训练策略,该策略通过在相似图像组中进行比较来训练模型。我们对各种现有模型进行了广泛的实验,以证明我们的策略的广泛适用性以及基于公制的结果与人类评估的一致性。通过将最佳模型的性能与现有的最新模型进行比较,我们声称我们的模型实现了针对独特性目标的新最先进的。
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Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.
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Recent years have witnessed the resurgence of knowledge engineering which is featured by the fast growth of knowledge graphs. However, most of existing knowledge graphs are represented with pure symbols, which hurts the machine's capability to understand the real world. The multi-modalization of knowledge graphs is an inevitable key step towards the realization of human-level machine intelligence. The results of this endeavor are Multi-modal Knowledge Graphs (MMKGs). In this survey on MMKGs constructed by texts and images, we first give definitions of MMKGs, followed with the preliminaries on multi-modal tasks and techniques. We then systematically review the challenges, progresses and opportunities on the construction and application of MMKGs respectively, with detailed analyses of the strength and weakness of different solutions. We finalize this survey with open research problems relevant to MMKGs.
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面向目标的生成脚本学习旨在根据目标生成后续步骤,这是帮助机器人进行日常生活的刻板印象活动的重要任务。我们表明,如果历史状态不仅被给人的语言指示捕获,而且还可以增强随附图像提供的其他信息,可以提高此任务的性能。因此,我们提出了一项新任务,多媒体生成脚本学习,以通过跟踪文本和视觉方式中的历史状态,并介绍包含2,338个任务和31,496个步骤的第一个基准,从而生成后续步骤。我们旨在生成视觉状态的脚本,这些脚本是可跟踪的,对看不见的任务的诱导性,并且在各自的步骤中多样化。我们建议通过多媒体选择性编码器编码视觉状态更改,并使用检索仪的解码器从先前观察到的任务中转移知识,并通过优化面向多样性的对比度学习目标来在每个步骤中介绍不同的信息。我们定义指标以评估发电质量和电感质量。实验结果表明,我们的方法明显优于强质基线。
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Multi-modal named entity recognition (NER) and relation extraction (RE) aim to leverage relevant image information to improve the performance of NER and RE. Most existing efforts largely focused on directly extracting potentially useful information from images (such as pixel-level features, identified objects, and associated captions). However, such extraction processes may not be knowledge aware, resulting in information that may not be highly relevant. In this paper, we propose a novel Multi-modal Retrieval based framework (MoRe). MoRe contains a text retrieval module and an image-based retrieval module, which retrieve related knowledge of the input text and image in the knowledge corpus respectively. Next, the retrieval results are sent to the textual and visual models respectively for predictions. Finally, a Mixture of Experts (MoE) module combines the predictions from the two models to make the final decision. Our experiments show that both our textual model and visual model can achieve state-of-the-art performance on four multi-modal NER datasets and one multi-modal RE dataset. With MoE, the model performance can be further improved and our analysis demonstrates the benefits of integrating both textual and visual cues for such tasks.
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新颖的对象字幕(NOC)旨在描述包含对象的图像,而无需在训练过程中观察其地面真相标题。由于缺乏字幕注释,无法通过序列到序列训练或苹果酒优化直接优化字幕模型。结果,我们提出了启用释义(P2C),这是一个针对NOC的两阶段学习框架,它将通过释义通过释义来优化输出字幕。使用P2C,字幕模型首先从仅在文本语料库中预先训练的语言模型中学习释义,从而扩展了Bank一词以提高语言流利度。为了进一步实施足够描述输入图像的视觉内容的输出字幕,我们对引入的忠诚度和充分性目标进行字幕模型执行自我贴形。由于在训练过程中没有任何地面真相标题可用于新颖的对象图像,因此我们的P2C利用交叉模式(图像文本)关联模块可以确保可以正确保留上述字幕特征。在实验中,我们不仅表明我们的P2C在NOCAPS和COCO字幕数据集上实现了最先进的性能,而且还通过替换NOC的语言和跨模式关联模型来验证学习框架的有效性和灵活性。实施详细信息和代码可在补充材料中找到。
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Prior work on ideology prediction has largely focused on single modalities, i.e., text or images. In this work, we introduce the task of multimodal ideology prediction, where a model predicts binary or five-point scale ideological leanings, given a text-image pair with political content. We first collect five new large-scale datasets with English documents and images along with their ideological leanings, covering news articles from a wide range of US mainstream media and social media posts from Reddit and Twitter. We conduct in-depth analyses of news articles and reveal differences in image content and usage across the political spectrum. Furthermore, we perform extensive experiments and ablation studies, demonstrating the effectiveness of targeted pretraining objectives on different model components. Our best-performing model, a late-fusion architecture pretrained with a triplet objective over multimodal content, outperforms the state-of-the-art text-only model by almost 4% and a strong multimodal baseline with no pretraining by over 3%.
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视觉模型可以评估图像中的视觉上下文并生成描述性文本。尽管生成的文本可能是准确且句法正确的,但通常过于笼统。为了解决这个问题,最近的工作使用光学特征识别来补充视觉信息,并从图像中提取的文本进行补充。在这项工作中,我们认为,视觉模型可以受益于可以从图像中提取但不使用当前模型使用的其他信息。我们修改了以前的多模式框架,以接受来自任意数量的辅助分类器的相关信息。特别是,我们将重点放在人的名字作为附加令牌上,并创建一个新颖的图像捕获数据集,以促进用人名称的字幕。标题(PAC)中的数据集,政客和运动员包括背景下知名人士的字幕图像。通过使用此数据集对预处理的模型进行微调,我们演示了一个模型,该模型可以自然地将面部识别令牌纳入生成的文本中,通过培训有限的数据。对于PAC数据集,我们提供有关集合和基线基准分数的讨论。
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在视觉字幕上取得了重大进展,在很大程度上取决于预训练的特征和后来的固定对象探测器,这些特征是自动回归模型的丰富输入。但是,此类方法的关键限制是模型的输出仅在对象检测器的输出上。这样的输出可以代表所有必要信息的假设是不现实的,尤其是当检测器跨数据集传输时。在这项工作中,我们推理了该假设引起的图形模型,并建议添加辅助输入来表示缺失的信息,例如对象关系。我们专门提议从视觉基因组数据集中挖掘属性和关系,并在其上调节字幕模型。至关重要的是,我们建议(并表明)使用多模式预训练模型(剪辑)来检索这种上下文描述。此外,对象探测器模型被冷冻,并且没有足够的丰富度来使字幕模型正确地接地。结果,我们建议在图像上调节检测器和描述输出,并在定性和定量上显示这可以改善接地。我们在图像字幕上验证我们的方法,对每个组件进行彻底分析以及预训练的多模式模型的重要性,并证明了对当前状态的显着改善,特别是苹果酒的 +7.5%,在BLEU中 +1.3%。 -4指标。
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自动在自然语言中自动生成图像的描述称为图像字幕。这是一个积极的研究主题,位于人工智能,计算机视觉和自然语言处理中两个主要领域的交集。图像字幕是图像理解中的重要挑战之一,因为它不仅需要识别图像中的显着对象,还需要其属性及其相互作用的方式。然后,系统必须生成句法和语义上正确的标题,该标题描述了自然语言的图像内容。鉴于深度学习模型的重大进展及其有效编码大量图像并生成正确句子的能力,最近已经提出了几种基于神经的字幕方法,每种方法都试图达到更好的准确性和标题质量。本文介绍了一个基于编码器的图像字幕系统,其中编码器使用以RESNET-101作为骨干为骨干来提取图像中每个区域的空间和全局特征。此阶段之后是一个精致的模型,该模型使用注意力进行注意的机制来提取目标图像对象的视觉特征,然后确定其相互作用。解码器由一个基于注意力的复发模块和一个反思性注意模块组成,该模块会协作地将注意力应用于视觉和文本特征,以增强解码器对长期顺序依赖性建模的能力。在两个基准数据集(MSCOCO和FLICKR30K)上进行的广泛实验显示了提出的方法和生成的字幕的高质量。
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A primary objective of news articles is to establish the factual record for an event, frequently achieved by conveying both the details of the specified event (i.e., the 5 Ws; Who, What, Where, When and Why regarding the event) and how people reacted to it (i.e., reported statements). However, existing work on news summarization almost exclusively focuses on the event details. In this work, we propose the novel task of summarizing the reactions of different speakers, as expressed by their reported statements, to a given event. To this end, we create a new multi-document summarization benchmark, SUMREN, comprising 745 summaries of reported statements from various public figures obtained from 633 news articles discussing 132 events. We propose an automatic silver training data generation approach for our task, which helps smaller models like BART achieve GPT-3 level performance on this task. Finally, we introduce a pipeline-based framework for summarizing reported speech, which we empirically show to generate summaries that are more abstractive and factual than baseline query-focused summarization approaches.
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本文对过去二十年来对自然语言生成(NLG)的研究提供了全面的审查,特别是与数据到文本生成和文本到文本生成深度学习方法有关,以及NLG的新应用技术。该调查旨在(a)给出关于NLG核心任务的最新综合,以及该领域采用的建筑;(b)详细介绍各种NLG任务和数据集,并提请注意NLG评估中的挑战,专注于不同的评估方法及其关系;(c)强调一些未来的强调和相对近期的研究问题,因为NLG和其他人工智能领域的协同作用而增加,例如计算机视觉,文本和计算创造力。
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