面向目标的生成脚本学习旨在根据目标生成后续步骤，这是帮助机器人进行日常生活的刻板印象活动的重要任务。我们表明，如果历史状态不仅被给人的语言指示捕获，而且还可以增强随附图像提供的其他信息，可以提高此任务的性能。因此，我们提出了一项新任务，多媒体生成脚本学习，以通过跟踪文本和视觉方式中的历史状态，并介绍包含2,338个任务和31,496个步骤的第一个基准，从而生成后续步骤。我们旨在生成视觉状态的脚本，这些脚本是可跟踪的，对看不见的任务的诱导性，并且在各自的步骤中多样化。我们建议通过多媒体选择性编码器编码视觉状态更改，并使用检索仪的解码器从先前观察到的任务中转移知识，并通过优化面向多样性的对比度学习目标来在每个步骤中介绍不同的信息。我们定义指标以评估发电质量和电感质量。实验结果表明，我们的方法明显优于强质基线。

连接视觉和语言在生成智能中起着重要作用。因此，已经致力于图像标题的大型研究工作，即用句法和语义有意义的句子描述图像。从2015年开始，该任务通常通过由Visual Encoder组成的管道和文本生成的语言模型来解决任务。在这些年来，两种组件通过对象区域，属性，介绍多模态连接，完全关注方法和伯特早期融合策略的利用而显着发展。但是，无论令人印象深刻的结果，图像标题的研究还没有达到结论性答案。这项工作旨在提供图像标题方法的全面概述，从视觉编码和文本生成到培训策略，数据集和评估度量。在这方面，我们量化地比较了许多相关的最先进的方法来确定架构和培训策略中最有影响力的技术创新。此外，讨论了问题的许多变体及其开放挑战。这项工作的最终目标是作为理解现有文献的工具，并突出显示计算机视觉和自然语言处理的研究领域的未来方向可以找到最佳的协同作用。

现有的解释模型仅生成建议的文本，但仍然难以生产各种内容。在本文中，为了进一步丰富解释，我们提出了一项名为“个性化展示”的新任务，其中我们同时提供文本和视觉信息来解释我们的建议。具体来说，我们首先选择一个个性化图像集，该图与用户对推荐物品的兴趣最相关。然后，自然语言解释将相应地产生我们的选定图像。对于这项新任务，我们从Google Local（即〜maps）收集一个大规模数据集，并构建一个用于生成多模式说明的高质量子集。我们提出了一个个性化的多模式框架，可以通过对比度学习产生多样化和视觉上的解释。实验表明，我们的框架受益于不同方式作为输入，并且与以前的各种评估指标相比，能够产生更多样化和表达的解释。

Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.

Large-scale cross-modal pre-training paradigms have recently shown ubiquitous success on a wide range of downstream tasks, e.g., zero-shot classification, retrieval and image captioning. However, their successes highly rely on the scale and quality of web-crawled data that naturally contain incomplete and noisy information (e.g., wrong or irrelevant content). Existing works either design manual rules to clean data or generate pseudo-targets as auxiliary signals for reducing noise impact, which do not explicitly tackle both the incorrect and incomplete challenges simultaneously. In this paper, to automatically mitigate the impact of noise by solely mining over existing data, we propose a principled Noise-robust Language-Image Pre-training framework (NLIP) to stabilize pre-training via two schemes: noise-harmonization and noise-completion. First, in noise-harmonization scheme, NLIP estimates the noise probability of each pair according to the memorization effect of cross-modal transformers, then adopts noise-adaptive regularization to harmonize the cross-modal alignments with varying degrees. Second, in noise-completion scheme, to enrich the missing object information of text, NLIP injects a concept-conditioned cross-modal decoder to obtain semantic-consistent synthetic captions to complete noisy ones, which uses the retrieved visual concepts (i.e., objects' names) for the corresponding image to guide captioning generation. By collaboratively optimizing noise-harmonization and noise-completion schemes, our NLIP can alleviate the common noise effects during image-text pre-training in a more efficient way. Extensive experiments show the significant performance improvements of our NLIP using only 26M data over existing pre-trained models (e.g., CLIP, FILIP and BLIP) on 12 zero-shot classification datasets, MSCOCO image captioning and zero-shot image-text retrieval tasks.

Recent video+language datasets cover domains where the interaction is highly structured, such as instructional videos, or where the interaction is scripted, such as TV shows. Both of these properties can lead to spurious cues to be exploited by models rather than learning to ground language. In this paper, we present GrOunded footbAlL commentaries (GOAL), a novel dataset of football (or `soccer') highlights videos with transcribed live commentaries in English. As the course of a game is unpredictable, so are commentaries, which makes them a unique resource to investigate dynamic language grounding. We also provide state-of-the-art baselines for the following tasks: frame reordering, moment retrieval, live commentary retrieval and play-by-play live commentary generation. Results show that SOTA models perform reasonably well in most tasks. We discuss the implications of these results and suggest new tasks for which GOAL can be used. Our codebase is available at: https://gitlab.com/grounded-sport-convai/goal-baselines.

描述使用自然语言的图像被广泛称为图像标题，这是由于计算机视觉和自然语言生成技术的发展而达成了一致的进展。虽然传统的标题模型基于流行度量的高精度，即BLEU，苹果酒和香料，探索了标题与其他类似图像中的标题的能力。为了产生独特的标题，一些先驱采用对比学习或重新加权地面真理标题，其侧重于一个输入图像。然而，忽略了类似图像组中对象之间的关系（例如，相同专辑中的项目或属性或细粒度事件中的物品）。在本文中，我们使用基于组的独特标题模型（Gdiscap）来提高图像标题的独特性，其将每个图像与一个类似的组中的其他图像进行比较，并突出显示每个图像的唯一性。特别是，我们提出了一种基于组的内存注意力（GMA）模块，其存储在图像组中是唯一的对象特征（即，与其他图像中的对象的低相似性）。生成字幕时突出显示这些唯一的对象功能，从而产生更有独特的标题。此外，选择地面标题中的独特单词来监督语言解码器和GMA。最后，我们提出了一种新的评估度量，独特的单词率（Diswordrate）来测量标题的独特性。定量结果表明，该方法显着提高了几种基线模型的独特性，并实现了精度和独特性的最先进的性能。用户学习的结果与定量评估一致，并证明了新的公制Diswordrate的合理性。

在本文中，我们提出了Tetris，这是一个面向目标脚本完成的新任务。与以前的工作不同，它考虑了一个更现实，更通用的设置，其中输入不仅包括目标，还包括其他用户上下文，包括偏好和历史记录。为了使用基于知识的方法解决问题，我们介绍了任务概念图，这是一种自动从教学网站构建的知识库。不同于常识知识基础（例如ConceptNet），任务概念图架构架构介绍了专门用于完成任务的各种基于名词短语的节点。为了将这些图形集成到脚本学习中，我们设计了两种从知识库中获取概念的方法，以作为下游脚本完成的提示。在我们的基于Wikihow的数据集中，我们发现从任务概念图中合并概念会始终提高性能，并证明任务概念图的好处。此外，具有金色标准概念的模型迅速胜过基线，进一步证实了在目标脚本完成中对特定于任务知识的需求。数据集，存储库，模型和演示将公开使用，以促进对这项新任务的进一步研究。

本文对过去二十年来对自然语言生成（NLG）的研究提供了全面的审查，特别是与数据到文本生成和文本到文本生成深度学习方法有关，以及NLG的新应用技术。该调查旨在（a）给出关于NLG核心任务的最新综合，以及该领域采用的建筑;（b）详细介绍各种NLG任务和数据集，并提请注意NLG评估中的挑战，专注于不同的评估方法及其关系;（c）强调一些未来的强调和相对近期的研究问题，因为NLG和其他人工智能领域的协同作用而增加，例如计算机视觉，文本和计算创造力。

Current metrics for evaluating factuality for abstractive document summarization have achieved high correlations with human judgment, but they do not account for the vision modality and thus are not adequate for vision-and-language summarization. We propose CLIPBERTScore, a simple weighted combination of CLIPScore and BERTScore to leverage the robustness and strong factuality detection performance between image-summary and document-summary, respectively. Next, due to the lack of meta-evaluation benchmarks to evaluate the quality of multimodal factuality metrics, we collect human judgments of factuality with respect to documents and images. We show that this simple combination of two metrics in the zero-shot setting achieves higher correlations than existing factuality metrics for document summarization, outperforms an existing multimodal summarization metric, and performs competitively with strong multimodal factuality metrics specifically fine-tuned for the task. Our thorough analysis demonstrates the robustness and high correlation of CLIPBERTScore and its components on four factuality metric-evaluation benchmarks. Finally, we demonstrate two practical downstream applications of our CLIPBERTScore metric: for selecting important images to focus on during training, and as a reward for reinforcement learning to improve factuality of multimodal summary generation w.r.t automatic and human evaluation. Our data and code are publicly available at https://github.com/meetdavidwan/faithful-multimodal-summ

图像字幕模型通常是根据人体注释的地面真实字幕训练的，该字幕可能会产生准确但通用的字幕。为了提高字幕模型的独特性，我们首先提出了一系列使用大规模视觉语言预训练模型剪辑来评估标题的独特性。然后，我们提出了一种简单有效的训练策略，该策略通过在相似图像组中进行比较来训练模型。我们对各种现有模型进行了广泛的实验，以证明我们的策略的广泛适用性以及基于公制的结果与人类评估的一致性。通过将最佳模型的性能与现有的最新模型进行比较，我们声称我们的模型实现了针对独特性目标的新最先进的。

人类利用先验知识来描述图像，并能够使其解释适应特定的上下文信息，即使在上下文信息和图像不匹配时，也可以在发明合理的解释的范围内。在这项工作中，我们提出了通过整合上下文知识来字幕Wikipedia图像的新颖任务。具体而言，我们制作的模型共同推理了Wikipedia文章，Wikimedia图像及其相关描述以产生上下文化的标题。特别是，可以使用类似的Wikimedia图像来说明不同的文章，并且所产生的标题需要适应特定的上下文，因此使我们能够探索模型的限制以调整标题为不同的上下文信息。该领域中的一个特殊挑战性的任务是处理量不多的单词和命名实体。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一个预训练目标，掩盖了命名实体建模（MNEM），并表明与基线模型相比，此借口任务可以改善。此外，我们验证了Wikipedia中使用MNEM目标预先训练的模型可以很好地推广到新闻字幕数据集。此外，我们根据字幕任务的难度定义了两种不同的测试拆分。我们提供有关每种方式的作用和重要性的见解，并突出我们模型的局限性。接受时，代码，模型和数据拆分可公开可用。

食物对人类日常生活很重要。在本文中，我们有兴趣学习长期食谱的结构表现形式，这些食谱可以使食谱生成和食品跨模式检索任务受益。与常见的视觉数据不同，这里的食物图像包含混合成分和目标食谱是漫长的段落，在那里我们没有关于结构信息的注释。为了解决上述局限性，我们提出了一种新颖的方法，可以毫无根据地学习烹饪食谱的句子级树结构。我们的方法在系统的框架中汇集了一些新颖的想法：（1）利用一种无监督的学习方法来在训练前获得句子级的树结构标签； （2）通过从（1）中学到的树结构标签的监督从图像中生成目标食谱的树； （3）将学习的树结构整合到食谱生成和食品交叉模式检索过程中。我们提出的模型可以生成优质的句子级别的树结构和连贯的食谱。我们在基准配方1M数据集上实现了最先进的食谱生成和食品交叉模式检索性能。

AI的创作（例如诗歌或歌词产生）吸引了行业和学术社区的越来越多的关注，在过去的几年中，许多有前途的模型提出了许多有前途的模型。现有方法通常基于单个和独立的视觉或文本信息估算输出。但是，实际上，人类通常会根据自己的经验进行创作，这可能涉及不同的方式并依次相关。为了模拟这种人类能力，在本文中，我们根据人类的经验来定义和解决一个新颖的AI创建问题。更具体地说，我们研究了如何基于顺序多模式信息生成文本。与以前的作品相比，此任务要困难得多，因为设计的模型必须很好地理解和适应不同模式之间的语义，并以顺序的方式有效地将其转化为输出。为了减轻这些困难，我们首先设计了配备有多模式注意力网络的多通道序列到序列体系结构。为了获得更有效的优化，我们然后提出了针对顺序输入量身定制的课程负抽样策略。为了基准这个问题并证明我们的模型的有效性，我们手动标记了一个新的多模式体验数据集。使用该数据集，我们通过将模型与一系列代表性基线进行比较，进行了广泛的实验，我们可以基于自动和以人为中心的指标来证明模型的显着改进。代码和数据可在：\ url {https://github.com/aman-4-real/mmtg}中获得。

现有摘要系统主要生成纯粹依赖源文档内容的摘要。但是，即使对于人类，我们通常需要一些引用或示例，帮助我们充分了解源文档并以特定格式写入摘要。但是如何找到高质量的样式，并将它们纳入总结系统仍然挑战和探索。在本文中，我们提出了一种由致密的猎犬和摘要提升的新型检索增强的抽象概要框架。首先，检索几个密切相关的示例作为补充输入，以帮助生成模型更全面地了解文本。此外，检索的示例也可以在引导模型以捕获特定语料库的写入风格中起作用。我们在多个域和两个骨干型号的各种摘要数据集上验证我们的方法：BERT和BART。结果表明，与强大的预训练模型相比，我们的框架在胭脂-1分数中获得了1.38〜4.66的显着改善，并在账单上实现了新的最先进。人类评估表明我们的检索增强模型可以更好地捕获特定于域的书写风格。

Recently, contrastive learning attracts increasing interests in neural text generation as a new solution to alleviate the exposure bias problem. It introduces a sequence-level training signal which is crucial to generation tasks that always rely on auto-regressive decoding. However, previous methods using contrastive learning in neural text generation usually lead to inferior performance. In this paper, we analyse the underlying reasons and propose a new Contrastive Neural Text generation framework, CoNT. CoNT addresses bottlenecks that prevent contrastive learning from being widely adopted in generation tasks from three aspects -- the construction of contrastive examples, the choice of the contrastive loss, and the strategy in decoding. We validate CoNT on five generation tasks with ten benchmarks, including machine translation, summarization, code comment generation, data-to-text generation and commonsense generation. Experimental results show that CoNT clearly outperforms the conventional training framework on all the ten benchmarks with a convincing margin. Especially, CoNT surpasses previous the most competitive contrastive learning method for text generation, by 1.50 BLEU on machine translation and 1.77 ROUGE-1 on summarization, respectively. It achieves new state-of-the-art on summarization, code comment generation (without external data) and data-to-text generation.

We introduce LaViLa, a new approach to learning video-language representations by leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs). We repurpose pre-trained LLMs to be conditioned on visual input, and finetune them to create automatic video narrators. Our auto-generated narrations offer a number of advantages, including dense coverage of long videos, better temporal synchronization of the visual information and text, and much higher diversity of text. The video-text embedding learned contrastively with these additional auto-generated narrations outperforms the previous state-of-the-art on multiple first-person and third-person video tasks, both in zero-shot and finetuned setups. Most notably, LaViLa obtains an absolute gain of 10.1% on EGTEA classification and 5.9% Epic-Kitchens-100 multi-instance retrieval benchmarks. Furthermore, LaViLa trained with only half the narrations from the Ego4D dataset outperforms baseline models trained on the full set, and shows positive scaling behavior on increasing pre-training data and model size.

We present $\textbf{MolT5}$ $-$ a self-supervised learning framework for pretraining models on a vast amount of unlabeled natural language text and molecule strings. $\textbf{MolT5}$ allows for new, useful, and challenging analogs of traditional vision-language tasks, such as molecule captioning and text-based de novo molecule generation (altogether: translation between molecules and language), which we explore for the first time. Since $\textbf{MolT5}$ pretrains models on single-modal data, it helps overcome the chemistry domain shortcoming of data scarcity. Furthermore, we consider several metrics, including a new cross-modal embedding-based metric, to evaluate the tasks of molecule captioning and text-based molecule generation. Our results show that $\textbf{MolT5}$-based models are able to generate outputs, both molecules and captions, which in many cases are high quality.

Although pre-trained language models (PLMs) have shown impressive performance by text-only self-supervised training, they are found lack of visual semantics or commonsense, e.g., sizes, shapes, and colors of commonplace objects. Existing solutions often rely on explicit images for visual knowledge augmentation (requiring time-consuming retrieval or generation), and they also conduct the augmentation for the whole input text, without considering whether it is actually needed in specific inputs or tasks. To address these issues, we propose a novel visually-augmented fine-tuning approach that can be generally applied to various PLMs or NLP tasks, without using any retrieved or generated images, namely VAWI. Specifically, we first identify the visually-hungry words (VH-words) from input text via a token selector, where three different methods have been proposed, including syntax-, attention- and learning-based strategies. Then, we adopt a fixed CLIP text encoder to generate the visually-augmented representations of these VH-words. As it has been pre-trained by vision-language alignment task on the large-scale corpus, it is capable of injecting visual semantics into the aligned text representations. Finally, the visually-augmented features will be fused and transformed into the pre-designed visual prompts based on VH-words, which can be inserted into PLMs to enrich the visual semantics in word representations. We conduct extensive experiments on ten NLP tasks, i.e., GLUE benchmark, CommonsenseQA, CommonGen, and SNLI-VE. Experimental results show that our approach can consistently improve the performance of BERT, RoBERTa, BART, and T5 at different scales, and outperform several competitive baselines significantly. Our codes and data are publicly available at~\url{https://github.com/RUCAIBox/VAWI}.

随着图像文本对的大量数据以及视觉和语言（V＆L）任务的多样性，学者在该研究领域引入了大量的深度学习模型。此外，近年来，转移学习还显示出在计算机愿景中的巨大成功，例如图像分类，对象检测等以及在自然语言处理中以进行问答，机器翻译等的自然语言处理。继承转移学习的精神， V＆L的研究工作已经在大规模数据集上设计了多种预训练技术，以增强下游任务的性能。本文的目的是提供当代V＆L预审前模型的全面修订。特别是，我们对预处理的方法进行了分类和描述，以及最先进的视觉和语言预训练模型的摘要。此外，还提供了培训数据集和下游任务的列表，以进一步提高V＆L预处理的观点。最后，我们决定采取进一步的一步，讨论众多未来研究的方向。