在过去的几十年中,面部识别(FR)在计算机视觉和模式识别社会中进行了积极研究。最近,由于深度学习的进步,FR技术在大多数基准数据集中都显示出高性能。但是,当将FR算法应用于现实世界的情况时,该性能仍然不令人满意。这主要归因于训练和测试集之间的不匹配。在此类不匹配中,训练和测试面之间的面部不对对准是阻碍成功的FR的因素之一。为了解决这一限制,我们提出了一个脸型引导的深度特征对齐框架,以使fr稳健地对脸错位。基于面部形状的先验(例如,面部关键点),我们通过引入对齐方式和未对准的面部图像之间的对齐过程,即像素和特征对齐方式来训练所提出的深网。通过像从面部图像和面部形状提取的聚合特征解码的像素对齐过程,我们添加了辅助任务以重建良好的面部图像。由于汇总功能通过特征对齐过程链接到面部功能提取网络作为指南,因此我们将强大的面部功能训练到面部未对准。即使在训练阶段需要面部形状估计,通常在传统的FR管道中纳入的额外面部对齐过程在测试阶段不一定需要。通过比较实验,我们验证了提出的方法与FR数据集的面部未对准的有效性。
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本文提出了一种名为定位变压器(LOTR)的新型变压器的面部地标定位网络。所提出的框架是一种直接坐标回归方法,利用变压器网络以更好地利用特征图中的空间信息。 LOTR模型由三个主要模块组成:1)将输入图像转换为特征图的视觉骨干板,2)改进Visual Backone的特征表示,以及3)直接预测的地标预测头部的变压器模块来自变压器的代表的地标坐标。给定裁剪和对齐的面部图像,所提出的LOTR可以训练结束到底,而无需任何后处理步骤。本文还介绍了光滑翼损失功能,它解决了机翼损耗的梯度不连续性,导致比L1,L2和机翼损耗等标准损耗功能更好地收敛。通过106点面部地标定位的第一个大挑战提供的JD地标数据集的实验结果表明了LOTR在排行榜上的现有方法和最近基于热爱的方法的优势。在WFLW DataSet上,所提出的Lotr框架与若干最先进的方法相比,展示了有希望的结果。此外,我们在使用我们提出的LOTRS面向对齐时,我们报告了最先进的面部识别性能的提高。
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Recent years witnessed the breakthrough of face recognition with deep convolutional neural networks. Dozens of papers in the field of FR are published every year. Some of them were applied in the industrial community and played an important role in human life such as device unlock, mobile payment, and so on. This paper provides an introduction to face recognition, including its history, pipeline, algorithms based on conventional manually designed features or deep learning, mainstream training, evaluation datasets, and related applications. We have analyzed and compared state-of-the-art works as many as possible, and also carefully designed a set of experiments to find the effect of backbone size and data distribution. This survey is a material of the tutorial named The Practical Face Recognition Technology in the Industrial World in the FG2023.
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横梁面部识别(CFR)旨在识别个体,其中比较面部图像源自不同的感测模式,例如红外与可见的。虽然CFR由于与模态差距相关的面部外观的显着变化,但CFR具有比经典的面部识别更具挑战性,但它在具有有限或挑战的照明的场景中,以及在呈现攻击的情况下,它是优越的。与卷积神经网络(CNNS)相关的人工智能最近的进展使CFR的显着性能提高了。由此激励,这项调查的贡献是三倍。我们提供CFR的概述,目标是通过首先正式化CFR然后呈现具体相关的应用来比较不同光谱中捕获的面部图像。其次,我们探索合适的谱带进行识别和讨论最近的CFR方法,重点放在神经网络上。特别是,我们提出了提取和比较异构特征以及数据集的重新访问技术。我们枚举不同光谱和相关算法的优势和局限性。最后,我们讨论了研究挑战和未来的研究线。
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本文调查了2D全身人类姿势估计的任务,该任务旨在将整个人体(包括身体,脚,脸部和手)局部定位在整个人体上。我们提出了一种称为Zoomnet的单网络方法,以考虑到完整人体的层次结构,并解决不同身体部位的规模变化。我们进一步提出了一个称为Zoomnas的神经体系结构搜索框架,以促进全身姿势估计的准确性和效率。Zoomnas共同搜索模型体系结构和不同子模块之间的连接,并自动为搜索的子模块分配计算复杂性。为了训练和评估Zoomnas,我们介绍了第一个大型2D人类全身数据集,即可可叶全体V1.0,它注释了133个用于野外图像的关键点。广泛的实验证明了Zoomnas的有效性和可可叶v1.0的重要性。
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来自静态图像的面部表情识别是计算机视觉应用中的一个具有挑战性的问题。卷积神经网络(CNN),用于各种计算机视觉任务的最先进的方法,在预测具有极端姿势,照明和闭塞条件的面部的表达式中已经有限。为了缓解这个问题,CNN通常伴随着传输,多任务或集合学习等技术,这些技术通常以增加的计算复杂性的成本提供高精度。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种基于零件的集合转移学习网络,其模型通过将面部特征的空间方向模式与特定表达相关来模拟人类如何识别面部表达。它由5个子网络组成,每个子网络从面部地标的五个子集中执行转移学习:眉毛,眼睛,鼻子,嘴巴或颌骨表达分类。我们表明我们所提出的集合网络使用从面部肌肉的电机运动发出的视觉模式来预测表达,并展示从面部地标定位转移到面部表情识别的实用性。我们在CK +,Jaffe和SFew数据集上测试所提出的网络,并且它分别优于CK +和Jaffe数据集的基准,分别为0.51%和5.34%。此外,所提出的集合网络仅包括1.65M的型号参数,确保在培训和实时部署期间的计算效率。我们所提出的集合的Grad-Cam可视化突出了其子网的互补性质,是有效集合网络的关键设计参数。最后,交叉数据集评估结果表明,我们建议的集合具有高泛化能力,使其适合现实世界使用。
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随着对手工卫生的需求不断增长和使用的便利性,掌上识别最近具有淡淡的发展,为人识别提供了有效的解决方案。尽管已经致力于该地区的许多努力,但仍然不确定无接触棕榈污染的辨别能力,特别是对于大规模数据集。为了解决问题,在本文中,我们构建了一个大型无尺寸的棕榈纹数据集,其中包含了来自1167人的2334个棕榈手机。为了我们的最佳知识,它是有史以来最大的非接触式手掌形象基准,而是关于个人和棕榈树的数量收集。此外,我们提出了一个名为3DCPN(3D卷积棕榈识别网络)的无棕榈识别的新型深度学习框架,它利用3D卷积来动态地集成多个Gabor功能。在3DCPN中,嵌入到第一层中的新颖变体以增强曲线特征提取。通过精心设计的集合方案,然后将低级别的3D功能卷积以提取高级功能。最后在顶部,我们设置了基于地区的损失功能,以加强全局和本地描述符的辨别能力。为了展示我们方法的优越性,在我们的数据集和其他流行数据库同济和IITD上进行了广泛的实验,其中结果显示了所提出的3DCPN实现最先进的或可比性的性能。
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准确的面部标志是许多与人面孔有关的任务的重要先决条件。在本文中,根据级联变压器提出了精确的面部标志性检测器。我们将面部标志性检测作为坐标回归任务,以便可以端对端训练该模型。通过在变压器中的自我注意力,我们的模型可以固有地利用地标之间的结构化关系,这将受益于在挑战性条件(例如大姿势和遮挡)下具有里程碑意义的检测。在级联精炼期间,我们的模型能够根据可变形的注意机制提取目标地标周围的最相关图像特征,以进行坐标预测,从而带来更准确的对齐。此外,我们提出了一个新颖的解码器,可以同时完善图像特征和地标性位置。随着参数增加,检测性能进一步提高。我们的模型在几个标准的面部标准检测基准上实现了新的最新性能,并在跨数据库评估中显示出良好的概括能力。
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Face Restoration (FR) aims to restore High-Quality (HQ) faces from Low-Quality (LQ) input images, which is a domain-specific image restoration problem in the low-level computer vision area. The early face restoration methods mainly use statistic priors and degradation models, which are difficult to meet the requirements of real-world applications in practice. In recent years, face restoration has witnessed great progress after stepping into the deep learning era. However, there are few works to study deep learning-based face restoration methods systematically. Thus, this paper comprehensively surveys recent advances in deep learning techniques for face restoration. Specifically, we first summarize different problem formulations and analyze the characteristic of the face image. Second, we discuss the challenges of face restoration. Concerning these challenges, we present a comprehensive review of existing FR methods, including prior based methods and deep learning-based methods. Then, we explore developed techniques in the task of FR covering network architectures, loss functions, and benchmark datasets. We also conduct a systematic benchmark evaluation on representative methods. Finally, we discuss future directions, including network designs, metrics, benchmark datasets, applications,etc. We also provide an open-source repository for all the discussed methods, which is available at https://github.com/TaoWangzj/Awesome-Face-Restoration.
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The recent progress of CNN has dramatically improved face alignment performance. However, few works have paid attention to the error-bias with respect to error distribution of facial landmarks. In this paper, we investigate the error-bias issue in face alignment, where the distributions of landmark errors tend to spread along the tangent line to landmark curves. This error-bias is not trivial since it is closely connected to the ambiguous landmark labeling task. Inspired by this observation, we seek a way to leverage the error-bias property for better convergence of CNN model. To this end, we propose anisotropic direction loss (ADL) and anisotropic attention module (AAM) for coordinate and heatmap regression, respectively. ADL imposes strong binding force in normal direction for each landmark point on facial boundaries. On the other hand, AAM is an attention module which can get anisotropic attention mask focusing on the region of point and its local edge connected by adjacent points, it has a stronger response in tangent than in normal, which means relaxed constraints in the tangent. These two methods work in a complementary manner to learn both facial structures and texture details. Finally, we integrate them into an optimized end-to-end training pipeline named ADNet. Our ADNet achieves state-of-the-art results on 300W, WFLW and COFW datasets, which demonstrates the effectiveness and robustness.
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In modern face recognition, the conventional pipeline consists of four stages: detect ⇒ align ⇒ represent ⇒ classify. We revisit both the alignment step and the representation step by employing explicit 3D face modeling in order to apply a piecewise affine transformation, and derive a face representation from a nine-layer deep neural network. This deep network involves more than 120 million parameters using several locally connected layers without weight sharing, rather than the standard convolutional layers. Thus we trained it on the largest facial dataset to-date, an identity labeled dataset of four million facial images belonging to more than 4,000 identities. The learned representations coupling the accurate model-based alignment with the large facial database generalize remarkably well to faces in unconstrained environments, even with a simple classifier. Our method reaches an accuracy of 97.35% on the Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW) dataset, reducing the error of the current state of the art by more than 27%, closely approaching human-level performance.
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Holistic methods using CNNs and margin-based losses have dominated research on face recognition. In this work, we depart from this setting in two ways: (a) we employ the Vision Transformer as an architecture for training a very strong baseline for face recognition, simply called fViT, which already surpasses most state-of-the-art face recognition methods. (b) Secondly, we capitalize on the Transformer's inherent property to process information (visual tokens) extracted from irregular grids to devise a pipeline for face recognition which is reminiscent of part-based face recognition methods. Our pipeline, called part fViT, simply comprises a lightweight network to predict the coordinates of facial landmarks followed by the Vision Transformer operating on patches extracted from the predicted landmarks, and it is trained end-to-end with no landmark supervision. By learning to extract discriminative patches, our part-based Transformer further boosts the accuracy of our Vision Transformer baseline achieving state-of-the-art accuracy on several face recognition benchmarks.
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Accurate whole-body multi-person pose estimation and tracking is an important yet challenging topic in computer vision. To capture the subtle actions of humans for complex behavior analysis, whole-body pose estimation including the face, body, hand and foot is essential over conventional body-only pose estimation. In this paper, we present AlphaPose, a system that can perform accurate whole-body pose estimation and tracking jointly while running in realtime. To this end, we propose several new techniques: Symmetric Integral Keypoint Regression (SIKR) for fast and fine localization, Parametric Pose Non-Maximum-Suppression (P-NMS) for eliminating redundant human detections and Pose Aware Identity Embedding for jointly pose estimation and tracking. During training, we resort to Part-Guided Proposal Generator (PGPG) and multi-domain knowledge distillation to further improve the accuracy. Our method is able to localize whole-body keypoints accurately and tracks humans simultaneously given inaccurate bounding boxes and redundant detections. We show a significant improvement over current state-of-the-art methods in both speed and accuracy on COCO-wholebody, COCO, PoseTrack, and our proposed Halpe-FullBody pose estimation dataset. Our model, source codes and dataset are made publicly available at https://github.com/MVIG-SJTU/AlphaPose.
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目前全面监督的面部地标检测方法迅速进行,实现了显着性能。然而,当在大型姿势和重闭合的面孔和重闭合时仍然遭受痛苦,以进行不准确的面部形状约束,并且标记的训练样本不足。在本文中,我们提出了一个半监督框架,即自我校准的姿势注意网络(SCPAN),以实现更具挑战性的情景中的更强大和精确的面部地标检测。具体地,建议通过定影边界和地标强度场信息来模拟更有效的面部形状约束的边界意识的地标强度(BALI)字段。此外,设计了一种自我校准的姿势注意力(SCPA)模型,用于提供自学习的目标函数,该功能通过引入自校准机制和姿势注意掩模而无需标签信息而无需标签信息。我们认为,通过将巴厘岛领域和SCPA模型集成到新颖的自我校准的姿势网络中,可以了解更多的面部现有知识,并且我们的面孔方法的检测精度和稳健性得到了改善。获得具有挑战性的基准数据集获得的实验结果表明,我们的方法优于文献中最先进的方法。
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双峰掌纹识别同时利用掌纹和棕榈静脉图像,通过多模型信息融合来实现高精度,并具有强烈​​的防伪性能。在识别管道中,掌心的检测和感兴趣区域(ROI)的对准是用于准确匹配的两个关键步骤。大多数现有方法通过关键点检测算法本地化Palm RoI,但是关键点检测任务的内在困难使结果不令人满意。此外,图像级的ROI对齐和融合算法没有完全调查。桥梁桥梁,在本文中,我们提出了专注于ROI本地化,对齐和双峰图像Fusion.bpfnet的双峰掌纹融合网络(BPFNET).bpfnet是一个包含两个子网的端到端框架:检测网络基于边界框预测直接回归PalmPrint ROIS,并通过翻译估计进行对准。在下游,双模融合网络实现双峰ROI图像融合利用新颖的提出的跨模型选择方案。为了显示BPFNET的有效性,我们对大规模无尺寸的掌纹数据集CUHKSZ-V1和同济进行实验,并且该方法实现了最先进的表演。
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使用卷积神经网络,面部属性(例如,年龄和吸引力)估算性能得到了大大提高。然而,现有方法在培训目标和评估度量之间存在不一致,因此它们可能是次优。此外,这些方法始终采用具有大量参数的图像分类或面部识别模型,其携带昂贵的计算成本和存储开销。在本文中,我们首先分析了两种最新方法(排名CNN和DLDL)之间的基本关系,并表明排名方法实际上是隐含的学习标签分布。因此,该结果首先将两个现有的最新方法统一到DLDL框架中。其次,为了减轻不一致和降低资源消耗,我们设计了一种轻量级网络架构,并提出了一个统一的框架,可以共同学习面部属性分发和回归属性值。在面部年龄和吸引力估算任务中都证明了我们的方法的有效性。我们的方法使用单一模型实现新的最先进的结果,使用36美元\倍,参数减少3美元,在面部年龄/吸引力估算上的推动速度为3美元。此外,即使参数的数量进一步降低到0.9m(3.8MB磁盘存储),我们的方法也可以实现与最先进的结果。
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基于Heatmap回归的深度学习模型彻底改变了面部地标定位的任务,现有模型在大型姿势,非均匀照明和阴影,闭塞和自闭合,低分辨率和模糊。然而,尽管采用了广泛的采用,Heatmap回归方法遭受与热图编码和解码过程相关的离散化引起的误差。在这项工作中,我们表明这些误差对面部对准精度具有令人惊讶的大量负面影响。为了减轻这个问题,我们通过利用底层连续分布提出了一种热爱编码和解码过程的新方法。为了充分利用新提出的编码解码机制,我们还介绍了基于暹罗的训练,该训练能够在各种几何图像变换上实施热线图一致性。我们的方法在多个数据集中提供了明显的增益,在面部地标本地化中设置新的最先进的结果。旁边的代码将在https://www.adrianbulat.com/face-alignment上提供
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In recent years, visible-spectrum face verification systems have been shown to match the performance of experienced forensic examiners. However, such systems are ineffective in low-light and nighttime conditions. Thermal face imagery, which captures body heat emissions, effectively augments the visible spectrum, capturing discriminative facial features in scenes with limited illumination. Due to the increased cost and difficulty of obtaining diverse, paired thermal and visible spectrum datasets, not many algorithms and large-scale benchmarks for low-light recognition are available. This paper presents an algorithm that achieves state-of-the-art performance on both the ARL-VTF and TUFTS multi-spectral face datasets. Importantly, we study the impact of face alignment, pixel-level correspondence, and identity classification with label smoothing for multi-spectral face synthesis and verification. We show that our proposed method is widely applicable, robust, and highly effective. In addition, we show that the proposed method significantly outperforms face frontalization methods on profile-to-frontal verification. Finally, we present MILAB-VTF(B), a challenging multi-spectral face dataset that is composed of paired thermal and visible videos. To the best of our knowledge, with face data from 400 subjects, this dataset represents the most extensive collection of indoor and long-range outdoor thermal-visible face imagery. Lastly, we show that our end-to-end thermal-to-visible face verification system provides strong performance on the MILAB-VTF(B) dataset.
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解剖标志的本地化对于临床诊断,治疗计划和研究至关重要。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的深网络,名为特征聚合和细化网络(Farnet),用于自动检测解剖标记。为了减轻医疗领域的培训数据有限的问题,我们的网络采用了在自然图像上预先培训的深网络,因为骨干网络和几个流行的网络进行了比较。我们的FARNET还包括多尺度特征聚合模块,用于多尺度特征融合和用于高分辨率热图回归的特征精制模块。粗细的监督应用于两个模块,以方便端到端培训。我们进一步提出了一种名为指数加权中心损耗的新型损失函数,用于准确的热爱回归,这侧重于地标附近的像素的损失并抑制了远处的损失。我们的网络已经在三个公开的解剖学地标检测数据集中进行了评估,包括头部测量射线照片,手射线照片和脊柱射线照相,并在所有三个数据集上实现最先进的性能。代码可用:\ url {https://github.com/juvenileinwind/farnet}
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近年来,由于深度学习体系结构的有希望的进步,面部识别系统取得了非凡的成功。但是,当将配置图像与额叶图像的画廊匹配时,它们仍然无法实现预期的准确性。当前方法要么执行姿势归一化(即额叶化)或脱离姿势信息以进行面部识别。相反,我们提出了一种新方法,通过注意机制将姿势用作辅助信息。在本文中,我们假设使用注意机制姿势参加的信息可以指导剖面面上的上下文和独特的特征提取,从而进一步使嵌入式域中的更好表示形式学习。为了实现这一目标,首先,我们设计了一个统一的耦合曲线到额定面部识别网络。它通过特定于类的对比损失来学习从面孔到紧凑的嵌入子空间的映射。其次,我们开发了一个新颖的姿势注意力块(PAB),以专门指导从剖面面上提取姿势 - 不合稳定的特征。更具体地说,PAB旨在显式地帮助网络沿着频道和空间维度沿着频道和空间维度的重要特征,同时学习嵌入式子空间中的歧视性但构成不变的特征。为了验证我们提出的方法的有效性,我们对包括多PIE,CFP,IJBC在内的受控和野生基准进行实验,并在艺术状态下表现出优势。
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