The human ear is generally universal, collectible, distinct, and permanent. Ear-based biometric recognition is a niche and recent approach that is being explored. For any ear-based biometric algorithm to perform well, ear detection and segmentation need to be accurately performed. While significant work has been done in existing literature for bounding boxes, a lack of approaches output a segmentation mask for ears. This paper trains and compares three newer models to the state-of-the-art MaskRCNN (ResNet 101 +FPN) model across four different datasets. The Average Precision (AP) scores reported show that the newer models outperform the state-of-the-art but no one model performs the best over multiple datasets.

本文推动了在图像中分解伪装区域的信封，成了有意义的组件，即伪装的实例。为了促进伪装实例分割的新任务，我们将在数量和多样性方面引入DataSet被称为Camo ++，该数据集被称为Camo ++。新数据集基本上增加了具有分层像素 - 明智的地面真理的图像的数量。我们还为伪装实例分割任务提供了一个基准套件。特别是，我们在各种场景中对新构造的凸轮++数据集进行了广泛的评估。我们还提出了一种伪装融合学习（CFL）伪装实例分割框架，以进一步提高最先进的方法的性能。数据集，模型，评估套件和基准测试将在我们的项目页面上公开提供：https://sites.google.com/view/ltnghia/research/camo_plus_plus

Letting a deep network be aware of the quality of its own predictions is an interesting yet important problem. In the task of instance segmentation, the confidence of instance classification is used as mask quality score in most instance segmentation frameworks. However, the mask quality, quantified as the IoU between the instance mask and its ground truth, is usually not well correlated with classification score. In this paper, we study this problem and propose Mask Scoring R-CNN which contains a network block to learn the quality of the predicted instance masks. The proposed network block takes the instance feature and the corresponding predicted mask together to regress the mask IoU. The mask scoring strategy calibrates the misalignment between mask quality and mask score, and improves instance segmentation performance by prioritizing more accurate mask predictions during COCO AP evaluation. By extensive evaluations on the COCO dataset, Mask Scoring R-CNN brings consistent and noticeable gain with different models, and outperforms the state-of-the-art Mask R-CNN. We hope our simple and effective approach will provide a new direction for improving instance segmentation. The source code of our method is available at https:// github.com/zjhuang22/maskscoring_rcnn. * The work was done when Zhaojin Huang was an intern in Horizon Robotics Inc.

In object detection, the intersection over union (IoU) threshold is frequently used to define positives/negatives. The threshold used to train a detector defines its quality. While the commonly used threshold of 0.5 leads to noisy (low-quality) detections, detection performance frequently degrades for larger thresholds. This paradox of high-quality detection has two causes: 1) overfitting, due to vanishing positive samples for large thresholds, and 2) inference-time quality mismatch between detector and test hypotheses. A multi-stage object detection architecture, the Cascade R-CNN, composed of a sequence of detectors trained with increasing IoU thresholds, is proposed to address these problems. The detectors are trained sequentially, using the output of a detector as training set for the next. This resampling progressively improves hypotheses quality, guaranteeing a positive training set of equivalent size for all detectors and minimizing overfitting. The same cascade is applied at inference, to eliminate quality mismatches between hypotheses and detectors. An implementation of the Cascade R-CNN without bells or whistles achieves state-of-the-art performance on the COCO dataset, and significantly improves high-quality detection on generic and specific object detection datasets, including VOC, KITTI, CityPerson, and WiderFace. Finally, the Cascade R-CNN is generalized to instance segmentation, with nontrivial improvements over the Mask R-CNN. To facilitate future research, two implementations are made available at https://github.com/zhaoweicai/cascade-rcnn (Caffe) and https://github.com/zhaoweicai/Detectron-Cascade-RCNN (Detectron).

Cascade is a classic yet powerful architecture that has boosted performance on various tasks. However, how to introduce cascade to instance segmentation remains an open question. A simple combination of Cascade R-CNN and Mask R-CNN only brings limited gain. In exploring a more effective approach, we find that the key to a successful instance segmentation cascade is to fully leverage the reciprocal relationship between detection and segmentation. In this work, we propose a new framework, Hybrid Task Cascade (HTC), which differs in two important aspects: (1) instead of performing cascaded refinement on these two tasks separately, it interweaves them for a joint multi-stage processing; (2) it adopts a fully convolutional branch to provide spatial context, which can help distinguishing hard foreground from cluttered background. Overall, this framework can learn more discriminative features progressively while integrating complementary features together in each stage. Without bells and whistles, a single HTC obtains 38.4% and 1.5% improvement over a strong Cascade Mask R-CNN baseline on MSCOCO dataset. Moreover, our overall system achieves 48.6 mask AP on the test-challenge split, ranking 1st in the COCO 2018 Challenge Object Detection Task. Code is available at: https://github.com/ open-mmlab/mmdetection.

We present a conceptually simple, flexible, and general framework for object instance segmentation. Our approach efficiently detects objects in an image while simultaneously generating a high-quality segmentation mask for each instance. The method, called Mask R-CNN, extends Faster R-CNN by adding a branch for predicting an object mask in parallel with the existing branch for bounding box recognition. Mask R-CNN is simple to train and adds only a small overhead to Faster R-CNN, running at 5 fps. Moreover, Mask R-CNN is easy to generalize to other tasks, e.g., allowing us to estimate human poses in the same framework. We show top results in all three tracks of the COCO suite of challenges, including instance segmentation, bounding-box object detection, and person keypoint detection. Without tricks, Mask R-CNN outperforms all existing, single-model entries on every task, including the COCO 2016 challenge winners. We hope our simple and effective approach will serve as a solid baseline and help ease future research in instance-level recognition. Code will be made available.

在重建掩码的实例分段网络的设计中，分段通常是其文字定义 - 分配每个像素标签。这导致了将问题视为匹配一个问题，其中一个目标是最小化重建和地面真相像素之间的损耗。重新思考重建网络作为发电机，我们定义了预测掩模作为GAN游戏框架的问题：分割网络生成掩码，鉴别器网络决定掩码的质量。为了演示这个游戏，我们对掩模R-CNN的普通分段框架显示了有效修改。我们发现，在特征空间中播放游戏比导致鉴别器和发电机之间的稳定训练的像素空间更有效，应该通过预测对象的上下文区域来替换预测对象坐标，并且整体对抗性损失有助于性能和消除每个不同数据域的任何自定义设置都需要。我们在各个域中测试我们的框架并报告手机回收，自动驾驶，大规模对象检测和医用腺体。我们观察到一般的GANS产生掩模，该掩模占克里克里德界，杂乱，小物体和细节，处于规则形状或异质和聚结形状的领域。我们的再现结果的代码可公开提供。

Panoptic semonation组合实例和语义预测，允许同时检测“事物”和“东西”。在许多具有挑战性的问题中有效地接近远程感测的数据中的Panoptic分段可能是吉祥的，因为它允许连续映射和特定的目标计数。有几个困难阻止了遥感中这项任务的增长：（a）大多数算法都设计用于传统图像，（b）图像标签必须包含“事物”和“填写”类，并且（c）注释格式复杂。因此，旨在解决和提高遥感中Panoptic分割的可操作性，这项研究有五个目标：（1）创建一个新的Panoptic分段数据准备管道，（2）提出注释转换软件以产生Panoptic注释; （3）在城市地区提出一个小说数据集，（4）修改任务的Detectron2，（5）评估城市环境中这项任务的困难。我们使用的空中图像，考虑14级，使用0,24米的空间分辨率。我们的管道考虑了三个图像输入，所提出的软件使用点Shapefile来创建Coco格式的样本。我们的研究生成了3,400个样本，具有512x512像素尺寸。我们使用了带有两个骨干板（Reset-50和Reset-101）的Panoptic-FPN，以及模型评估被视为语义实例和Panoptic指标。我们获得了93.9,47.7和64.9的平均iou，box ap和pq。我们的研究提出了一个用于Panoptic Seation的第一个有效管道，以及用于其他研究人员的广泛数据库使用和处理需要彻底了解的其他数据或相关问题。

分割高度重叠的图像对象是具有挑战性的，因为图像上的真实对象轮廓和遮挡边界之间通常没有区别。与先前的实例分割方法不同，我们将图像形成模拟为两个重叠层的组成，并提出了双层卷积网络（BCNET），其中顶层检测到遮挡对象（遮挡器），而底层则渗透到部分闭塞实例（胶囊）。遮挡关系与双层结构的显式建模自然地将遮挡和遮挡实例的边界解散，并在掩模回归过程中考虑了它们之间的相互作用。我们使用两种流行的卷积网络设计（即完全卷积网络（FCN）和图形卷积网络（GCN））研究了双层结构的功效。此外，我们通过将图像中的实例表示为单独的可学习封闭器和封闭者查询，从而使用视觉变压器（VIT）制定双层解耦。使用一个/两个阶段和基于查询的对象探测器具有各种骨架和网络层选择验证双层解耦合的概括能力，如图像实例分段基准（可可，亲戚，可可）和视频所示实例分割基准（YTVIS，OVIS，BDD100K MOTS），特别是对于重闭塞病例。代码和数据可在https://github.com/lkeab/bcnet上找到。

我们提出了一个令人尴尬的简单点注释方案，以收集弱监督，例如分割。除了边界框外，我们还收集了在每个边界框内均匀采样的一组点的二进制标签。我们表明，为完整的掩模监督开发的现有实例细分模型可以通过我们的方案收集基于点的监督而无缝培训。值得注意的是，接受了可可，Pascal VOC，CityScapes和LVI的面具R-CNN，每个物体只有10个带注释的随机点可实现94％ - 占其完全监督的性能的98％，为弱化的实例细分定下了强大的基线。新点注释方案的速度比注释完整的对象掩码快5倍，使高质量实例分割在实践中更容易访问。受基于点的注释形式的启发，我们提出了对Pointrend实例分割模块的修改。对于每个对象，称为隐式pointrend的新体系结构生成一个函数的参数，该函数可以使最终的点级掩码预测。隐式Pointrend更加简单，并使用单点级掩蔽丢失。我们的实验表明，新模块更适合基于点的监督。

In object detection, an intersection over union (IoU) threshold is required to define positives and negatives. An object detector, trained with low IoU threshold, e.g. 0.5, usually produces noisy detections. However, detection performance tends to degrade with increasing the IoU thresholds. Two main factors are responsible for this: 1) overfitting during training, due to exponentially vanishing positive samples, and 2) inference-time mismatch between the IoUs for which the detector is optimal and those of the input hypotheses. A multi-stage object detection architecture, the Cascade R-CNN, is proposed to address these problems. It consists of a sequence of detectors trained with increasing IoU thresholds, to be sequentially more selective against close false positives. The detectors are trained stage by stage, leveraging the observation that the output of a detector is a good distribution for training the next higher quality detector. The resampling of progressively improved hypotheses guarantees that all detectors have a positive set of examples of equivalent size, reducing the overfitting problem. The same cascade procedure is applied at inference, enabling a closer match between the hypotheses and the detector quality of each stage. A simple implementation of the Cascade R-CNN is shown to surpass all single-model object detectors on the challenging COCO dataset. Experiments also show that the Cascade R-CNN is widely applicable across detector architectures, achieving consistent gains independently of the baseline detector strength. The code will be made available at https://github.com/zhaoweicai/cascade-rcnn.

X-ray imaging technology has been used for decades in clinical tasks to reveal the internal condition of different organs, and in recent years, it has become more common in other areas such as industry, security, and geography. The recent development of computer vision and machine learning techniques has also made it easier to automatically process X-ray images and several machine learning-based object (anomaly) detection, classification, and segmentation methods have been recently employed in X-ray image analysis. Due to the high potential of deep learning in related image processing applications, it has been used in most of the studies. This survey reviews the recent research on using computer vision and machine learning for X-ray analysis in industrial production and security applications and covers the applications, techniques, evaluation metrics, datasets, and performance comparison of those techniques on publicly available datasets. We also highlight some drawbacks in the published research and give recommendations for future research in computer vision-based X-ray analysis.

现有的实例分割方法已经达到了令人印象深刻的表现，但仍遭受了共同的困境：一个实例推断出冗余表示（例如，多个框，网格和锚点），这导致了多个重复的预测。因此，主流方法通常依赖于手工设计的非最大抑制（NMS）后处理步骤来选择最佳预测结果，这会阻碍端到端训练。为了解决此问题，我们建议一个称为Uniinst的无盒和无端机实例分割框架，该框架仅对每个实例产生一个唯一的表示。具体而言，我们设计了一种实例意识到的一对一分配方案，即仅产生一个表示（Oyor），该方案根据预测和地面真相之间的匹配质量，动态地为每个实例动态分配一个独特的表示。然后，一种新颖的预测重新排列策略被优雅地集成到框架中，以解决分类评分和掩盖质量之间的错位，从而使学习的表示形式更具歧视性。借助这些技术，我们的Uniinst，第一个基于FCN的盒子和无NMS实例分段框架，实现竞争性能，例如，使用Resnet-50-FPN和40.2 mask AP使用Resnet-101-FPN，使用Resnet-50-FPN和40.2 mask AP，使用Resnet-101-FPN，对抗AP可可测试-DEV的主流方法。此外，提出的实例感知方法对于遮挡场景是可靠的，在重锁定的ochuman基准上，通过杰出的掩码AP优于公共基线。我们的代码将在出版后提供。

The 1$^{\text{st}}$ Workshop on Maritime Computer Vision (MaCVi) 2023 focused on maritime computer vision for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV), and organized several subchallenges in this domain: (i) UAV-based Maritime Object Detection, (ii) UAV-based Maritime Object Tracking, (iii) USV-based Maritime Obstacle Segmentation and (iv) USV-based Maritime Obstacle Detection. The subchallenges were based on the SeaDronesSee and MODS benchmarks. This report summarizes the main findings of the individual subchallenges and introduces a new benchmark, called SeaDronesSee Object Detection v2, which extends the previous benchmark by including more classes and footage. We provide statistical and qualitative analyses, and assess trends in the best-performing methodologies of over 130 submissions. The methods are summarized in the appendix. The datasets, evaluation code and the leaderboard are publicly available at https://seadronessee.cs.uni-tuebingen.de/macvi.

缺陷增加了建筑项目的成本和持续时间。自动缺陷检测将减少文档工作，这是降低延迟建筑项目的缺陷风险所必需的。由于混凝土是一种广泛使用的建筑材料，因此这项工作着重于检测蜂窝，这是混凝土结构的实质缺陷，甚至可能影响结构完整性。首先，比较图像是从网络上刮下来或从实际实践中获得的。结果表明，Web图像仅代表蜂窝的选择，并且不会捕获完整的差异。其次，对MASK R-CNN和EFIDENENET-B0进行了培训，用于评估实例分割和基于斑块的分类，分别达到47.7％的精度和34.2％的召回率以及68.5％的精度和55.7％的召回率。尽管这些模型的性能不足以完全自动化缺陷检测，但这些模型可用于积极学习中，集成到缺陷文档系统中。总之，CNN可以帮助检测混凝土中的蜂窝。

视频分析的图像分割在不同的研究领域起着重要作用，例如智能城市，医疗保健，计算机视觉和地球科学以及遥感应用。在这方面，最近致力于发展新的细分策略;最新的杰出成就之一是Panoptic细分。后者是由语义和实例分割的融合引起的。明确地，目前正在研究Panoptic细分，以帮助获得更多对视频监控，人群计数，自主驾驶，医学图像分析的图像场景的更细致的知识，以及一般对场景更深入的了解。为此，我们介绍了本文的首次全面审查现有的Panoptic分段方法，以获得作者的知识。因此，基于所采用的算法，应用场景和主要目标的性质，执行现有的Panoptic技术的明确定义分类。此外，讨论了使用伪标签注释新数据集的Panoptic分割。继续前进，进行消融研究，以了解不同观点的Panoptic方法。此外，讨论了适合于Panoptic分割的评估度量，并提供了现有解决方案性能的比较，以告知最先进的并识别其局限性和优势。最后，目前对主题技术面临的挑战和吸引不久的将来吸引相当兴趣的未来趋势，可以成为即将到来的研究研究的起点。提供代码的文件可用于：https：//github.com/elharroussomar/awesome-panoptic-egation

In this paper, we introduce an anchor-box free and single shot instance segmentation method, which is conceptually simple, fully convolutional and can be used by easily embedding it into most off-the-shelf detection methods. Our method, termed PolarMask, formulates the instance segmentation problem as predicting contour of instance through instance center classification and dense distance regression in a polar coordinate. Moreover, we propose two effective approaches to deal with sampling high-quality center examples and optimization for dense distance regression, respectively, which can significantly improve the performance and simplify the training process. Without any bells and whistles, PolarMask achieves 32.9% in mask mAP with single-model and single-scale training/testing on the challenging COCO dataset.For the first time, we show that the complexity of instance segmentation, in terms of both design and computation complexity, can be the same as bounding box object detection and this much simpler and flexible instance segmentation framework can achieve competitive accuracy. We hope that the proposed PolarMask framework can serve as a fundamental and strong baseline for single shot instance segmentation task. Code is available at: github.com/xieenze/PolarMask.

本文提出了一种用于对象和场景的高质量图像分割的新方法。灵感来自于形态学图像处理技术中的扩张和侵蚀操作，像素级图像分割问题被视为挤压对象边界。从这个角度来看，提出了一种新颖且有效的\ textBF {边界挤压}模块。该模块用于从内侧和外侧方向挤压对象边界，这有助于精确掩模表示。提出了双向基于流的翘曲过程来产生这种挤压特征表示，并且设计了两个特定的损耗信号以监控挤压过程。边界挤压模块可以通过构建一些现有方法构建作为即插即用模块，可以轻松应用于实例和语义分段任务。此外，所提出的模块是重量的，因此具有实际使用的潜力。实验结果表明，我们简单但有效的设计可以在几个不同的数据集中产生高质量的结果。此外，边界上的其他几个指标用于证明我们对以前的工作中的方法的有效性。我们的方法对实例和语义分割的具有利于Coco和CityCapes数据集来产生重大改进，并且在相同的设置下以前的最先进的速度优于先前的最先进的速度。代码和模型将在\ url {https:/github.com/lxtgh/bsseg}发布。

大多数最先进的实例级人类解析模型都采用了两阶段的基于锚的探测器，因此无法避免启发式锚盒设计和像素级别缺乏分析。为了解决这两个问题，我们设计了一个实例级人类解析网络，该网络在像素级别上无锚固且可解决。它由两个简单的子网络组成：一个用于边界框预测的无锚检测头和一个用于人体分割的边缘引导解析头。无锚探测器的头继承了像素样的优点，并有效地避免了对象检测应用中证明的超参数的敏感性。通过引入部分感知的边界线索，边缘引导的解析头能够将相邻的人类部分与彼此区分开，最多可在一个人类实例中，甚至重叠的实例。同时，利用了精炼的头部整合盒子级别的分数和部分分析质量，以提高解析结果的质量。在两个多个人类解析数据集（即CIHP和LV-MHP-V2.0）和一个视频实例级人类解析数据集（即VIP）上进行实验，表明我们的方法实现了超过全球级别和实例级别的性能最新的一阶段自上而下的替代方案。

许多开放世界应用程序需要检测新的对象，但最先进的对象检测和实例分段网络在此任务中不屈服。关键问题在于他们假设没有任何注释的地区应被抑制为否定，这教导了将未经讨犯的对象视为背景的模型。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一个简单但令人惊讶的强大的数据增强和培训方案，我们呼唤学习来检测每件事（LDET）。为避免抑制隐藏的对象，背景对象可见但未标记，我们粘贴在从原始图像的小区域采样的背景图像上粘贴带有的注释对象。由于仅对这种综合增强的图像培训遭受域名，我们将培训与培训分为两部分：1）培训区域分类和回归头在增强图像上，2）在原始图像上训练掩模头。通过这种方式，模型不学习将隐藏对象作为背景分类，同时概括到真实图像。 LDET导致开放式世界实例分割任务中的许多数据集的重大改进，表现出CoCo上的交叉类别概括的基线，以及对UVO和城市的交叉数据集评估。