Emotion-cause pair extraction (ECPE), as an emergent natural language processing task, aims at jointly investigating emotions and their underlying causes in documents. It extends the previous emotion cause extraction (ECE) task, yet without requiring a set of pre-given emotion clauses as in ECE. Existing approaches to ECPE generally adopt a two-stage method, i.e., (1) emotion and cause detection, and then (2) pairing the detected emotions and causes. Such pipeline method, while intuitive, suffers from two critical issues, including error propagation across stages that may hinder the effectiveness, and high computational cost that would limit the practical application of the method. To tackle these issues, we propose a multi-task learning model that can extract emotions, causes and emotion-cause pairs simultaneously in an end-to-end manner. Specifically, our model regards pair extraction as a link prediction task, and learns to link from emotion clauses to cause clauses, i.e., the links are directional. Emotion extraction and cause extraction are incorporated into the model as auxiliary tasks, which further boost the pair extraction. Experiments are conducted on an ECPE benchmarking dataset. The results show that our proposed model outperforms a range of state-of-the-art approaches.

情绪原因对提取（ECPE）任务旨在从文档中提取情绪和原因。我们观察到，在典型的ECPE数据集中，情绪和原因的相对距离分布极为不平衡。现有方法设置了一个固定的大小窗口，以捕获相邻子句之间的关系。但是，他们忽略了遥远条款之间的有效语义联系，从而导致对位置不敏感数据的概括能力差。为了减轻问题，我们提出了一种新型的多晶格语义意识图模型（MGSAG），以共同结合细粒度和粗粒语义特征，而无需距离限制。特别是，我们首先探讨从子句和从文档中提取的关键字之间的语义依赖性，这些文档传达了细颗粒的语义特征，从而获得了关键字增强子句表示。此外，还建立了子句图，以模拟条款之间的粗粒语义关系。实验结果表明，MGSAG超过了现有的最新ECPE模型。特别是，MGSAG在不敏感数据的条件下大大优于其他模型。

Emotion-cause pair extraction (ECPE) aims to extract emotion clauses and corresponding cause clauses, which have recently received growing attention. Previous methods sequentially encode features with a specified order. They first encode the emotion and cause features for clause extraction and then combine them for pair extraction. This lead to an imbalance in inter-task feature interaction where features extracted later have no direct contact with the former. To address this issue, we propose a novel Pair-Based Joint Encoding (PBJE) network, which generates pairs and clauses features simultaneously in a joint feature encoding manner to model the causal relationship in clauses. PBJE can balance the information flow among emotion clauses, cause clauses and pairs. From a multi-relational perspective, we construct a heterogeneous undirected graph and apply the Relational Graph Convolutional Network (RGCN) to capture the various relationship between clauses and the relationship between pairs and clauses. Experimental results show that PBJE achieves state-of-the-art performance on the Chinese benchmark corpus.

情绪原因对提取（ECPE）是一项新的任务，旨在从文档中提取潜在的情绪和相应原因。先前的方法重点是建模成对的关系并取得了令人鼓舞的结果。但是，从根本上象征文档的基本结构的条款与差异关系仍处于研究期。在本文中，我们定义了一个新的条款 - 差异关系。为了学习它，我们提出了一个名为EA-GAT的一般条款级编码模型，该模型包括E-GAT和激活排序。 E-GAT旨在从不同类型的子句中汇总信息；激活排序利用个人情感/原因预测和基于排序的映射将条款推向更有利的表示。由于EA-GAT是一个子句级编码模型，因此可以与任何以前的方法广泛集成。实验结果表明，我们的方法比当前的所有方法在中文和英语基准语料库中都具有显着优势，平均$ 2.1 \％$和$ 1.03 \％$ $。

情绪引起的提取（ECPE）是情感原因分析的衍生子任务之一（ECA），与情感提取（EE）共享丰富的相关特征（EE）并引起提取（CE）。因此，EE和CE经常被用作更好的特征学习的辅助任务，通过先前的工作通过多任务学习（MTL）框架建模，以实现最新的ECPE结果。但是，现有的基于MTL的方法无法同时建模特定特征和之间的交互作用，或者遭受标签预测的不一致。在这项工作中，我们考虑通过使用新型A^2NET模型执行两种对齐机制来解决以上改善ECPE的挑战。我们首先提出一个功能任务对齐方式，以明确对特定的情感和特定特定功能和共享交互式特征进行建模。此外，还实施了任务跨度的对准，其中ECPE和EE和CE组合之间的标签距离被缩小了以获得更好的标签一致性。对基准的评估表明，我们的方法在所有ECA子任务上的表现都优于当前最佳性能系统。进一步的分析证明了我们提出的一致性机制对任务的重要性。

情感双对提取（ECPE）是情感原因分析中的一项新任务，它从情感文档中提取潜在的情感因子对。最近的研究使用端到端方法来应对ECPE任务。但是，这些方法要么患有标签稀疏问题，要么无法模拟情绪与原因之间的复杂关系。此外，他们都不考虑条款的明确语义信息。为此，我们将ECPE任务转换为文档级机器阅读理解（MRC）任务，并提出了具有重新INK机制（MM-R）的多转移MRC框架。我们的框架可以模拟情绪和原因之间的复杂关系，同时避免产生配对矩阵（标签稀疏问题的主要原因）。此外，多转弯结构可以融合情绪和原因之间的明确语义信息流。关于基准情绪的广泛实验导致语料库证明了我们提出的框架的有效性，该框架的表现优于现有的最新方法。

由于其在各个领域的重要性和潜在应用，情感 - 原因对提取（ECPE）是一种自然语言处理的复杂而流行的地区。在本报告中，我们的目标是在线评论领域的ECPE中展示我们的ECPE工作。通过手动注释的数据集，我们探索使用神经网络提取情绪原因对的算法。此外，我们提出了一种使用先前参考资料的模型，并将情感导致对与情感感知的单词嵌入领域的研究相结合，在那里我们将这些嵌入的嵌入式发送到Bi-LSTM层中，这为我们提供了情绪相关的条款。随着有限数据集的约束，我们实现了。我们报告的总体范围包括全面的文献审查，通过提出对管道的改进以及特定域的算法开发和实施来修改ECPE的引用方法的全面文献审查，以及修改以前的工作评论评论。

Predicting emotions expressed in text is a well-studied problem in the NLP community. Recently there has been active research in extracting the cause of an emotion expressed in text. Most of the previous work has done causal emotion entailment in documents. In this work, we propose neural models to extract emotion cause span and entailment in conversations. For learning such models, we use RECCON dataset, which is annotated with cause spans at the utterance level. In particular, we propose MuTEC, an end-to-end Multi-Task learning framework for extracting emotions, emotion cause, and entailment in conversations. This is in contrast to existing baseline models that use ground truth emotions to extract the cause. MuTEC performs better than the baselines for most of the data folds provided in the dataset.

Causal Emotion Entailment aims to identify causal utterances that are responsible for the target utterance with a non-neutral emotion in conversations. Previous works are limited in thorough understanding of the conversational context and accurate reasoning of the emotion cause. To this end, we propose Knowledge-Bridged Causal Interaction Network (KBCIN) with commonsense knowledge (CSK) leveraged as three bridges. Specifically, we construct a conversational graph for each conversation and leverage the event-centered CSK as the semantics-level bridge (S-bridge) to capture the deep inter-utterance dependencies in the conversational context via the CSK-Enhanced Graph Attention module. Moreover, social-interaction CSK serves as emotion-level bridge (E-bridge) and action-level bridge (A-bridge) to connect candidate utterances with the target one, which provides explicit causal clues for the Emotional Interaction module and Actional Interaction module to reason the target emotion. Experimental results show that our model achieves better performance over most baseline models. Our source code is publicly available at https://github.com/circle-hit/KBCIN.

因果情绪综合（CEE）旨在发现对话说法中情感背后的潜在原因。先前的工作将CEE正式为独立的话语对分类问题，并忽略了情感和说话者信息。从新的角度来看，本文考虑了联合框架中的CEE。我们同步对多种话语进行分类，以捕获全球观点中的话语之间的相关性，并提出一个两条注意力模型（TSAM），以有效地模拟说话者在对话历史上的情感影响。具体而言，TSAM包括三个模块：情感注意网络（EAN），说话者注意网络（SAN）和交互模块。 EAN和SAN并行结合了情感和说话者信息，随后的交互模块通过相互的Biaffine转换有效地互换了EAN和SAN之间的相关信息。广泛的实验结果表明，我们的模型实现了新的最新性能（SOTA）性能，并且表现出色的基准。

The development of deep neural networks has improved representation learning in various domains, including textual, graph structural, and relational triple representations. This development opened the door to new relation extraction beyond the traditional text-oriented relation extraction. However, research on the effectiveness of considering multiple heterogeneous domain information simultaneously is still under exploration, and if a model can take an advantage of integrating heterogeneous information, it is expected to exhibit a significant contribution to many problems in the world. This thesis works on Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs) from the literature as a case study and realizes relation extraction utilizing heterogeneous domain information. First, a deep neural relation extraction model is prepared and its attention mechanism is analyzed. Next, a method to combine the drug molecular structure information and drug description information to the input sentence information is proposed, and the effectiveness of utilizing drug molecular structures and drug descriptions for the relation extraction task is shown. Then, in order to further exploit the heterogeneous information, drug-related items, such as protein entries, medical terms and pathways are collected from multiple existing databases and a new data set in the form of a knowledge graph (KG) is constructed. A link prediction task on the constructed data set is conducted to obtain embedding representations of drugs that contain the heterogeneous domain information. Finally, a method that integrates the input sentence information and the heterogeneous KG information is proposed. The proposed model is trained and evaluated on a widely used data set, and as a result, it is shown that utilizing heterogeneous domain information significantly improves the performance of relation extraction from the literature.

在多方对话中有效地发现发言者的情绪状态是设计人类类似的会话代理商的重要性。在谈话期间，扬声器的认知状态通常由于某些过去的话语而改变，这可能导致他们的情绪状态的翻转。因此，在对话期间发现扬声器情感翻转背后的原因（触发）对于解释个人话语的情感标签至关重要。在本文中，除了解决对话中的情感认可的任务（ERC），我们介绍了一种新的任务 - 情感 - 翻转推理（EFR），旨在识别过去的话语，这引发了一个人的情绪状态以在一定时间翻转。我们提出了一个掩蔽的存储器网络来解决前者和基于变换器的网络的后一种任务。为此，我们考虑融合的基准情感识别数据集，用于ERC任务的多方对话，并使用EFR的新地基标签增强它。与五个最先进的模型进行了广泛的比较，表明我们对两个任务的模型的表现。我们进一步提出了轶事证据和定性和定量误差分析，以支持与基线相比模型的优势。

来自文本的采矿因果关系是一种复杂的和至关重要的自然语言理解任务，对应于人类认知。其解决方案的现有研究可以分为两种主要类别：基于特征工程和基于神经模型的方法。在本文中，我们发现前者具有不完整的覆盖范围和固有的错误，但提供了先验知识;虽然后者利用上下文信息，但其因果推断不足。为了处理限制，我们提出了一个名为MCDN的新型因果关系检测模型，明确地模拟因果关系，而且，利用两种方法的优势。具体而言，我们采用多头自我关注在Word级别获得语义特征，并在段级别推断出来的SCRN。据我们所知，关于因果关系任务，这是第一次应用关系网络。实验结果表明：1）该方法对因果区检测进行了突出的性能; 2）进一步分析表现出MCDN的有效性和稳健性。

As an important fine-grained sentiment analysis problem, aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA), aiming to analyze and understand people's opinions at the aspect level, has been attracting considerable interest in the last decade. To handle ABSA in different scenarios, various tasks are introduced for analyzing different sentiment elements and their relations, including the aspect term, aspect category, opinion term, and sentiment polarity. Unlike early ABSA works focusing on a single sentiment element, many compound ABSA tasks involving multiple elements have been studied in recent years for capturing more complete aspect-level sentiment information. However, a systematic review of various ABSA tasks and their corresponding solutions is still lacking, which we aim to fill in this survey. More specifically, we provide a new taxonomy for ABSA which organizes existing studies from the axes of concerned sentiment elements, with an emphasis on recent advances of compound ABSA tasks. From the perspective of solutions, we summarize the utilization of pre-trained language models for ABSA, which improved the performance of ABSA to a new stage. Besides, techniques for building more practical ABSA systems in cross-domain/lingual scenarios are discussed. Finally, we review some emerging topics and discuss some open challenges to outlook potential future directions of ABSA.

In recent years, there has been increased interest in building predictive models that harness natural language processing and machine learning techniques to detect emotions from various text sources, including social media posts, micro-blogs or news articles. Yet, deployment of such models in real-world sentiment and emotion applications faces challenges, in particular poor out-of-domain generalizability. This is likely due to domain-specific differences (e.g., topics, communicative goals, and annotation schemes) that make transfer between different models of emotion recognition difficult. In this work we propose approaches for text-based emotion detection that leverage transformer models (BERT and RoBERTa) in combination with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) networks trained on a comprehensive set of psycholinguistic features. First, we evaluate the performance of our models within-domain on two benchmark datasets: GoEmotion and ISEAR. Second, we conduct transfer learning experiments on six datasets from the Unified Emotion Dataset to evaluate their out-of-domain robustness. We find that the proposed hybrid models improve the ability to generalize to out-of-distribution data compared to a standard transformer-based approach. Moreover, we observe that these models perform competitively on in-domain data.

自动推荐向特定法律案件的相关法律文章引起了很多关注，因为它可以大大释放人工劳动力，从而在大型法律数据库中寻找。然而，目前的研究只支持粗粒度推荐，其中所有相关文章都预测为整体，而无需解释每种文章与之相关的具体事实。由于一个案例可以由许多支持事实形成，因此遍历它们来验证推荐结果的正确性可能是耗时的。我们认为，在每个单一的事实和法律文章之间学习细粒度的对应，对于准确可靠的AI系统至关重要。通过这种动机，我们执行开创性的研究并创建一个手动注释的事实 - 文章的语料库。我们将学习视为文本匹配任务，并提出一个多级匹配网络来解决它。为了帮助模型更好地消化法律文章的内容，我们以随机森林的前提结论对形式解析物品。实验表明，解析的形式产生了更好的性能，结果模型超越了其他流行的文本匹配基线。此外，我们与先前的研究相比，并发现建立细粒度的事实 - 文章对应物可以通过大幅度提高建议准确性。我们最好的系统达到了96.3％的F1得分，使其具有实际使用潜力。它还可以显着提高法律决策预测的下游任务，将F1增加到12.7％。

Social networking sites, blogs, and online articles are instant sources of news for internet users globally. However, in the absence of strict regulations mandating the genuineness of every text on social media, it is probable that some of these texts are fake news or rumours. Their deceptive nature and ability to propagate instantly can have an adverse effect on society. This necessitates the need for more effective detection of fake news and rumours on the web. In this work, we annotate four fake news detection and rumour detection datasets with their emotion class labels using transfer learning. We show the correlation between the legitimacy of a text with its intrinsic emotion for fake news and rumour detection, and prove that even within the same emotion class, fake and real news are often represented differently, which can be used for improved feature extraction. Based on this, we propose a multi-task framework for fake news and rumour detection, predicting both the emotion and legitimacy of the text. We train a variety of deep learning models in single-task and multi-task settings for a more comprehensive comparison. We further analyze the performance of our multi-task approach for fake news detection in cross-domain settings to verify its efficacy for better generalization across datasets, and to verify that emotions act as a domain-independent feature. Experimental results verify that our multi-task models consistently outperform their single-task counterparts in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, both for in-domain and cross-domain settings. We also qualitatively analyze the difference in performance in single-task and multi-task learning models.

排名模型是信息检索系统的主要组成部分。排名的几种方法是基于传统的机器学习算法，使用一组手工制作的功能。最近，研究人员在信息检索中利用了深度学习模型。这些模型的培训结束于结束，以提取来自RAW数据的特征来排序任务，因此它们克服了手工制作功能的局限性。已经提出了各种深度学习模型，每个模型都呈现了一组神经网络组件，以提取用于排名的特征。在本文中，我们在不同方面比较文献中提出的模型，以了解每个模型的主要贡献和限制。在我们对文献的讨论中，我们分析了有前途的神经元件，并提出了未来的研究方向。我们还显示文档检索和其他检索任务之间的类比，其中排名的项目是结构化文档，答案，图像和视频。

本次调查绘制了用于分析社交媒体数据的生成方法的研究状态的广泛的全景照片（Sota）。它填补了空白，因为现有的调查文章在其范围内或被约会。我们包括两个重要方面，目前正在挖掘和建模社交媒体的重要性：动态和网络。社会动态对于了解影响影响或疾病的传播，友谊的形成，友谊的形成等，另一方面，可以捕获各种复杂关系，提供额外的洞察力和识别否则将不会被注意的重要模式。

Deep models for facial expression recognition achieve high performance by training on large-scale labeled data. However, publicly available datasets contain uncertain facial expressions caused by ambiguous annotations or confusing emotions, which could severely decline the robustness. Previous studies usually follow the bias elimination method in general tasks without considering the uncertainty problem from the perspective of different corresponding sources. In this paper, we propose a novel method of multi-task assisted correction in addressing uncertain facial expression recognition called MTAC. Specifically, a confidence estimation block and a weighted regularization module are applied to highlight solid samples and suppress uncertain samples in every batch. In addition, two auxiliary tasks, i.e., action unit detection and valence-arousal measurement, are introduced to learn semantic distributions from a data-driven AU graph and mitigate category imbalance based on latent dependencies between discrete and continuous emotions, respectively. Moreover, a re-labeling strategy guided by feature-level similarity constraint further generates new labels for identified uncertain samples to promote model learning. The proposed method can flexibly combine with existing frameworks in a fully-supervised or weakly-supervised manner. Experiments on RAF-DB, AffectNet, and AffWild2 datasets demonstrate that the MTAC obtains substantial improvements over baselines when facing synthetic and real uncertainties and outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.