Social networking sites, blogs, and online articles are instant sources of news for internet users globally. However, in the absence of strict regulations mandating the genuineness of every text on social media, it is probable that some of these texts are fake news or rumours. Their deceptive nature and ability to propagate instantly can have an adverse effect on society. This necessitates the need for more effective detection of fake news and rumours on the web. In this work, we annotate four fake news detection and rumour detection datasets with their emotion class labels using transfer learning. We show the correlation between the legitimacy of a text with its intrinsic emotion for fake news and rumour detection, and prove that even within the same emotion class, fake and real news are often represented differently, which can be used for improved feature extraction. Based on this, we propose a multi-task framework for fake news and rumour detection, predicting both the emotion and legitimacy of the text. We train a variety of deep learning models in single-task and multi-task settings for a more comprehensive comparison. We further analyze the performance of our multi-task approach for fake news detection in cross-domain settings to verify its efficacy for better generalization across datasets, and to verify that emotions act as a domain-independent feature. Experimental results verify that our multi-task models consistently outperform their single-task counterparts in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, both for in-domain and cross-domain settings. We also qualitatively analyze the difference in performance in single-task and multi-task learning models.

对仇恨言论和冒犯性语言（HOF）的认可通常是作为一项分类任务，以决定文本是否包含HOF。我们研究HOF检测是否可以通过考虑HOF和类似概念之间的关系来获利：（a）HOF与情感分析有关，因为仇恨言论通常是负面陈述并表达了负面意见； （b）这与情绪分析有关，因为表达的仇恨指向作者经历（或假装体验）愤怒的同时经历（或旨在体验）恐惧。 （c）最后，HOF的一个构成要素是提及目标人或群体。在此基础上，我们假设HOF检测在与这些概念共同建模时，在多任务学习设置中进行了改进。我们将实验基于这些概念的现有数据集（情感，情感，HOF的目标），并在Hasoc Fire 2021英语子任务1A中评估我们的模型作为参与者（作为IMS-Sinai团队）。基于模型选择实验，我们考虑了多个可用的资源和共享任务的提交，我们发现人群情绪语料库，Semeval 2016年情感语料库和犯罪2019年目标检测数据的组合导致F1 =。 79在基于BERT的多任务多任务学习模型中，与Plain Bert的.7895相比。在HASOC 2019测试数据上，该结果更为巨大，而F1中的增加2pp和召回大幅增加。在两个数据集（2019，2021）中，HOF类的召回量尤其增加（2019年数据的6pp和2021数据的3pp），表明MTL具有情感，情感和目标识别是适合的方法可能部署在社交媒体平台中的预警系统。

讽刺可以被定义为说或写讽刺与一个人真正想表达的相反，通常是为了侮辱，刺激或娱乐某人。由于文本数据中讽刺性的性质晦涩难懂，因此检测到情感分析研究社区的困难和非常感兴趣。尽管讽刺检测的研究跨越了十多年，但最近已经取得了一些重大进步，包括在多模式环境中采用了无监督的预训练的预训练的变压器，并整合了环境以识别讽刺。在这项研究中，我们旨在简要概述英语计算讽刺研究的最新进步和趋势。我们描述了与讽刺有关的相关数据集，方法，趋势，问题，挑战和任务，这些数据集，趋势，问题，挑战和任务是无法检测到的。我们的研究提供了讽刺数据集，讽刺特征及其提取方法以及各种方法的性能分析，这些表可以帮助相关领域的研究人员了解当前的讽刺检测中最新实践。

In recent years, there has been increased interest in building predictive models that harness natural language processing and machine learning techniques to detect emotions from various text sources, including social media posts, micro-blogs or news articles. Yet, deployment of such models in real-world sentiment and emotion applications faces challenges, in particular poor out-of-domain generalizability. This is likely due to domain-specific differences (e.g., topics, communicative goals, and annotation schemes) that make transfer between different models of emotion recognition difficult. In this work we propose approaches for text-based emotion detection that leverage transformer models (BERT and RoBERTa) in combination with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) networks trained on a comprehensive set of psycholinguistic features. First, we evaluate the performance of our models within-domain on two benchmark datasets: GoEmotion and ISEAR. Second, we conduct transfer learning experiments on six datasets from the Unified Emotion Dataset to evaluate their out-of-domain robustness. We find that the proposed hybrid models improve the ability to generalize to out-of-distribution data compared to a standard transformer-based approach. Moreover, we observe that these models perform competitively on in-domain data.

Detecting personal health mentions on social media is essential to complement existing health surveillance systems. However, annotating data for detecting health mentions at a large scale is a challenging task. This research employs a multitask learning framework to leverage available annotated data from a related task to improve the performance on the main task to detect personal health experiences mentioned in social media texts. Specifically, we focus on incorporating emotional information into our target task by using emotion detection as an auxiliary task. Our approach significantly improves a wide range of personal health mention detection tasks compared to a strong state-of-the-art baseline.

社交媒体的重要性在过去几十年中增加了流畅，因为它帮助人们甚至是世界上最偏远的角落保持联系。随着技术的出现，数字媒体比以往任何时候都变得更加相关和广泛使用，并且在此之后，假冒新闻和推文的流通中有一种复兴，需要立即关注。在本文中，我们描述了一种新的假新闻检测系统，可自动识别新闻项目是“真实的”或“假”，作为我们在英语挑战中的约束Covid-19假新闻检测中的工作的延伸。我们使用了一个由预先训练的模型组成的集合模型，然后是统计特征融合网络，以及通过在新闻项目或推文中的各种属性，如源，用户名处理，URL域和作者中的各种属性结合到统计特征中的各种属性。我们所提出的框架还规定了可靠的预测性不确定性以及分类任务的适当类别输出置信水平。我们在Covid-19假新闻数据集和Fakenewsnet数据集上评估了我们的结果，以显示所提出的算法在短期内容中检测假新闻以及新闻文章中的算法。我们在Covid-19数据集中获得了0.9892的最佳F1分，以及Fakenewsnet数据集的F1分数为0.9073。

社交媒体网络已成为人们生活的重要方面，它是其思想，观点和情感的平台。因此，自动化情绪分析（SA）对于以其他信息来源无法识别人们的感受至关重要。对这些感觉的分析揭示了各种应用，包括品牌评估，YouTube电影评论和医疗保健应用。随着社交媒体的不断发展，人们以不同形式发布大量信息，包括文本，照片，音频和视频。因此，传统的SA算法已变得有限，因为它们不考虑其他方式的表现力。通过包括来自各种物质来源的此类特征，这些多模式数据流提供了新的机会，以优化基于文本的SA之外的预期结果。我们的研究重点是多模式SA的最前沿领域，该领域研究了社交媒体网络上发布的视觉和文本数据。许多人更有可能利用这些信息在这些平台上表达自己。为了作为这个快速增长的领域的学者资源，我们介绍了文本和视觉SA的全面概述，包括数据预处理，功能提取技术，情感基准数据集以及适合每个字段的多重分类方法的疗效。我们还简要介绍了最常用的数据融合策略，并提供了有关Visual Textual SA的现有研究的摘要。最后，我们重点介绍了最重大的挑战，并调查了一些重要的情感应用程序。

了解文本中表达的态度，也称为姿态检测，在旨在在线检测虚假信息的系统中起重要作用，无论是错误信息（无意的假）或虚假信息（故意错误地蔓延，恶意意图）。姿态检测已经以不同的方式在文献中框架，包括（a）作为事实检查，谣言检测和检测先前的事实检查的权利要求，或（b）作为其自己的任务的组件;在这里，我们看看两者。虽然已经进行了与其他相关任务的突出姿态检测，但诸如论证挖掘和情绪分析之类的其他相关任务，但没有调查姿态检测和错误和缺陷检测之间的关系。在这里，我们的目标是弥合这个差距。特别是，我们在焦点中审查和分析了该领域的现有工作，焦点中的错误和不忠实，然后我们讨论了汲取的经验教训和未来的挑战。

Covid-19影响了世界各地，尽管对爆发的错误信息的传播速度比病毒更快。错误的信息通过在线社交网络（OSN）传播，通常会误导人们遵循正确的医疗实践。特别是，OSN机器人一直是传播虚假信息和发起网络宣传的主要来源。现有工作忽略了机器人的存在，这些机器人在传播中充当催化剂，并专注于“帖子中共享的文章”而不是帖子（文本）内容中的假新闻检测。大多数关于错误信息检测的工作都使用手动标记的数据集，这些数据集很难扩展以构建其预测模型。在这项研究中，我们通过在Twitter数据集上使用经过验证的事实检查的陈述来标记数据来克服这一数据稀缺性挑战。此外，我们将文本功能与用户级功能（例如关注者计数和朋友计数）和推文级功能（例如Tweet中的提及，主题标签和URL）结合起来，以充当检测错误信息的其他指标。此外，我们分析了推文中机器人的存在，并表明机器人随着时间的流逝改变了其行为，并且在错误信息中最活跃。我们收集了1022万个Covid-19相关推文，并使用我们的注释模型来构建一个广泛的原始地面真实数据集以进行分类。我们利用各种机器学习模型来准确检测错误信息，我们的最佳分类模型达到了精度（82％），召回（96％）和假阳性率（3.58％）。此外，我们的机器人分析表明，机器人约为错误信息推文的10％。我们的方法可以实质性地暴露于虚假信息，从而改善了通过社交媒体平台传播的信息的可信度。

近年来，谣言对社会产生了毁灭性的影响，这使谣言发现成为重大挑战。但是，关于谣言检测的研究忽略了谣言内容中图像的强烈情绪。本文验证图像情绪是否提高了谣言检测效率。提出了由视觉和文字情绪组成的谣言检测中的多模式双重情感特征。据我们所知，这是第一个在谣言检测中使用视觉情感的研究。实际数据集上的实验验证了所提出的功能是否优于最先进的情感功能，并且可以在谣言探测器中扩展，同时提高其性能。

Recently, online social media has become a primary source for new information and misinformation or rumours. In the absence of an automatic rumour detection system the propagation of rumours has increased manifold leading to serious societal damages. In this work, we propose a novel method for building automatic rumour detection system by focusing on oversampling to alleviating the fundamental challenges of class imbalance in rumour detection task. Our oversampling method relies on contextualised data augmentation to generate synthetic samples for underrepresented classes in the dataset. The key idea exploits selection of tweets in a thread for augmentation which can be achieved by introducing a non-random selection criteria to focus the augmentation process on relevant tweets. Furthermore, we propose two graph neural networks(GNN) to model non-linear conversations on a thread. To enhance the tweet representations in our method we employed a custom feature selection technique based on state-of-the-art BERTweet model. Experiments of three publicly available datasets confirm that 1) our GNN models outperform the the current state-of-the-art classifiers by more than 20%(F1-score); 2) our oversampling technique increases the model performance by more than 9%;(F1-score) 3) focusing on relevant tweets for data augmentation via non-random selection criteria can further improve the results; and 4) our method has superior capabilities to detect rumours at very early stage.

Climate change has become one of the biggest challenges of our time. Social media platforms such as Twitter play an important role in raising public awareness and spreading knowledge about the dangers of the current climate crisis. With the increasing number of campaigns and communication about climate change through social media, the information could create more awareness and reach the general public and policy makers. However, these Twitter communications lead to polarization of beliefs, opinion-dominated ideologies, and often a split into two communities of climate change deniers and believers. In this paper, we propose a framework that helps identify denier statements on Twitter and thus classifies the stance of the tweet into one of the two attitudes towards climate change (denier/believer). The sentimental aspects of Twitter data on climate change are deeply rooted in general public attitudes toward climate change. Therefore, our work focuses on learning two closely related tasks: Stance Detection and Sentiment Analysis of climate change tweets. We propose a multi-task framework that performs stance detection (primary task) and sentiment analysis (auxiliary task) simultaneously. The proposed model incorporates the feature-specific and shared-specific attention frameworks to fuse multiple features and learn the generalized features for both tasks. The experimental results show that the proposed framework increases the performance of the primary task, i.e., stance detection by benefiting from the auxiliary task, i.e., sentiment analysis compared to its uni-modal and single-task variants.

社会对社交媒体的依赖不断增长，用户为新闻和信息产生的内容增强了不可靠的资源和虚假内容的影响，这使公众讨论并减少了对媒体的信任。验证此类信息的可信度是一项艰巨的任务，容易受到确认偏见的影响，从而开发了算法技术以区分假新闻和真实新闻。但是，大多数现有的方法都具有挑战性的解释，使得难以建立对预测的信任，并在许多现实世界中（例如，视听功能或出处的可用性）做出不现实的假设。在这项工作中，我们专注于使用可解释的功能和方法对文本内容的虚假新闻检测。特别是，我们开发了一个深层的概率模型，该模型使用各种自动编码器和双向长期记忆（LSTM）网络（LSTM）网络与语义主题相关的特征从贝叶斯混合模型推断出来。使用3个现实世界数据集的广泛的实验研究表明，我们的模型可与最先进的竞争模型达到可比的性能，同时促进从学习的主题中解释模型。最后，我们进行了模型消融研究，以证明整合神经嵌入和主题特征的有效性和准确性是通过在较低维嵌入中可分离性评估性能和定性性来定量的。

自2020年初以来，Covid-19-19造成了全球重大影响。这给社会带来了很多困惑，尤其是由于错误信息通过社交媒体传播。尽管已经有几项与在社交媒体数据中发现错误信息有关的研究，但大多数研究都集中在英语数据集上。印度尼西亚的COVID-19错误信息检测的研究仍然很少。因此，通过这项研究，我们收集和注释印尼语的数据集，并通过考虑该推文的相关性来构建用于检测COVID-19错误信息的预测模型。数据集构造是由一组注释者进行的，他们标记了推文数据的相关性和错误信息。在这项研究中，我们使用印度培训预培训的语言模型提出了两阶段分类器模型，以进行推文错误信息检测任务。我们还尝试了其他几种基线模型进行文本分类。实验结果表明，对于相关性预测，BERT序列分类器的组合和用于错误信息检测的BI-LSTM的组合优于其他机器学习模型，精度为87.02％。总体而言，BERT利用率有助于大多数预测模型的更高性能。我们发布了高质量的Covid-19错误信息推文语料库，用高通道一致性表示。

In this paper, we present a study of regret and its expression on social media platforms. Specifically, we present a novel dataset of Reddit texts that have been classified into three classes: Regret by Action, Regret by Inaction, and No Regret. We then use this dataset to investigate the language used to express regret on Reddit and to identify the domains of text that are most commonly associated with regret. Our findings show that Reddit users are most likely to express regret for past actions, particularly in the domain of relationships. We also found that deep learning models using GloVe embedding outperformed other models in all experiments, indicating the effectiveness of GloVe for representing the meaning and context of words in the domain of regret. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the nature and prevalence of regret on social media, as well as the potential of deep learning and word embeddings for analyzing and understanding emotional language in online text. These findings have implications for the development of natural language processing algorithms and the design of social media platforms that support emotional expression and communication.

转移学习已通过深度审慎的语言模型广泛用于自然语言处理，例如来自变形金刚和通用句子编码器的双向编码器表示。尽管取得了巨大的成功，但语言模型应用于小型数据集时会过多地适合，并且很容易忘记与分类器进行微调时。为了解决这个忘记将深入的语言模型从一个域转移到另一个领域的问题，现有的努力探索了微调方法，以减少忘记。我们建议DeepeMotex是一种有效的顺序转移学习方法，以检测文本中的情绪。为了避免忘记问题，通过从Twitter收集的大量情绪标记的数据来仪器进行微调步骤。我们使用策划的Twitter数据集和基准数据集进行了一项实验研究。 DeepeMotex模型在测试数据集上实现多级情绪分类的精度超过91％。我们评估了微调DeepeMotex模型在分类Emoint和刺激基准数据集中的情绪时的性能。这些模型在基准数据集中的73％的实例中正确分类了情绪。所提出的DeepeMotex-Bert模型优于BI-LSTM在基准数据集上的BI-LSTM增长23％。我们还研究了微调数据集的大小对模型准确性的影响。我们的评估结果表明，通过大量情绪标记的数据进行微调提高了最终目标任务模型的鲁棒性和有效性。

本次调查绘制了用于分析社交媒体数据的生成方法的研究状态的广泛的全景照片（Sota）。它填补了空白，因为现有的调查文章在其范围内或被约会。我们包括两个重要方面，目前正在挖掘和建模社交媒体的重要性：动态和网络。社会动态对于了解影响影响或疾病的传播，友谊的形成，友谊的形成等，另一方面，可以捕获各种复杂关系，提供额外的洞察力和识别否则将不会被注意的重要模式。

The health mention classification (HMC) task is the process of identifying and classifying mentions of health-related concepts in text. This can be useful for identifying and tracking the spread of diseases through social media posts. However, this is a non-trivial task. Here we build on recent studies suggesting that using emotional information may improve upon this task. Our study results in a framework for health mention classification that incorporates affective features. We present two methods, an intermediate task fine-tuning approach (implicit) and a multi-feature fusion approach (explicit) to incorporate emotions into our target task of HMC. We evaluated our approach on 5 HMC-related datasets from different social media platforms including three from Twitter, one from Reddit and another from a combination of social media sources. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our approach results in statistically significant performance gains on HMC tasks. By using the multi-feature fusion approach, we achieve at least a 3% improvement in F1 score over BERT baselines across all datasets. We also show that considering only negative emotions does not significantly affect performance on the HMC task. Additionally, our results indicate that HMC models infused with emotional knowledge are an effective alternative, especially when other HMC datasets are unavailable for domain-specific fine-tuning. The source code for our models is freely available at https://github.com/tahirlanre/Emotion_PHM.

随着社交媒体平台从基于文本的论坛发展为多模式环境，社交媒体中错误信息的性质也正在发生相应的变化。利用这样一个事实，即图像和视频等视觉方式对用户更有利和吸引力，并且有时会毫不粗糙地浏览文本内容，否则传播器最近针对模式之间的上下文相关性，例如文本和图像。因此，许多研究工作已经发展为自动技术，用于检测基于Web的媒体中可能的跨模式不一致。在这项工作中，我们旨在分析，分类和确定现有方法，除了面临的挑战和缺点外，还要在多模式错误信息检测领域中发掘新的机会。

随着社交媒体平台的可访问性迅速增加，有效的假新闻探测器变得至关重要。