基于变压器的预审前的语言模型(LMS)在自然语言的理解中无处不在,但由于其二次复杂性,无法应用于故事,科学文章和长文档等长序列。尽管已经提出了无数有效的变压器变体,但它们通常是基于需要从头开始的昂贵预处理的自定义实现。在这项工作中,我们提出了雪橇:滑动编码器和解码器,这是一种处理长序列的简单方法,可以重新使用和利用经过战斗测试的短文本预处理的LMS。具体而言,我们将输入分配到重叠的块中,用短文本LM编码器编码每个块,然后使用预审计的解码器将信息融合到跨块(Fusion-In-In-In-In-indecoder)之间。我们通过受控实验说明,雪橇提供了一种可行的策略,可以长期理解并评估我们在卷轴上的方法,这是一个基准,该基准在各种语言理解任务中具有七个数据集。我们发现,雪橇与高达50倍的专业型号具有竞争力,并且需要专用且昂贵的预处理步骤。
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我们提出了一项实证研究,以适应现有的经过验证的文本对文本模型,以备长期输入。通过沿预训练管道的三个轴的全面研究 - 模型架构,优化目标和训练式语料库,我们提出了一种有效的食谱,以从现有的短篇小说模型中构建长篇小说模型。具体而言,我们用汇总仪的块关注替换了变压器中的全部注意力,并使用蒙版的跨度预测任务为模型预算,长度不同。就训练训练的语料库而言,我们发现,与使用通常在其域覆盖范围中通常受到限制的现有长文档语料库相比,使用大型开放域语料库的随机串联的短篇小说可以提高性能。通过这些发现,我们建立了一个长篇文本模型,该模型可以在长篇文本质量检查任务上实现竞争性能,并在五个长文本摘要数据集上建立新的最新技术,通常优于先前的方法,具有较大的模型大小。
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尽管经过验证的大型变压器模型已被证明具有很高的能力解决自然语言任务,但处理长序列输入仍然是一个重大挑战。这样的任务之一就是长输入摘要,其中输入比大多数预验证的模型的最大输入上下文更长。通过一系列广泛的实验,我们研究了哪些模型架构变化和预处理范式可以最有效地适应经过预定的变压器以进行长输入摘要。我们发现,带有全局编码器代币的交错,块状变压器可以达到良好的性能和效率平衡,并且在长序列上有意义地改善了下游摘要性能。根据我们的发现,我们介绍了Pegasus-X,这是Pegasus模型的扩展,并具有额外的长输入预处理,以处理最多16K令牌的输入。 Pegasus-X在长输入摘要任务上实现了强劲的性能,与更大的模型相当,同时添加了很少的其他参数,并且不需要模型并行训练。
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NLP基准在很大程度上主要集中在短篇文本上,例如句子和段落,即使长文本在野外占相当数量的自然语言。我们介绍卷轴,这是一套需要在长文本上推理的任务套件。我们检查现有的长文本数据集,文本自然是长期的,同时优先考虑涉及在输入上扫描信息的任务。滚动包含概述,问题应答和自然语言推理任务,包括多个域,包括文学,科学,业务和娱乐。初始基线(包括啰覆编码器),表明滚动有充足的改进空间。我们以统一的文本到文本格式提供所有数据集,并托管Live Refordboard,以促进模型架构和预用方法的研究。
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最近的工作表明,(1)增加输入长度或(2)增加模型大小可以提高基于变压器的神经模型的性能。在本文中,我们提出了一个名为Longt5的新模型,我们探讨了同时缩放输入长度和模型大小的效果。具体而言,我们综合了从长输入变压器(ETC)的关注思路,并采用了从摘要预训练(PEGASU)的预训练策略进入可扩展的T5架构。结果是我们称之为{\ EM瞬态全球}(TGLOBAL)的新关注机制,这些机制是模仿等本地/全球注意力机制,但不需要额外的侧面输入。我们能够实现最先进的结果,以若干摘要任务,优于问题应答任务的原始T5模型。
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以查询为中心的摘要(QFS)旨在产生应答感兴趣的特定问题的摘要,从而实现更大的用户控制和个性化。虽然最近发布的数据集如QMSUM或Aquamuse,促进QFS中的研究工作,但该领域缺乏对适用建模方法的广泛空间的全面研究。在本文中,考虑到两种普遍的方法,我们对QFS进行了系统探索,探讨了QFS:两阶段的采掘解决方案和端到端模型。在这些类别中,我们调查现有方法,并呈现了在QMSUM数据集上实现最先进的性能的两个模型扩展,其边缘高达3.38 Rouge-1,3.72 Rouge-2和3.28 Rouge-L。通过定量实验,我们突出了不同模型配置之间的权衡,并探讨了摘要任务之间的转移能力。代码和检查点公开可用:https://github.com/salesforce/query-focused-sum。
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Transformers-based models, such as BERT, have been one of the most successful deep learning models for NLP. Unfortunately, one of their core limitations is the quadratic dependency (mainly in terms of memory) on the sequence length due to their full attention mechanism. To remedy this, we propose, BIGBIRD, a sparse attention mechanism that reduces this quadratic dependency to linear. We show that BIGBIRD is a universal approximator of sequence functions and is Turing complete, thereby preserving these properties of the quadratic, full attention model. Along the way, our theoretical analysis reveals some of the benefits of having O(1) global tokens (such as CLS), that attend to the entire sequence as part of the sparse attention mechanism. The proposed sparse attention can handle sequences of length up to 8x of what was previously possible using similar hardware. As a consequence of the capability to handle longer context, BIGBIRD drastically improves performance on various NLP tasks such as question answering and summarization. We also propose novel applications to genomics data.
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诸如学术文章和商业报告之类的长期文件一直是详细说明重要问题和需要额外关注的复杂主题的标准格式。自动汇总系统可以有效地将长文档置于简短而简洁的文本中,以封装最重要的信息,从而在帮助读者的理解中很重要。最近,随着神经体系结构的出现,已经做出了重大的研究工作,以推动自动文本摘要系统,以及有关将这些系统扩展到长期文档领域的挑战的大量研究。在这项调查中,我们提供了有关长期文档摘要的研究的全面概述,以及其研究环境的三个主要组成部分的系统评估:基准数据集,汇总模型和评估指标。对于每个组成部分,我们在长期汇总的背景下组织文献,并进行经验分析,以扩大有关当前研究进度的观点。实证分析包括一项研究基准数据集的内在特征,摘要模型的多维分析以及摘要评估指标的综述。根据总体发现,我们通过提出可能在这个快速增长的领域中提出未来探索的方向来得出结论。
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许多NLP任务需要处理超出预磨模模型的长度限制的长语境。为了将这些模型扩展到更长的文本序列,已经提出了许多有效的远程注意力变体。尽管沿着这个方向进行了丰富的研究,但仍然难以在实际用例中衡量这些模型的相对有效性,例如,如果我们在预先rain-yfetune范式之后应用这些模型。在这项工作中,我们的目标是对这些具有大规模和受控实验的这些新兴模型进行彻底的分析。对于每个关注变体,我们使用相同的长DOC语料库,然后使用相同的长DOC语料库,然后为现实世界的长情节任务进行芬特这些模型。我们的调查结果揭示了现有广泛使用的远程基准的陷阱,并显示任何经过测试的高效关注可以在标准预介质范式下击败一个简单的本地窗口关注。对本地注意力变化的进一步分析表明,即使是常用的注意力窗口重叠也没有必要实现良好的下游结果 - 使用不相交的本地关注,我们能够构建符合性能的更简单且更高效的Long-Doc QA模型霍尔福勒〜\ citep {longformer}其预先花费的一半。
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查询聚焦的文本摘要(QFTS)任务旨在构建基于给定查询的文本文档摘要的构建系统。解决此任务的关键挑战是缺乏培训摘要模型的大量标记数据。在本文中,我们通过探索一系列域适应技术来解决这一挑战。鉴于最近在广泛的自然语言处理任务中进行预先接受的变压器模型的成功,我们利用此类模型为单文档和多文件方案的QFTS任务产生抽象摘要。对于域适应,我们使用预先训练的变压器的摘要模型应用了各种技术,包括转移学习,弱监督学习和远程监督。六个数据集的广泛实验表明,我们所提出的方法非常有效地为QFTS任务产生抽象摘要,同时在一组自动和人类评估指标上设置新的最先进的结果。
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We present BART, a denoising autoencoder for pretraining sequence-to-sequence models. BART is trained by ( 1) corrupting text with an arbitrary noising function, and (2) learning a model to reconstruct the original text. It uses a standard Tranformer-based neural machine translation architecture which, despite its simplicity, can be seen as generalizing BERT (due to the bidirectional encoder), GPT (with the left-to-right decoder), and many other more recent pretraining schemes. We evaluate a number of noising approaches, finding the best performance by both randomly shuffling the order of the original sentences and using a novel in-filling scheme, where spans of text are replaced with a single mask token. BART is particularly effective when fine tuned for text generation but also works well for comprehension tasks. It matches the performance of RoBERTa with comparable training resources on GLUE and SQuAD, achieves new stateof-the-art results on a range of abstractive dialogue, question answering, and summarization tasks, with gains of up to 6 ROUGE. BART also provides a 1.1 BLEU increase over a back-translation system for machine translation, with only target language pretraining. We also report ablation experiments that replicate other pretraining schemes within the BART framework, to better measure which factors most influence end-task performance.
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传达相关和忠实信息的能力对于有条件生成的许多任务至关重要,但对于神经SEQ-seq seq模型仍然难以捉摸,这些模型的输出通常显示出幻觉,并且无法正确涵盖重要细节。在这项工作中,我们主张规划作为有用的中间表示,以使有条件的一代减少不透明和扎根。我们的作品提出了将文本计划作为一系列提问(QA)对的新概念化。我们用QA蓝图作为内容选择(即〜说什么)和计划(即〜按什么顺序)来增强现有数据集(例如,用于摘要)。我们通过利用最先进的问题生成技术并将输入输出对自动获取蓝图,并将其转换为输入 - 蓝图输出输出元组。我们开发了基于变压器的模型,每个模型都在它们如何将蓝图合并到生成的输出中(例如,作为全局计划或迭代)。跨指标和数据集的评估表明,蓝图模型比不采取计划并允许对生成输出进行更严格控制的替代方案更为事实。
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我们表明,在将直接转换应用到数据集之后,自回归语言模型可以学会填充文本,这简单地将文本的跨度从文档的中间移动到了其末尾。虽然近年来这种数据增强引起了人们的极大兴趣,但我们提供了广泛的证据,表明以这种方式转换的数据很大一部分并不会损害原始的左右生成能力,这是通过困惑和抽样评估来衡量的广泛的尺度。鉴于培训模型对中间的有用性,简单性和效率(FIM),我们建议默认情况下使用FIM培训未来的自回归语言模型。为此,我们在关键的超参数上运行一系列消融,例如数据转换频率,转换的结构以及选择填充跨度的方法。我们使用这些消融来规定强大的默认设置和最佳实践来训练FIM模型。我们发布了最佳的填充模型,该模型在API中培训了最佳实践,并发布了我们的填充基准,以帮助未来的研究。
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In this work, we explore "prompt tuning," a simple yet effective mechanism for learning "soft prompts" to condition frozen language models to perform specific downstream tasks. Unlike the discrete text prompts used by GPT-3, soft prompts are learned through backpropagation and can be tuned to incorporate signals from any number of labeled examples. Our end-to-end learned approach outperforms GPT-3's few-shot learning by a large margin. More remarkably, through ablations on model size using T5, we show that prompt tuning becomes more competitive with scale: as models exceed billions of parameters, our method "closes the gap" and matches the strong performance of model tuning (where all model weights are tuned). This finding is especially relevant because large models are costly to share and serve and the ability to reuse one frozen model for multiple downstream tasks can ease this burden. Our method can be seen as a simplification of the recently proposed "prefix tuning" of Li and Liang (2021) and we provide a comparison to this and other similar approaches. Finally, we show that conditioning a frozen model with soft prompts confers benefits in robustness to domain transfer and enables efficient "prompt ensembling." * Work done as a Google AI Resident.
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基础模型由于在广泛的下游应用中的有效性而受到了很多关注。尽管在体系结构方面存在很大的融合,但大多数审慎的模型通常仍用于特定任务或模式。在这项工作中,我们建议将语言模型用作各种基础模型的通用接口。一系列预处理的编码者感知到了多种方式(例如视觉和语言),并与扮演通用任务层角色的语言模型对接。我们提出了一个半伴侣的语言建模目标,以共同确定界面和模块化编码器。我们从因果关系和非因果建模中涵盖了优势和能力,从而结合了两个世界的最佳状态。具体而言,所提出的方法不仅从因果语言建模中继承了内在学习和开放式生成的能力,而且由于双向编码器而有利于填补。更重要的是,我们的方法无缝地解锁了上述功能的组合,例如,通过填充编码器启用了文本学习或指导。各种仅语言和视觉语言基准的实验结果表明,我们的模型表现优于或与鉴定,零弹性概括和几乎没有的学习的专业模型竞争。
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Query-focused summarization has been considered as an important extension for text summarization. It aims to generate a concise highlight for a given query. Different from text summarization, query-focused summarization has long been plagued by the problem of lacking high-quality large-scale datasets. In this paper, we investigate the idea that whether we can integrate and transfer the knowledge of text summarization and question answering to assist the few-shot learning in query-focused summarization. Here, we propose prefix-merging, a prefix-based pretraining strategy for few-shot learning in query-focused summarization. Drawn inspiration from prefix-tuning, we are allowed to integrate the task knowledge from text summarization and question answering into a properly designed prefix and apply the merged prefix to query-focused summarization. With only a small amount of trainable parameters, prefix-merging outperforms fine-tuning on query-focused summarization. We further discuss the influence of different prefix designs and propose a visualized explanation for how prefix-merging works.
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Transformers do not scale very well to long sequence lengths largely because of quadratic self-attention complexity. In the recent months, a wide spectrum of efficient, fast Transformers have been proposed to tackle this problem, more often than not claiming superior or comparable model quality to vanilla Transformer models. To this date, there is no well-established consensus on how to evaluate this class of models. Moreover, inconsistent benchmarking on a wide spectrum of tasks and datasets makes it difficult to assess relative model quality amongst many models. This paper proposes a systematic and unified benchmark, Long-Range Arena, specifically focused on evaluating model quality under long-context scenarios. Our benchmark is a suite of tasks consisting of sequences ranging from 1K to 16K tokens, encompassing a wide range of data types and modalities such as text, natural, synthetic images, and mathematical expressions requiring similarity, structural, and visual-spatial reasoning. We systematically evaluate ten well-established long-range Transformer models (Reformers, Linformers, Linear Transformers, Sinkhorn Transformers, Performers, Synthesizers, Sparse Transformers, and Longformers) on our newly proposed benchmark suite. Long-Range Arena paves the way towards better understanding this class of efficient Transformer models, facilitates more research in this direction, and presents new challenging tasks to tackle. Our benchmark code will be released at https://github.com/google-research/long-range-arena.
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Transfer learning, where a model is first pre-trained on a data-rich task before being finetuned on a downstream task, has emerged as a powerful technique in natural language processing (NLP). The effectiveness of transfer learning has given rise to a diversity of approaches, methodology, and practice. In this paper, we explore the landscape of transfer learning techniques for NLP by introducing a unified framework that converts all text-based language problems into a text-to-text format. Our systematic study compares pre-training objectives, architectures, unlabeled data sets, transfer approaches, and other factors on dozens of language understanding tasks. By combining the insights from our exploration with scale and our new "Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus", we achieve state-of-the-art results on many benchmarks covering summarization, question answering, text classification, and more. To facilitate future work on transfer learning for NLP, we release our data set, pre-trained models, and code.
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Entities, as important carriers of real-world knowledge, play a key role in many NLP tasks. We focus on incorporating entity knowledge into an encoder-decoder framework for informative text generation. Existing approaches tried to index, retrieve, and read external documents as evidence, but they suffered from a large computational overhead. In this work, we propose an encoder-decoder framework with an entity memory, namely EDMem. The entity knowledge is stored in the memory as latent representations, and the memory is pre-trained on Wikipedia along with encoder-decoder parameters. To precisely generate entity names, we design three decoding methods to constrain entity generation by linking entities in the memory. EDMem is a unified framework that can be used on various entity-intensive question answering and generation tasks. Extensive experimental results show that EDMem outperforms both memory-based auto-encoder models and non-memory encoder-decoder models.
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大型语言模型在各种任务上显示出令人印象深刻的几次结果。但是,当知识是此类结果的关键时,就像问题回答和事实检查之类的任务一样,似乎需要存储知识的大量参数计数。众所周知,检索增强模型可以在不需要多个参数的情况下在知识密集的任务上表现出色,但是目前尚不清楚它们是否在几个弹药设置中工作。在这项工作中,我们介绍了地图集,这是一个经过精心设计和预先训练的增强语言模型,能够通过很少的培训示例学习知识密集型任务。我们对包括MMLU,苏格兰短裙和归类等各种任务进行评估,并研究文档索引内容的影响,表明它可以很容易地进行更新。值得注意的是,在自然问题上仅使用64个示例在自然问题上达到超过42 \%的准确性,尽管参数少了50倍,但比540B参数模型的表现优于540b参数模型。
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