域适应任务，如跨域情感分类的目标在于利用在目标域源域中现有数据标记和未标记的或标记的几个数据经由减少数据分布之间的偏移，以提高在目标域的性能。现有跨域情绪分类方法需要区分枢转，即，域共享情绪词语，和非枢转时，即，该特定域的情绪也就是说，对于优良的适应性能。在本文中，我们首先设计一个类别关注网络（CAN），然后提出一个名为CAN-CNN集成CAN和卷积神经网络（CNN）模型。在一方面，该模型的问候基点和非关键数据作为统一的类别属性的话，可以自动捕捉他们提高域自适应性能;在另一方面，该模式使得在解释性试图了解转移类别属性词。具体地，我们的模型的优化目标具有三个不同的部分：1）监督分类损失; 2）类别特征权重的分布丢失; 3）的域不变性损失。最后，该模型在三个民情分析数据集进行评估，结果表明，CAN-CNN能优于其他各种基线的方法。

Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) aims at extracting opinionated aspect terms in review texts and determining their sentiment polarities, which is widely studied in both academia and industry. As a fine-grained classification task, the annotation cost is extremely high. Domain adaptation is a popular solution to alleviate the data deficiency issue in new domains by transferring common knowledge across domains. Most cross-domain ABSA studies are based on structure correspondence learning (SCL), and use pivot features to construct auxiliary tasks for narrowing down the gap between domains. However, their pivot-based auxiliary tasks can only transfer knowledge of aspect terms but not sentiment, limiting the performance of existing models. In this work, we propose a novel Syntax-guided Domain Adaptation Model, named SDAM, for more effective cross-domain ABSA. SDAM exploits syntactic structure similarities for building pseudo training instances, during which aspect terms of target domain are explicitly related to sentiment polarities. Besides, we propose a syntax-based BERT mask language model for further capturing domain-invariant features. Finally, to alleviate the sentiment inconsistency issue in multi-gram aspect terms, we introduce a span-based joint aspect term and sentiment analysis module into the cross-domain End2End ABSA. Experiments on five benchmark datasets show that our model consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art baselines with respect to Micro-F1 metric for the cross-domain End2End ABSA task.

Deep domain adaptation has emerged as a new learning technique to address the lack of massive amounts of labeled data. Compared to conventional methods, which learn shared feature subspaces or reuse important source instances with shallow representations, deep domain adaptation methods leverage deep networks to learn more transferable representations by embedding domain adaptation in the pipeline of deep learning. There have been comprehensive surveys for shallow domain adaptation, but few timely reviews the emerging deep learning based methods. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of deep domain adaptation methods for computer vision applications with four major contributions. First, we present a taxonomy of different deep domain adaptation scenarios according to the properties of data that define how two domains are diverged. Second, we summarize deep domain adaptation approaches into several categories based on training loss, and analyze and compare briefly the state-of-the-art methods under these categories. Third, we overview the computer vision applications that go beyond image classification, such as face recognition, semantic segmentation and object detection. Fourth, some potential deficiencies of current methods and several future directions are highlighted.

这些年来跨域情绪分类一直是一个热点，旨在使用来自源域的标记数据来学习可靠的分类器，并在目标域上进行评估。在此静脉中，大多数方法利用域适应，将数据从不同域映射到共同的特征空间。为了进一步提高模型性能，提出了针对挖掘域特定信息的几种方法。但是，其中大多数仅利用有限的域特定信息。在这项研究中，我们首先通过基于主题信息制定一种提取特定域的单词的方法。然后，我们提出了一个主题驱动的自适应网络（TDAN），用于跨域情绪分类。该网络由两个子网络组成：语义注意网络和域特定的单词注意网络，其结构基于变压器。这些子网采用不同的输入形式，并且它们的输出被融合为特征向量。实验验证了我们TDAN对跨域情绪分类的有效性。

在图像分类中，获得足够的标签通常昂贵且耗时。为了解决这个问题，域适应通常提供有吸引力的选择，给出了来自类似性质但不同域的大量标记数据。现有方法主要对准单个结构提取的表示的分布，并且表示可以仅包含部分信息，例如，仅包含部分饱和度，亮度和色调信息。在这一行中，我们提出了多代表性适应，这可以大大提高跨域图像分类的分类精度，并且特别旨在对准由名为Inception Adaption Adationation模块（IAM）提取的多个表示的分布。基于此，我们呈现多色自适应网络（MRAN）来通过多表示对准完成跨域图像分类任务，该任向性可以捕获来自不同方面的信息。此外，我们扩展了最大的平均差异（MMD）来计算适应损耗。我们的方法可以通过扩展具有IAM的大多数前进模型来轻松实现，并且网络可以通过反向传播有效地培训。在三个基准图像数据集上进行的实验证明了备的有效性。代码已在https://github.com/easezyc/deep-transfer -learning上获得。

Recent reports suggest that a generic supervised deep CNN model trained on a large-scale dataset reduces, but does not remove, dataset bias. Fine-tuning deep models in a new domain can require a significant amount of labeled data, which for many applications is simply not available. We propose a new CNN architecture to exploit unlabeled and sparsely labeled target domain data. Our approach simultaneously optimizes for domain invariance to facilitate domain transfer and uses a soft label distribution matching loss to transfer information between tasks. Our proposed adaptation method offers empirical performance which exceeds previously published results on two standard benchmark visual domain adaptation tasks, evaluated across supervised and semi-supervised adaptation settings.

Domain adaptation aims at generalizing a high-performance learner on a target domain via utilizing the knowledge distilled from a source domain which has a different but related data distribution. One solution to domain adaptation is to learn domain invariant feature representations while the learned representations should also be discriminative in prediction. To learn such representations, domain adaptation frameworks usually include a domain invariant representation learning approach to measure and reduce the domain discrepancy, as well as a discriminator for classification. Inspired by Wasserstein GAN, in this paper we propose a novel approach to learn domain invariant feature representations, namely Wasserstein Distance Guided Representation Learning (WD-GRL). WDGRL utilizes a neural network, denoted by the domain critic, to estimate empirical Wasserstein distance between the source and target samples and optimizes the feature extractor network to minimize the estimated Wasserstein distance in an adversarial manner. The theoretical advantages of Wasserstein distance for domain adaptation lie in its gradient property and promising generalization bound. Empirical studies on common sentiment and image classification adaptation datasets demonstrate that our proposed WDGRL outperforms the state-of-the-art domain invariant representation learning approaches.

虽然在许多域内生成并提供了大量的未标记数据，但对视觉数据的自动理解的需求高于以往任何时候。大多数现有机器学习模型通常依赖于大量标记的训练数据来实现高性能。不幸的是，在现实世界的应用中，不能满足这种要求。标签的数量有限，手动注释数据昂贵且耗时。通常需要将知识从现有标记域传输到新域。但是，模型性能因域之间的差异（域移位或数据集偏差）而劣化。为了克服注释的负担，域适应（DA）旨在在将知识从一个域转移到另一个类似但不同的域中时减轻域移位问题。无监督的DA（UDA）处理标记的源域和未标记的目标域。 UDA的主要目标是减少标记的源数据和未标记的目标数据之间的域差异，并在培训期间在两个域中学习域不变的表示。在本文中，我们首先定义UDA问题。其次，我们从传统方法和基于深度学习的方法中概述了不同类别的UDA的最先进的方法。最后，我们收集常用的基准数据集和UDA最先进方法的报告结果对视觉识别问题。

虽然无监督的域适应（UDA）算法，即，近年来只有来自源域的标记数据，大多数算法和理论结果侧重于单源无监督域适应（SUDA）。然而，在实际情况下，标记的数据通常可以从多个不同的源收集，并且它们可能不仅不同于目标域而且彼此不同。因此，来自多个源的域适配器不应以相同的方式进行建模。最近基于深度学习的多源无监督域适应（Muda）算法专注于通过在通用特征空间中的所有源极和目标域的分布对齐来提取所有域的公共域不变表示。但是，往往很难提取Muda中所有域的相同域不变表示。此外，这些方法匹配分布而不考虑类之间的域特定的决策边界。为了解决这些问题，我们提出了一个新的框架，具有两个对准阶段的Muda，它不仅将每对源和目标域的分布对齐，而且还通过利用域特定的分类器的输出对准决策边界。广泛的实验表明，我们的方法可以对图像分类的流行基准数据集实现显着的结果。

大多数现有的多源域适配（MSDA）方法通过特征分布对准最小化多个源 - 目标域对之间的距离，从单个源设置借用的方法。但是，对于不同的源极域，对齐成对特征分布是具有挑战性的，甚至可以对MSDA进行反效率。在本文中，我们介绍了一种新颖的方法：可转让的属性学习。动机很简单：虽然不同的域可以具有急剧不同的视野，但它们包含相同的类类，其特征在一起相同的属性;因此，MSDA模型应该专注于学习目标域的最可转换的属性。采用这种方法，我们提出了域名关注一致性网络，称为DAC网。关键设计是一个特征通道注意模块，旨在识别可转移功能（属性）。重要的是，注意模块受到一致性损失的监督，这对源极和目标域之间的信道注意权重的分布施加。此外，为了促进对目标数据的鉴别特征学习，我们将伪标记与类紧凑性丢失相结合，以最小化目标特征和分类器的权重向量之间的距离。在三个MSDA基准测试中进行了广泛的实验表明，我们的DAC-NET在所有这些中实现了新的最新性能。

Transfer learning aims at improving the performance of target learners on target domains by transferring the knowledge contained in different but related source domains. In this way, the dependence on a large number of target domain data can be reduced for constructing target learners. Due to the wide application prospects, transfer learning has become a popular and promising area in machine learning. Although there are already some valuable and impressive surveys on transfer learning, these surveys introduce approaches in a relatively isolated way and lack the recent advances in transfer learning. Due to the rapid expansion of the transfer learning area, it is both necessary and challenging to comprehensively review the relevant studies. This survey attempts to connect and systematize the existing transfer learning researches, as well as to summarize and interpret the mechanisms and the strategies of transfer learning in a comprehensive way, which may help readers have a better understanding of the current research status and ideas. Unlike previous surveys, this survey paper reviews more than forty representative transfer learning approaches, especially homogeneous transfer learning approaches, from the perspectives of data and model. The applications of transfer learning are also briefly introduced. In order to show the performance of different transfer learning models, over twenty representative transfer learning models are used for experiments. The models are performed on three different datasets, i.e., Amazon Reviews, Reuters-21578, and Office-31. And the experimental results demonstrate the importance of selecting appropriate transfer learning models for different applications in practice.

The recent success of deep neural networks relies on massive amounts of labeled data. For a target task where labeled data is unavailable, domain adaptation can transfer a learner from a different source domain. In this paper, we propose a new approach to domain adaptation in deep networks that can jointly learn adaptive classifiers and transferable features from labeled data in the source domain and unlabeled data in the target domain. We relax a shared-classifier assumption made by previous methods and assume that the source classifier and target classifier differ by a residual function. We enable classifier adaptation by plugging several layers into deep network to explicitly learn the residual function with reference to the target classifier. We fuse features of multiple layers with tensor product and embed them into reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces to match distributions for feature adaptation. The adaptation can be achieved in most feed-forward models by extending them with new residual layers and loss functions, which can be trained efficiently via back-propagation. Empirical evidence shows that the new approach outperforms state of the art methods on standard domain adaptation benchmarks.

最近的智能故障诊断（IFD）的进展大大依赖于深度代表学习和大量标记数据。然而，机器通常以各种工作条件操作，或者目标任务具有不同的分布，其中包含用于训练的收集数据（域移位问题）。此外，目标域中的新收集的测试数据通常是未标记的，导致基于无监督的深度转移学习（基于UDTL为基础的）IFD问题。虽然它已经实现了巨大的发展，但标准和开放的源代码框架以及基于UDTL的IFD的比较研究尚未建立。在本文中，我们根据不同的任务，构建新的分类系统并对基于UDTL的IFD进行全面审查。对一些典型方法和数据集的比较分析显示了基于UDTL的IFD中的一些开放和基本问题，这很少研究，包括特征，骨干，负转移，物理前导等的可转移性，强调UDTL的重要性和再现性 - 基于IFD，整个测试框架将发布给研究界以促进未来的研究。总之，发布的框架和比较研究可以作为扩展界面和基本结果，以便对基于UDTL的IFD进行新的研究。代码框架可用于\ url {https:/github.com/zhaozhibin/udtl}。

在本文中，我们提出了一种使用域鉴别特征模块的双模块网络架构，以鼓励域不变的特征模块学习更多域不变的功能。该建议的架构可以应用于任何利用域不变功能的任何模型，用于无监督域适应，以提高其提取域不变特征的能力。我们在作为代表性算法的神经网络（DANN）模型的区域 - 对抗训练进行实验。在培训过程中，我们为两个模块提供相同的输入，然后分别提取它们的特征分布和预测结果。我们提出了差异损失，以找到预测结果的差异和两个模块之间的特征分布。通过对抗训练来最大化其特征分布和最小化其预测结果的差异，鼓励两个模块分别学习更多域歧视和域不变特征。进行了广泛的比较评估，拟议的方法在大多数无监督的域适应任务中表现出最先进的。

Unlike human learning, machine learning often fails to handle changes between training (source) and test (target) input distributions. Such domain shifts, common in practical scenarios, severely damage the performance of conventional machine learning methods. Supervised domain adaptation methods have been proposed for the case when the target data have labels, including some that perform very well despite being "frustratingly easy" to implement. However, in practice, the target domain is often unlabeled, requiring unsupervised adaptation. We propose a simple, effective, and efficient method for unsupervised domain adaptation called CORrelation ALignment (CORAL). CORAL minimizes domain shift by aligning the second-order statistics of source and target distributions, without requiring any target labels. Even though it is extraordinarily simple-it can be implemented in four lines of Matlab code-CORAL performs remarkably well in extensive evaluations on standard benchmark datasets."Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler."

在这项工作中，我们以一种充满挑战的自我监督方法研究无监督的领域适应性（UDA）。困难之一是如何在没有目标标签的情况下学习任务歧视。与以前的文献直接使跨域分布或利用反向梯度保持一致，我们建议域混淆对比度学习（DCCL），以通过域难题桥接源和目标域，并在适应后保留歧视性表示。从技术上讲，DCCL搜索了最大的挑战方向，而精美的工艺领域将增强型混淆为正对，然后对比鼓励该模型向其他领域提取陈述，从而学习更稳定和有效的域名。我们还研究对比度学习在执行其他数据增强时是否必然有助于UDA。广泛的实验表明，DCCL明显优于基准。

Deep learning has produced state-of-the-art results for a variety of tasks. While such approaches for supervised learning have performed well, they assume that training and testing data are drawn from the same distribution, which may not always be the case. As a complement to this challenge, single-source unsupervised domain adaptation can handle situations where a network is trained on labeled data from a source domain and unlabeled data from a related but different target domain with the goal of performing well at test-time on the target domain. Many single-source and typically homogeneous unsupervised deep domain adaptation approaches have thus been developed, combining the powerful, hierarchical representations from deep learning with domain adaptation to reduce reliance on potentially-costly target data labels. This survey will compare these approaches by examining alternative methods, the unique and common elements, results, and theoretical insights. We follow this with a look at application areas and open research directions.

跨域的建议显示了解决数据范围和冷启动问题方面有希望的结果。尽管取得了这样的进展，但现有的方法集中在知识转移的可提供的域可共享信息（重叠的用户或相同的上下文）上，并且在没有此类要求的情况下，它们无法很好地概括。为了解决这些问题，我们建议利用大多数电子商务系统一般的审核文本。我们的模型（命名为SER）使用三个文本分析模块，由单个域歧视器指导，用于分离表示表示。在这里，我们提出了一种新颖的优化策略，可以提高域分解的质量，并使源域的有害信息衰弱。此外，我们将编码网络从单个域扩展到多个域，事实证明，这对于基于审核的推荐系统具有强大的功能。广泛的实验和消融研究表明，与最先进的单域和跨域推荐方法相比，我们的方法是有效，健壮和可扩展的。

随着电子商务行业的爆炸性增长，检测现实世界应用中的在线交易欺诈对电子商务平台的发展越来越重要。用户的顺序行为历史提供有用的信息，以区分从常规支付的欺诈性付款。最近，已经提出了一些方法来解决基于序列的欺诈检测问题。然而，这些方法通常遭受两个问题：预测结果难以解释，并且对行为的内部信息的利用不足。为了解决上述两个问题，我们提出了一个分层可解释的网络（母鸡）来模拟用户的行为序列，这不仅可以提高欺诈检测的性能，还可以使推理过程解释。同时，随着电子商务业务扩展到新域名，例如新的国家或新市场，在欺诈检测系统中建模用户行为的一个主要问题是数据收集的限制，例如，非常少的数据/标签。因此，在本文中，我们进一步提出了一种转移框架来解决跨域欺诈检测问题，其旨在从现有域（源域）的知识传输足够的域（源域），以提高新域中的性能（目标域）。我们所提出的方法是一般的转移框架，不仅可以应用于母鸡而且可以在嵌入和MLP范例中应用各种现有模型。基于90个转移任务实验，我们还表明，我们的转移框架不仅可以促进母鸡的跨域欺诈检测任务，而且对于各种现有模型也是普遍的和可扩展的。

Recent works on domain adaptation reveal the effectiveness of adversarial learning on filling the discrepancy between source and target domains. However, two common limitations exist in current adversarial-learning-based methods. First, samples from two domains alone are not sufficient to ensure domain-invariance at most part of latent space. Second, the domain discriminator involved in these methods can only judge real or fake with the guidance of hard label, while it is more reasonable to use soft scores to evaluate the generated images or features, i.e., to fully utilize the inter-domain information. In this paper, we present adversarial domain adaptation with domain mixup (DM-ADA), which guarantees domain-invariance in a more continuous latent space and guides the domain discriminator in judging samples' difference relative to source and target domains. Domain mixup is jointly conducted on pixel and feature level to improve the robustness of models. Extensive experiments prove that the proposed approach can achieve superior performance on tasks with various degrees of domain shift and data complexity.