For decades, a variety of predictive approaches have been proposed and evaluated in terms of their prediction capability for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and its precursor - mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Most of them focused on prediction or identification of statistical differences among different clinical groups or phases (e.g., longitudinal studies). The continuous nature of AD development and transition states between successive AD related stages have been overlooked, especially in binary or multi-class classification. Though a few progression models of AD have been studied recently, they were mainly designed to determine and compare the order of specific biomarkers. How to effectively predict the individual patient's status within a wide spectrum of continuous AD progression has been largely overlooked. In this work, we developed a novel learning-based embedding framework to encode the intrinsic relations among AD related clinical stages by a set of meaningful embedding vectors in the latent space (Disease2Vec). We named this process as disease embedding. By disease em-bedding, the framework generates a disease embedding tree (DETree) which effectively represents different clinical stages as a tree trajectory reflecting AD progression and thus can be used to predict clinical status by projecting individuals onto this continuous trajectory. Through this model, DETree can not only perform efficient and accurate prediction for patients at any stages of AD development (across five clinical groups instead of typical two groups), but also provide richer status information by examining the projecting locations within a wide and continuous AD progression process.
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已经有几项尝试使用基于脑FMRI信号进行深入学习来对认知障碍疾病进行分类。但是,深度学习是一种隐藏的黑匣子模型,使得很难解释分类过程。为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一个新颖的分析框架,该框架解释了深度学习过程所产生的分类。我们首先通过基于其相似的信号模式嵌入功能来得出关注区域(ROI)功能连接网络(FCN)。然后,使用配备自我注意力的深度学习模型,我们根据其FCN对疾病进行分类。最后,为了解释分类结果,我们采用潜在的空间响应相互作用网络模型来识别与其他疾病相比表现出不同连接模式的重要功能。该提出的框架在四种类型的认知障碍中的应用表明,我们的方法对于确定重要的ROI功能有效。
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阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种不可逆的神经发电疾病的大脑。疾病可能会导致记忆力损失,难以沟通和迷失化。对于阿尔茨海默病的诊断,通常需要一系列尺度来临床评估诊断,这不仅增加了医生的工作量,而且还使诊断结果高度主观。因此,对于阿尔茨海默病,成像手段寻找早期诊断标志物已成为一个首要任务。在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的3DMGNET架构,该架构是多基体和卷积神经网络的统一框架,以诊断阿尔茨海默病(AD)。该模型使用Open DataSet(ADNI DataSet)培训,然后使用较小的DataSet进行测试。最后,该模型为AD VS NC分类实现了92.133%的精度,并显着降低了模型参数。
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主观认知下降(SCD)是阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)的临床前阶段,甚至在轻度认知障碍(MCI)之前就发生。渐进式SCD将转换为MCI,并有可能进一步发展为AD。因此,通过神经成像技术(例如,结构MRI)对进行性SCD的早期鉴定对于AD的早期干预具有巨大的临床价值。但是,现有的基于MRI的机器/深度学习方法通​​常会遇到小样本大小的问题,这对相关的神经影像学分析构成了巨大挑战。我们旨在解决本文的主要问题是如何利用相关领域(例如AD/NC)协助SCD的进展预测。同时,我们担心哪些大脑区域与进行性SCD的识别更加紧密相关。为此,我们提出了一个注意引导自动编码器模型,以进行有效的跨域适应,以促进知识转移从AD到SCD。所提出的模型由四个关键组成部分组成:1)用于学习不同域的共享子空间表示的功能编码模块,2)用于自动定义大脑中定义的兴趣障碍区域的注意模块,3)用于重构的解码模块原始输入,4)用于鉴定脑疾病的分类模块。通过对这四个模块的联合培训,可以学习域不变功能。同时,注意机制可以强调与脑部疾病相关的区域。公开可用的ADNI数据集和私人CLAS数据集的广泛实验证明了该方法的有效性。提出的模型直接可以在CPU上仅5-10秒进行训练和测试,并且适用于具有小数据集的医疗任务。
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Late-life depression (LLD) is a highly prevalent mood disorder occurring in older adults and is frequently accompanied by cognitive impairment (CI). Studies have shown that LLD may increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the heterogeneity of presentation of geriatric depression suggests that multiple biological mechanisms may underlie it. Current biological research on LLD progression incorporates machine learning that combines neuroimaging data with clinical observations. There are few studies on incident cognitive diagnostic outcomes in LLD based on structural MRI (sMRI). In this paper, we describe the development of a hybrid representation learning (HRL) framework for predicting cognitive diagnosis over 5 years based on T1-weighted sMRI data. Specifically, we first extract prediction-oriented MRI features via a deep neural network, and then integrate them with handcrafted MRI features via a Transformer encoder for cognitive diagnosis prediction. Two tasks are investigated in this work, including (1) identifying cognitively normal subjects with LLD and never-depressed older healthy subjects, and (2) identifying LLD subjects who developed CI (or even AD) and those who stayed cognitively normal over five years. To the best of our knowledge, this is among the first attempts to study the complex heterogeneous progression of LLD based on task-oriented and handcrafted MRI features. We validate the proposed HRL on 294 subjects with T1-weighted MRIs from two clinically harmonized studies. Experimental results suggest that the HRL outperforms several classical machine learning and state-of-the-art deep learning methods in LLD identification and prediction tasks.
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不同类型的神经影像数据的跨模式融合显示了预测阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)进展的巨大希望。但是,在神经成像中应用的大多数现有方法无法有效地融合来自多模式神经图像的功能和结构信息。在这项工作中,提出了一种新型的跨模式变压器生成对抗网络(CT-GAN),以融合包含在静止状态功能磁共振成像(RS-FMRI)中的功能信息(RS-FMRI),并包含在扩散张量图像(DTI)中包含的结构信息。开发的双重注意机制可以有效地匹配功能信息,并最大程度地提高从RS-FMRI和DTI提取互补信息的能力。通过捕获结构特征和功能特征之间的深层互补信息,提出的CT-GAN可以检测到与AD相关的大脑连接性,可以用作AD的生物标志物。实验结果表明,所提出的模型不仅可以改善分类性能,而且还可以有效地检测与广告相关的大脑连接性。
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在这项工作中,我们使用功能磁共振成像(fMRI)专注于具有挑战性的任务,神经疾病分类。在基于人群的疾病分析中,图卷积神经网络(GCN)取得了显着的成功。但是,这些成就与丰富的标记数据密不可分,对虚假信号敏感。为了改善在标签有效的设置下的fMRI表示学习和分类,我们建议在GCN上使用新颖的,理论驱动的自我监督学习(SSL)框架,即在FMRI分析门上用于时间自我监督学习的CCA。具体而言,要求设计合适有效的SSL策略来提取fMRI的形成和鲁棒特征。为此,我们研究了FMRI动态功能连接(FC)的几种新的图表增强策略,用于SSL培训。此外,我们利用规范相关分析(CCA)在不同的时间嵌入中,并呈现理论含义。因此,这产生了一个新颖的两步GCN学习程序,该过程包括在未标记的fMRI人群图上的(i)SSL组成,并且(ii)在小标记的fMRI数据集上进行了微调,以进行分类任务。我们的方法在两个独立的fMRI数据集上进行了测试,这表明自闭症和痴呆症诊断方面表现出色。
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生成的对抗网络(GAN)是在众多领域成功使用的一种强大的深度学习模型。它们属于一个称为生成方法的更广泛的家族,该家族通过从真实示例中学习样本分布来生成新数据。在临床背景下,与传统的生成方法相比,GAN在捕获空间复杂,非线性和潜在微妙的疾病作用方面表现出增强的能力。这篇综述评估了有关gan在各种神经系统疾病的成像研究中的应用的现有文献,包括阿尔茨海默氏病,脑肿瘤,脑老化和多发性硬化症。我们为每个应用程序提供了各种GAN方法的直观解释,并进一步讨论了在神经影像学中利用gans的主要挑战,开放问题以及有希望的未来方向。我们旨在通过强调如何利用gan来支持临床决策,并有助于更好地理解脑部疾病的结构和功能模式,从而弥合先进的深度学习方法和神经病学研究之间的差距。
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近年来,来自神经影像数据的脑疾病的单一受试者预测引起了人们的关注。然而,对于某些异质性疾病,例如严重抑郁症(MDD)和自闭症谱系障碍(ASD),大规模多站点数据集对预测模型的性能仍然很差。我们提出了一个两阶段的框架,以改善静止状态功能磁共振成像(RS-FMRI)的异质精神疾病的诊断。首先,我们建议对健康个体的数据进行自我监督的掩盖预测任务,以利用临床数据集中健康对照与患者之间的差异。接下来,我们在学习的判别性表示方面培训了一个有监督的分类器。为了建模RS-FMRI数据,我们开发Graph-S4;最近提出的状态空间模型S4扩展到图形设置,其中底层图结构未提前知道。我们表明,将框架和Graph-S4结合起来可以显着提高基于神经成像的MDD和ASD的基于神经影像学的单个主题预测模型和三个开源多中心RS-FMRI临床数据集的诊断性能。
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机器学习在医学图像分析中发挥着越来越重要的作用,产卵在神经影像症的临床应用中的新进展。之前有一些关于机器学习和癫痫的综述,它们主要专注于电生理信号,如脑电图(EEG)和立体脑电图(SEENG),同时忽略癫痫研究中神经影像的潜力。 NeuroImaging在确认癫痫区域的范围内具有重要的优点,这对于手术后的前诊所评估和评估至关重要。然而,脑电图难以定位大脑中的准确癫痫病变区。在这篇综述中,我们强调了癫痫诊断和预后在癫痫诊断和预后的背景下神经影像学和机器学习的相互作用。我们首先概述癫痫诊所,MRI,DWI,FMRI和PET中使用的癫痫和典型的神经影像姿态。然后,我们在将机器学习方法应用于神经影像数据的方法:i)将手动特征工程和分类器的传统机器学习方法阐述了两种方法,即卷积神经网络和自动化器等深度学习方法。随后,详细地研究了对癫痫,定位和横向化任务等分割,本地化和横向化任务的应用,以及与诊断和预后直接相关的任务。最后,我们讨论了目前的成就,挑战和潜在的未来方向,希望为癫痫的计算机辅助诊断和预后铺平道路。
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无创医学神经影像学已经对大脑连通性产生了许多发现。开发了几种实质技术绘制形态,结构和功能性脑连接性,以创建人脑中神经元活动的全面路线图。依靠其非欧国人数据类型,图形神经网络(GNN)提供了一种学习深图结构的巧妙方法,并且它正在迅速成为最先进的方法,从而导致各种网络神经科学任务的性能增强。在这里,我们回顾了当前基于GNN的方法,突出了它们在与脑图有关的几种应用中使用的方式,例如缺失的脑图合成和疾病分类。最后,我们通过绘制了通往网络神经科学领域中更好地应用GNN模型在神经系统障碍诊断和人群图整合中的路径。我们工作中引用的论文列表可在https://github.com/basiralab/gnns-inns-intwork-neuroscience上找到。
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Normative modelling is an emerging method for understanding the underlying heterogeneity within brain disorders like Alzheimer Disease (AD) by quantifying how each patient deviates from the expected normative pattern that has been learned from a healthy control distribution. Since AD is a multifactorial disease with more than one biological pathways, multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) neuroimaging data can provide complementary information about the disease heterogeneity. However, existing deep learning based normative models on multimodal MRI data use unimodal autoencoders with a single encoder and decoder that may fail to capture the relationship between brain measurements extracted from different MRI modalities. In this work, we propose multi-modal variational autoencoder (mmVAE) based normative modelling framework that can capture the joint distribution between different modalities to identify abnormal brain structural patterns in AD. Our multi-modal framework takes as input Freesurfer processed brain region volumes from T1-weighted (cortical and subcortical) and T2-weighed (hippocampal) scans of cognitively normal participants to learn the morphological characteristics of the healthy brain. The estimated normative model is then applied on Alzheimer Disease (AD) patients to quantify the deviation in brain volumes and identify the abnormal brain structural patterns due to the effect of the different AD stages. Our experimental results show that modeling joint distribution between the multiple MRI modalities generates deviation maps that are more sensitive to disease staging within AD, have a better correlation with patient cognition and result in higher number of brain regions with statistically significant deviations compared to a unimodal baseline model with all modalities concatenated as a single input.
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与大脑变化相关的阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)和轻度认知障碍(MCI)的评估仍然是一项艰巨的任务。最近的研究表明,多模式成像技术的组合可以更好地反映病理特征,并有助于更准确地诊断AD和MCI。在本文中,我们提出了一种新型的基于张量的多模式特征选择和回归方法,用于诊断和生物标志物对正常对照组的AD和MCI鉴定。具体而言,我们利用张量结构来利用多模式数据中固有的高级相关信息,并研究多线性回归模型中的张量级稀疏性。我们使用三种成像方式(VBM- MRI,FDG-PET和AV45-PET)具有疾病严重程度和认知评分的临床参数来分析ADNI数据的方法的实际优势。实验结果表明,我们提出的方法与疾病诊断的最新方法的优越性能以及疾病特异性区域和与模态相关的差异的鉴定。这项工作的代码可在https://github.com/junfish/bios22上公开获得。
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功能磁共振成像(fMRI)的功能连通性网络(FCN)数据越来越多地用于诊断脑疾病。然而,最新的研究用来使用单个脑部分析地图集以一定的空间尺度构建FCN,该空间尺度很大程度上忽略了层次范围内不同空间尺度的功能相互作用。在这项研究中,我们提出了一个新型框架,以对脑部疾病诊断进行多尺度FCN分析。我们首先使用一组定义明确的多尺地图像来计算多尺度FCN。然后,我们利用多尺度地图集中各个区域之间具有生物学意义的大脑分层关系,以跨多个空间尺度进行淋巴结池,即“ Atlas指导的池”。因此,我们提出了一个基于多尺度的层次图形卷积网络(MAHGCN),该网络(MAHGCN)建立在图形卷积和ATLAS引导的池上,以全面地从多尺度FCN中详细提取诊断信息。关于1792名受试者的神经影像数据的实验证明了我们提出的方法在诊断阿尔茨海默氏病(AD),AD的前驱阶段(即轻度认知障碍[MCI])以及自闭症谱系障碍(ASD),,AD的前瞻性阶段(即,轻度认知障碍[MCI]),,精度分别为88.9%,78.6%和72.7%。所有结果都显示出我们提出的方法比其他竞争方法具有显着优势。这项研究不仅证明了使用深度学习增强的静止状态fMRI诊断的可行性,而且还强调,值得探索多尺度脑层次结构中的功能相互作用,并将其整合到深度学习网络体系结构中,以更好地理解有关的神经病理学。脑疾病。
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阿尔茨海默氏病和额颞痴呆是两种主要痴呆症。它们的准确诊断和分化对于确定特定干预和治疗至关重要。然而,由于临床症状的类似模式,在疾病的早期,这两种痴呆症的鉴别诊断仍然很困难。因此,多种类型痴呆的自动分类具有重要的临床价值。到目前为止,尚未积极探索这一挑战。最近在医学图像领域进行深度学习的发展已经证明了各种分类任务的高性能。在本文中,我们建议利用两种类型的生物标志物:结构分级和结构萎缩。为此,我们首先建议训练大型3D U-NET的合奏,以局部区分健康与痴呆症解剖模式。这些模型的结果是一个可解释的3D分级图,能够指示异常的大脑区域。该地图也可以使用图形卷积神经网络在各种分类任务中被利用。最后,我们建议将深度分级和基于萎缩的分类结合起来,以改善痴呆型识别。与最先进的疾病检测任务和鉴别诊断任务相比,提出的框架表现出竞争性能。
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Structural alterations have been thoroughly investigated in the brain during the early onset of schizophrenia (SCZ) with the development of neuroimaging methods. The objective of the paper is an efficient classification of SCZ in 2 different classes: Cognitive Normal (CN), and SCZ using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images. This paper proposed a lightweight 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) based framework for SCZ diagnosis using MRI images. In the proposed model, lightweight 3D CNN is used to extract both spatial and spectral features simultaneously from 3D volume MRI scans, and classification is done using an ensemble bagging classifier. Ensemble bagging classifier contributes to preventing overfitting, reduces variance, and improves the model's accuracy. The proposed algorithm is tested on datasets taken from three benchmark databases available as open-source: MCICShare, COBRE, and fBRINPhase-II. These datasets have undergone preprocessing steps to register all the MRI images to the standard template and reduce the artifacts. The model achieves the highest accuracy 92.22%, sensitivity 94.44%, specificity 90%, precision 90.43%, recall 94.44%, F1-score 92.39% and G-mean 92.19% as compared to the current state-of-the-art techniques. The performance metrics evidenced the use of this model to assist the clinicians for automatic accurate diagnosis of SCZ.
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Mapping the connectome of the human brain using structural or functional connectivity has become one of the most pervasive paradigms for neuroimaging analysis. Recently, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) motivated from geometric deep learning have attracted broad interest due to their established power for modeling complex networked data. Despite their superior performance in many fields, there has not yet been a systematic study of how to design effective GNNs for brain network analysis. To bridge this gap, we present BrainGB, a benchmark for brain network analysis with GNNs. BrainGB standardizes the process by (1) summarizing brain network construction pipelines for both functional and structural neuroimaging modalities and (2) modularizing the implementation of GNN designs. We conduct extensive experiments on datasets across cohorts and modalities and recommend a set of general recipes for effective GNN designs on brain networks. To support open and reproducible research on GNN-based brain network analysis, we host the BrainGB website at https://braingb.us with models, tutorials, examples, as well as an out-of-box Python package. We hope that this work will provide useful empirical evidence and offer insights for future research in this novel and promising direction.
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Brain network provides important insights for the diagnosis of many brain disorders, and how to effectively model the brain structure has become one of the core issues in the domain of brain imaging analysis. Recently, various computational methods have been proposed to estimate the causal relationship (i.e., effective connectivity) between brain regions. Compared with traditional correlation-based methods, effective connectivity can provide the direction of information flow, which may provide additional information for the diagnosis of brain diseases. However, existing methods either ignore the fact that there is a temporal-lag in the information transmission across brain regions, or simply set the temporal-lag value between all brain regions to a fixed value. To overcome these issues, we design an effective temporal-lag neural network (termed ETLN) to simultaneously infer the causal relationships and the temporal-lag values between brain regions, which can be trained in an end-to-end manner. In addition, we also introduce three mechanisms to better guide the modeling of brain networks. The evaluation results on the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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阿尔茨海默氏病的准确诊断和预后对于开发新疗法和降低相关成本至关重要。最近,随着卷积神经网络的进步,已经提出了深度学习方法,以使用结构MRI自动化这两个任务。但是,这些方法通常缺乏解释性和泛化,预后表现有限。在本文中,我们提出了一个旨在克服这些局限性的新型深框架。我们的管道包括两个阶段。在第一阶段,使用125个3D U-NET来估计整个大脑的体voxelwise等级得分。然后将所得的3D地图融合,以构建一个可解释的3D分级图,以指示结构水平的疾病严重程度。结果,临床医生可以使用该地图来检测受疾病影响的大脑结构。在第二阶段,分级图和受试者的年龄用于使用图卷积神经网络进行分类。基于216名受试者的实验结果表明,与在不同数据集上进行AD诊断和预后的最新方法相比,我们的深框架的竞争性能。此外,我们发现,使用大量的U-NET处理不同的重叠大脑区域,可以提高所提出方法的概括能力。
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人的大脑位于复杂的神经生物学系统的核心,神经元,电路和子系统以神秘的方式相互作用。长期以来,了解大脑的结构和功能机制一直是神经科学研究和临床障碍疗法的引人入胜的追求。将人脑作为网络的连接映射是神经科学中最普遍的范例之一。图神经网络(GNN)最近已成为建模复杂网络数据的潜在方法。另一方面,深层模型的可解释性低,从而阻止了他们在医疗保健等决策环境中的使用。为了弥合这一差距,我们提出了一个可解释的框架,以分析特定的利益区域(ROI)和突出的联系。提出的框架由两个模块组成:疾病预测的面向脑网络的主链模型和全球共享的解释发生器,该模型突出了包括疾病特异性的生物标志物,包括显着的ROI和重要连接。我们在三个现实世界中的脑疾病数据集上进行实验。结果证明了我们的框架可以获得出色的性能并确定有意义的生物标志物。这项工作的所有代码均可在https://github.com/hennyjie/ibgnn.git上获得。
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