Deep reinforcement learning has considerable potential to improve irrigation scheduling in many cropping systems by applying adaptive amounts of water based on various measurements over time. The goal is to discover an intelligent decision rule that processes information available to growers and prescribes sensible irrigation amounts for the time steps considered. Due to the technical novelty, however, the research on the technique remains sparse and impractical. To accelerate the progress, the paper proposes a general framework and actionable procedure that allow researchers to formulate their own optimisation problems and implement solution algorithms based on deep reinforcement learning. The effectiveness of the framework was demonstrated using a case study of irrigated wheat grown in a productive region of Australia where profits were maximised. Specifically, the decision rule takes nine state variable inputs: crop phenological stage, leaf area index, extractable soil water for each of the five top layers, cumulative rainfall and cumulative irrigation. It returns a probabilistic prescription over five candidate irrigation amounts (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 mm) every day. The production system was simulated at Goondiwindi using the APSIM-Wheat crop model. After training in the learning environment using 1981--2010 weather data, the learned decision rule was tested individually for each year of 2011--2020. The results were compared against the benchmark profits obtained using irrigation schedules optimised individually for each of the considered years. The discovered decision rule prescribed daily irrigation amounts that achieved more than 96% of the benchmark profits. The framework is general and applicable to a wide range of cropping systems with realistic optimisation problems.

通过加强学习解决现实世界的顺序决策问题（RL）通常始于使用模拟真实条件的模拟环境。我们为现实的农作物管理任务提供了一种新颖的开源RL环境。 Gym-DSSAT是高保真作物模拟器的农业技术转移决策支持系统（DSSAT）的健身房界面。在过去的30年中，DSSAT已发展，并被农学家广泛认可。 Gym-DSSAT带有基于现实世界玉米实验的预定义仿真。环境与任何健身房环境一样易于使用。我们使用基本RL算法提供性能基准。我们还简要概述了用Fortran编写的单片DSSAT模拟器如何变成Python RL环境。我们的方法是通用的，可以应用于类似的模拟器。我们报告了非常初步的实验结果，这表明RL可以帮助研究人员改善受精和灌溉实践的可持续性。

农作物管理，包括氮（N）受精和灌溉管理，对农作物产量，经济利润和环境产生了重大影响。尽管存在管理指南，但要在特定的种植环境和农作物中找到最佳的管理实践是挑战。先前的工作使用加强学习（RL）和作物模拟器来解决该问题，但是训练有素的政策要么具有有限的性能，要么在现实世界中不可部署。在本文中，我们提出了一种智能作物管理系统，该系统通过RL，模仿学习（IL）同时优化N受精和灌溉，并使用农业技术决策系统（DSSAT）进行了作物模拟。我们首先使用Deep RL，尤其是Deep Q-Network来培训需要从模拟器中的所有状态信息作为观测值（表示为完整观察）的管理政策。然后，我们援引IL来培训管理政策，这些政策只需要有限的国家信息，这些信息可以通过模仿以前的RL训练有素的政策在全面观察中轻松获得的国家（表示为部分观察）。我们在佛罗里达州使用玉米的案例研究进行实验，并将受过训练的政策与玉米管理指南进行比较。我们在全面观察和部分观察中训练有素的政策取得了更好的结果，从而获得更高的利润或类似的利润，而环境影响较小。此外，部分观察管理政策在使用易于使用的信息时直接在现实世界中部署。

Adequately assigning credit to actions for future outcomes based on their contributions is a long-standing open challenge in Reinforcement Learning. The assumptions of the most commonly used credit assignment method are disadvantageous in tasks where the effects of decisions are not immediately evident. Furthermore, this method can only evaluate actions that have been selected by the agent, making it highly inefficient. Still, no alternative methods have been widely adopted in the field. Hindsight Credit Assignment is a promising, but still unexplored candidate, which aims to solve the problems of both long-term and counterfactual credit assignment. In this thesis, we empirically investigate Hindsight Credit Assignment to identify its main benefits, and key points to improve. Then, we apply it to factored state representations, and in particular to state representations based on the causal structure of the environment. In this setting, we propose a variant of Hindsight Credit Assignment that effectively exploits a given causal structure. We show that our modification greatly decreases the workload of Hindsight Credit Assignment, making it more efficient and enabling it to outperform the baseline credit assignment method on various tasks. This opens the way to other methods based on given or learned causal structures.

This paper is a technical overview of DeepMind and Google's recent work on reinforcement learning for controlling commercial cooling systems. Building on expertise that began with cooling Google's data centers more efficiently, we recently conducted live experiments on two real-world facilities in partnership with Trane Technologies, a building management system provider. These live experiments had a variety of challenges in areas such as evaluation, learning from offline data, and constraint satisfaction. Our paper describes these challenges in the hope that awareness of them will benefit future applied RL work. We also describe the way we adapted our RL system to deal with these challenges, resulting in energy savings of approximately 9% and 13% respectively at the two live experiment sites.

Ongoing risks from climate change have impacted the livelihood of global nomadic communities, and are likely to lead to increased migratory movements in coming years. As a result, mobility considerations are becoming increasingly important in energy systems planning, particularly to achieve energy access in developing countries. Advanced Plug and Play control strategies have been recently developed with such a decentralized framework in mind, more easily allowing for the interconnection of nomadic communities, both to each other and to the main grid. In light of the above, the design and planning strategy of a mobile multi-energy supply system for a nomadic community is investigated in this work. Motivated by the scale and dimensionality of the associated uncertainties, impacting all major design and decision variables over the 30-year planning horizon, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is implemented for the design and planning problem tackled. DRL based solutions are benchmarked against several rigid baseline design options to compare expected performance under uncertainty. The results on a case study for ger communities in Mongolia suggest that mobile nomadic energy systems can be both technically and economically feasible, particularly when considering flexibility, although the degree of spatial dispersion among households is an important limiting factor. Key economic, sustainability and resilience indicators such as Cost, Equivalent Emissions and Total Unmet Load are measured, suggesting potential improvements compared to available baselines of up to 25%, 67% and 76%, respectively. Finally, the decomposition of values of flexibility and plug and play operation is presented using a variation of real options theory, with important implications for both nomadic communities and policymakers focused on enabling their energy access.

我们展示了一种带有Openai健身房界面的作物仿真环境，并应用现代深度加强学习（DRL）算法以优化产量。我们经验表明，DRL算法可用于发现新的政策和方法，以帮助优化作物产量，同时最小化水和肥料使用等约束因素。我们提出这种混合厂建模和数据驱动的方法，用于发现新策略的优化作物产量可能有助于满足越来越多的全球粮食需求，由于人口扩张和气候变化。

由于数据量增加，金融业的快速变化已经彻底改变了数据处理和数据分析的技术，并带来了新的理论和计算挑战。与古典随机控制理论和解决财务决策问题的其他分析方法相比，解决模型假设的财务决策问题，强化学习（RL）的新发展能够充分利用具有更少模型假设的大量财务数据并改善复杂的金融环境中的决策。该调查纸目的旨在审查最近的资金途径的发展和使用RL方法。我们介绍了马尔可夫决策过程，这是许多常用的RL方法的设置。然后引入各种算法，重点介绍不需要任何模型假设的基于价值和基于策略的方法。连接是用神经网络进行的，以扩展框架以包含深的RL算法。我们的调查通过讨论了这些RL算法在金融中各种决策问题中的应用，包括最佳执行，投资组合优化，期权定价和对冲，市场制作，智能订单路由和Robo-Awaring。

防御网络攻击的计算机网络需要及时应对警报和威胁情报。关于如何响应的决定涉及基于妥协指标的多个节点跨多个节点协调动作，同时最大限度地减少对网络操作的中断。目前，PlayBooks用于自动化响应过程的部分，但通常将复杂的决策留给人类分析师。在这项工作中，我们在大型工业控制网络中提出了一种深度增强学习方法，以便在大型工业控制网络中进行自主反应和恢复。我们提出了一种基于关注的神经结构，其在保护下灵活地灵活。要培训和评估自治防御者代理，我们提出了一个适合加强学习的工业控制网络仿真环境。实验表明，学习代理可以有效减轻在执行前几个月几个月的可观察信号的进步。所提出的深度加强学习方法优于模拟中完全自动化的Playbook方法，采取更少的破坏性动作，同时在网络上保留更多节点。学习的政策对攻击者行为的变化也比PlayBook方法更加强大。

蒙特卡洛树搜索（MCT）是设计游戏机器人或解决顺序决策问题的强大方法。该方法依赖于平衡探索和开发的智能树搜索。MCT以模拟的形式进行随机抽样，并存储动作的统计数据，以在每个随后的迭代中做出更有教育的选择。然而，该方法已成为组合游戏的最新技术，但是，在更复杂的游戏（例如那些具有较高的分支因素或实时系列的游戏）以及各种实用领域（例如，运输，日程安排或安全性）有效的MCT应用程序通常需要其与问题有关的修改或与其他技术集成。这种特定领域的修改和混合方法是本调查的主要重点。最后一项主要的MCT调查已于2012年发布。自发布以来出现的贡献特别感兴趣。

The decarbonization of buildings presents new challenges for the reliability of the electrical grid as a result of the intermittency of renewable energy sources and increase in grid load brought about by end-use electrification. To restore reliability, grid-interactive efficient buildings can provide flexibility services to the grid through demand response. Residential demand response programs are hindered by the need for manual intervention by customers. To maximize the energy flexibility potential of residential buildings, an advanced control architecture is needed. Reinforcement learning is well-suited for the control of flexible resources as it is able to adapt to unique building characteristics compared to expert systems. Yet, factors hindering the adoption of RL in real-world applications include its large data requirements for training, control security and generalizability. Here we address these challenges by proposing the MERLIN framework and using a digital twin of a real-world 17-building grid-interactive residential community in CityLearn. We show that 1) independent RL-controllers for batteries improve building and district level KPIs compared to a reference RBC by tailoring their policies to individual buildings, 2) despite unique occupant behaviours, transferring the RL policy of any one of the buildings to other buildings provides comparable performance while reducing the cost of training, 3) training RL-controllers on limited temporal data that does not capture full seasonality in occupant behaviour has little effect on performance. Although, the zero-net-energy (ZNE) condition of the buildings could be maintained or worsened as a result of controlled batteries, KPIs that are typically improved by ZNE condition (electricity price and carbon emissions) are further improved when the batteries are managed by an advanced controller.

我们考虑单个强化学习与基于事件驱动的代理商金融市场模型相互作用时学习最佳执行代理的学习动力。交易在事件时间内通过匹配引擎进行异步进行。最佳执行代理在不同级别的初始订单尺寸和不同尺寸的状态空间上进行考虑。使用校准方法考虑了对基于代理的模型和市场的影响，该方法探讨了经验性风格化事实和价格影响曲线的变化。收敛，音量轨迹和动作痕迹图用于可视化学习动力学。这表明了最佳执行代理如何在模拟的反应性市场框架内学习最佳交易决策，以及如何通过引入战略订单分类来改变模拟市场的反反应。

在空间显式的基于个别模型中捕获和模拟智能自适应行为仍然是研究人员持续的挑战。虽然收集了不断增长的现实行为数据，但存在很少的方法，可以量化和正式化关键的个人行为以及它们如何改变空间和时间。因此，通常使用的常用代理决策框架（例如事件条件 - 行动规则）通常只需要仅关注狭窄的行为范围。我们认为，这些行为框架通常不会反映现实世界的情景，并且未能捕捉如何以响应刺激而发展行为。对机器学习方法的兴趣增加了近年来模拟智能自适应行为的兴趣。在该区域中开始获得牵引的一种方法是增强学习（RL）。本文探讨了如何使用基于简单的捕食者 - 猎物代理的模型（ABM）来应用RL创建紧急代理行为。运行一系列模拟，我们证明了使用新型近端政策优化（PPO）算法培训的代理以展示现实世界智能自适应行为的性质，例如隐藏，逃避和觅食。

在化学厂的运行过程中，必须始终保持产品质量，并应最大程度地降低规范产品的生产。因此，必须测量与产品质量相关的过程变量，例如工厂各个部分的材料的温度和组成，并且必须根据测量结果进行适当的操作（即控制）。一些过程变量（例如温度和流速）可以连续，即时测量。但是，其他变量（例如成分和粘度）只能通过从植物中抽样物质后进行耗时的分析来获得。已经提出了软传感器，用于估算从易于测量变量实时获得的过程变量。但是，在未记录的情况下（推断），传统统计软传感器的估计精度（由记录的测量值构成）可能非常差。在这项研究中，我们通过使用动态模拟器来估算植物的内部状态变量，该模拟器可以根据化学工程知识和人工智能（AI）技术估算和预测未记录的情况，称为增强学习，并建议使用使用估计植物的内部状态变量作为软传感器。此外，我们描述了使用此类软传感器的植物操作和控制的前景以及为拟议系统获得必要的预测模型（即模拟器）的方法。

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a recently proposed search method that combines the precision of tree search with the generality of random sampling. It has received considerable interest due to its spectacular success in the difficult problem of computer Go, but has also proved beneficial in a range of other domains. This paper is a survey of the literature to date, intended to provide a snapshot of the state of the art after the first five years of MCTS research. We outline the core algorithm's derivation, impart some structure on the many variations and enhancements that have been proposed, and summarise the results from the key game and non-game domains to which MCTS methods have been applied. A number of open research questions indicate that the field is ripe for future work.

背景信息：在过去几年中，机器学习（ML）一直是许多创新的核心。然而，包括在所谓的“安全关键”系统中，例如汽车或航空的系统已经被证明是非常具有挑战性的，因为ML的范式转变为ML带来完全改变传统认证方法。目的：本文旨在阐明与ML为基础的安全关键系统认证有关的挑战，以及文献中提出的解决方案，以解决它们，回答问题的问题如何证明基于机器学习的安全关键系统？'方法：我们开展2015年至2020年至2020年之间发布的研究论文的系统文献综述（SLR），涵盖了与ML系统认证有关的主题。总共确定了217篇论文涵盖了主题，被认为是ML认证的主要支柱：鲁棒性，不确定性，解释性，验证，安全强化学习和直接认证。我们分析了每个子场的主要趋势和问题，并提取了提取的论文的总结。结果：单反结果突出了社区对该主题的热情，以及在数据集和模型类型方面缺乏多样性。它还强调需要进一步发展学术界和行业之间的联系，以加深域名研究。最后，它还说明了必须在上面提到的主要支柱之间建立连接的必要性，这些主要柱主要主要研究。结论：我们强调了目前部署的努力，以实现ML基于ML的软件系统，并讨论了一些未来的研究方向。

尽管深度强化学习（RL）最近取得了许多成功，但其方法仍然效率低下，这使得在数据方面解决了昂贵的许多问题。我们的目标是通过利用未标记的数据中的丰富监督信号来进行学习状态表示，以解决这一问题。本文介绍了三种不同的表示算法，可以访问传统RL算法使用的数据源的不同子集使用：（i）GRICA受到独立组件分析（ICA）的启发，并训练深层神经网络以输出统计独立的独立特征。输入。 Grica通过最大程度地减少每个功能与其他功能之间的相互信息来做到这一点。此外，格里卡仅需要未分类的环境状态。 （ii）潜在表示预测（LARP）还需要更多的上下文：除了要求状态作为输入外，它还需要先前的状态和连接它们的动作。该方法通过预测当前状态和行动的环境的下一个状态来学习状态表示。预测器与图形搜索算法一起使用。 （iii）重新培训通过训练深层神经网络来学习国家表示，以学习奖励功能的平滑版本。该表示形式用于预处理输入到深度RL，而奖励预测指标用于奖励成型。此方法仅需要环境中的状态奖励对学习表示表示。我们发现，每种方法都有其优势和缺点，并从我们的实验中得出结论，包括无监督的代表性学习在RL解决问题的管道中可以加快学习的速度。

Deep reinforcement learning is poised to revolutionise the field of AI and represents a step towards building autonomous systems with a higher level understanding of the visual world. Currently, deep learning is enabling reinforcement learning to scale to problems that were previously intractable, such as learning to play video games directly from pixels. Deep reinforcement learning algorithms are also applied to robotics, allowing control policies for robots to be learned directly from camera inputs in the real world. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the general field of reinforcement learning, then progress to the main streams of value-based and policybased methods. Our survey will cover central algorithms in deep reinforcement learning, including the deep Q-network, trust region policy optimisation, and asynchronous advantage actor-critic. In parallel, we highlight the unique advantages of deep neural networks, focusing on visual understanding via reinforcement learning. To conclude, we describe several current areas of research within the field.

数字化和远程连接扩大了攻击面，使网络系统更脆弱。由于攻击者变得越来越复杂和资源丰富，仅仅依赖传统网络保护，如入侵检测，防火墙和加密，不足以保护网络系统。网络弹性提供了一种新的安全范式，可以使用弹性机制来补充保护不足。一种网络弹性机制（CRM）适应了已知的或零日威胁和实际威胁和不确定性，并对他们进行战略性地响应，以便在成功攻击时保持网络系统的关键功能。反馈架构在启用CRM的在线感应，推理和致动过程中发挥关键作用。强化学习（RL）是一个重要的工具，对网络弹性的反馈架构构成。它允许CRM提供有限或没有事先知识和攻击者的有限攻击的顺序响应。在这项工作中，我们审查了Cyber​​恢复力的RL的文献，并讨论了对三种主要类型的漏洞，即姿势有关，与信息相关的脆弱性的网络恢复力。我们介绍了三个CRM的应用领域：移动目标防御，防守网络欺骗和辅助人类安全技术。 RL算法也有漏洞。我们解释了RL的三个漏洞和目前的攻击模型，其中攻击者针对环境与代理商之间交换的信息：奖励，国家观察和行动命令。我们展示攻击者可以通过最低攻击努力来欺骗RL代理商学习邪恶的政策。最后，我们讨论了RL为基于RL的CRM的网络安全和恢复力和新兴应用的未来挑战。

在过去的十年中，多智能经纪人强化学习（Marl）已经有了重大进展，但仍存在许多挑战，例如高样本复杂性和慢趋同稳定的政策，在广泛的部署之前需要克服，这是可能的。然而，在实践中，许多现实世界的环境已经部署了用于生成策略的次优或启发式方法。一个有趣的问题是如何最好地使用这些方法作为顾问，以帮助改善多代理领域的加强学习。在本文中，我们提供了一个原则的框架，用于将动作建议纳入多代理设置中的在线次优顾问。我们描述了在非传记通用随机游戏环境中提供多种智能强化代理（海军上将）的问题，并提出了两种新的基于Q学习的算法：海军上将决策（海军DM）和海军上将 - 顾问评估（Admiral-AE） ，这使我们能够通过适当地纳入顾问（Admiral-DM）的建议来改善学习，并评估顾问（Admiral-AE）的有效性。我们从理论上分析了算法，并在一般加上随机游戏中提供了关于他们学习的定点保证。此外，广泛的实验说明了这些算法：可以在各种环境中使用，具有对其他相关基线的有利相比的性能，可以扩展到大状态行动空间，并且对来自顾问的不良建议具有稳健性。