路线选择建模,即估计个人在旅途中遵循的路径的过程,是运输计划和需求预测的基本任务。经典方法通常采用具有线性实用程序功能和高级路由特性的离散选择模型(DCM)框架。尽管最近的一些研究开始探索深度学习对于旅行选择建模的适用性,但它们都是基于路径的,具有相对简单的模型体系结构,无法利用详细的链接级功能。现有的基于链接的模型虽然理论上有希望,但通常不够可扩展或灵活,无法说明目标特征。为了解决这些问题,这项研究提出了针对基于链接的路线选择建模的一般深层逆增强学习(IRL)框架,该框架能够纳入高维特征并捕获复杂的关系。具体而言,我们将对抗性IRL模型调整为路由选择问题,以有效地估计目标依赖的奖励和策略功能。实验结果基于上海的出租车GPS数据,中国验证了拟议模型对常规DCM和其他模仿学习基线的改善,即使是在培训数据中看不见的目的地。我们还使用可解释的AI技术演示了模型的解释性。拟议的方法为路线选择模型的未来开发提供了新的方向。它是一般的,应该适应不同模式和网络上其他路线选择问题。
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“轨迹”是指由地理空间中的移动物体产生的迹线,通常由一系列按时间顺序排列的点表示,其中每个点由地理空间坐标集和时间戳组成。位置感应和无线通信技术的快速进步使我们能够收集和存储大量的轨迹数据。因此,许多研究人员使用轨迹数据来分析各种移动物体的移动性。在本文中,我们专注于“城市车辆轨迹”,这是指城市交通网络中车辆的轨迹,我们专注于“城市车辆轨迹分析”。城市车辆轨迹分析提供了前所未有的机会,可以了解城市交通网络中的车辆运动模式,包括以用户为中心的旅行经验和系统范围的时空模式。城市车辆轨迹数据的时空特征在结构上相互关联,因此,许多先前的研究人员使用了各种方法来理解这种结构。特别是,由于其强大的函数近似和特征表示能力,深度学习模型是由于许多研究人员的注意。因此,本文的目的是开发基于深度学习的城市车辆轨迹分析模型,以更好地了解城市交通网络的移动模式。特别是,本文重点介绍了两项研究主题,具有很高的必要性,重要性和适用性:下一个位置预测,以及合成轨迹生成。在这项研究中,我们向城市车辆轨迹分析提供了各种新型模型,使用深度学习。
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本文通过组合有限的交通量和车辆轨迹数据来解决估计道路网络中链接流的问题。虽然循环检测器的流量量数据是链路流估计的常见数据源,但检测器仅涵盖链接的子集。如今,还合并了从车辆跟踪传感器收集的车辆轨迹数据。然而,轨迹数据通常很少,因为观察到的轨迹仅代表整个种群的一小部分,其中确切的采样率未知,并且可能在时空和时间上有所不同。这项研究提出了一个新颖的生成建模框架,在其中我们使用马尔可夫决策过程框架制定了车辆的链接到连接运动作为顺序决策问题,并训练代理商做出顺序决策以生成逼真的合成车辆轨迹。我们使用加强学习(RL)的方法来找到代理的最佳行为,基于哪些合成人口车辆轨迹可以生成以估算整个网络中的连接流。为了确保生成的人口车辆轨迹与观察到的交通量和轨迹数据一致,提出了两种基于逆强化学习和约束强化学习的方法。通过解决真实的道路网络中的链路流估计问题,通过这些基于RL的方法中的任何一个求解的提出的生成建模框架都可以验证。此外,我们执行全面的实验,以将性能与两种现有方法进行比较。结果表明,在现实情况下,提出的框架具有较高的估计准确性和鲁棒性,在现实情况下,未满足有关驾驶员的某些行为假设或轨迹数据的网络覆盖范围和渗透率较低。
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Recent research has shown the benefit of framing problems of imitation learning as solutions to Markov Decision Problems. This approach reduces learning to the problem of recovering a utility function that makes the behavior induced by a near-optimal policy closely mimic demonstrated behavior. In this work, we develop a probabilistic approach based on the principle of maximum entropy. Our approach provides a well-defined, globally normalized distribution over decision sequences, while providing the same performance guarantees as existing methods. We develop our technique in the context of modeling realworld navigation and driving behaviors where collected data is inherently noisy and imperfect. Our probabilistic approach enables modeling of route preferences as well as a powerful new approach to inferring destinations and routes based on partial trajectories.
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在本文中,我们介绍了有关典型乘车共享系统中决策优化问题的强化学习方法的全面,深入的调查。涵盖了有关乘车匹配,车辆重新定位,乘车,路由和动态定价主题的论文。在过去的几年中,大多数文献都出现了,并且要继续解决一些核心挑战:模型复杂性,代理协调和多个杠杆的联合优化。因此,我们还引入了流行的数据集和开放式仿真环境,以促进进一步的研发。随后,我们讨论了有关该重要领域的强化学习研究的许多挑战和机会。
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With the development of deep representation learning, the domain of reinforcement learning (RL) has become a powerful learning framework now capable of learning complex policies in high dimensional environments. This review summarises deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms and provides a taxonomy of automated driving tasks where (D)RL methods have been employed, while addressing key computational challenges in real world deployment of autonomous driving agents. It also delineates adjacent domains such as behavior cloning, imitation learning, inverse reinforcement learning that are related but are not classical RL algorithms. The role of simulators in training agents, methods to validate, test and robustify existing solutions in RL are discussed.
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尽管递归logit(RL)模型最近很受欢迎,并且导致了许多应用和扩展,但关于价值函数计算的重要数值问题仍未解决。对于模型估计,此问题尤其重要,在此期间,参数会更新每个迭代,并可能违反模型可行条件。为了解决模型估计中值函数的数值问题,本研究对Oyama和Hato(2019)提出的Prism受限的RL(Prism-RL)模型进行了广泛的分析,该模型的路径集受Prism的约束。根据状态扩展的网络表示定义。数值实验已显示出参数估计的Prism-RL模型的两个重要属性。首先,即使在无法估算原始RL模型的情况下,基于PRISM的方法都可以进行稳定的估计。我们还成功地捕获了街道绿色对行人路线选择的积极影响。其次,通过隐式限制大型绕道或许多循环的路径,PRISM-RL模型比RL模型获得了更高的拟合和预测性能优点。定义基于棱镜的路径以数据为导向的方式,我们证明了描述更现实的路线选择行为的Prism-RL模型的可能性。稳定地捕获正网络属性的同时保留路径替代方案的多样性可显着扩展RL模型的实际适用性。
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由于数据量增加,金融业的快速变化已经彻底改变了数据处理和数据分析的技术,并带来了新的理论和计算挑战。与古典随机控制理论和解决财务决策问题的其他分析方法相比,解决模型假设的财务决策问题,强化学习(RL)的新发展能够充分利用具有更少模型假设的大量财务数据并改善复杂的金融环境中的决策。该调查纸目的旨在审查最近的资金途径的发展和使用RL方法。我们介绍了马尔可夫决策过程,这是许多常用的RL方法的设置。然后引入各种算法,重点介绍不需要任何模型假设的基于价值和基于策略的方法。连接是用神经网络进行的,以扩展框架以包含深的RL算法。我们的调查通过讨论了这些RL算法在金融中各种决策问题中的应用,包括最佳执行,投资组合优化,期权定价和对冲,市场制作,智能订单路由和Robo-Awaring。
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Transformer, originally devised for natural language processing, has also attested significant success in computer vision. Thanks to its super expressive power, researchers are investigating ways to deploy transformers to reinforcement learning (RL) and the transformer-based models have manifested their potential in representative RL benchmarks. In this paper, we collect and dissect recent advances on transforming RL by transformer (transformer-based RL or TRL), in order to explore its development trajectory and future trend. We group existing developments in two categories: architecture enhancement and trajectory optimization, and examine the main applications of TRL in robotic manipulation, text-based games, navigation and autonomous driving. For architecture enhancement, these methods consider how to apply the powerful transformer structure to RL problems under the traditional RL framework, which model agents and environments much more precisely than deep RL methods, but they are still limited by the inherent defects of traditional RL algorithms, such as bootstrapping and "deadly triad". For trajectory optimization, these methods treat RL problems as sequence modeling and train a joint state-action model over entire trajectories under the behavior cloning framework, which are able to extract policies from static datasets and fully use the long-sequence modeling capability of the transformer. Given these advancements, extensions and challenges in TRL are reviewed and proposals about future direction are discussed. We hope that this survey can provide a detailed introduction to TRL and motivate future research in this rapidly developing field.
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强化学习(RL)通过与环境相互作用的试验过程解决顺序决策问题。尽管RL在玩复杂的视频游戏方面取得了巨大的成功,但在现实世界中,犯错误总是不希望的。为了提高样本效率并从而降低错误,据信基于模型的增强学习(MBRL)是一个有前途的方向,它建立了环境模型,在该模型中可以进行反复试验,而无需实际成本。在这项调查中,我们对MBRL进行了审查,重点是Deep RL的最新进展。对于非壮观环境,学到的环境模型与真实环境之间始终存在概括性错误。因此,非常重要的是分析环境模型中的政策培训与实际环境中的差异,这反过来又指导了更好的模型学习,模型使用和政策培训的算法设计。此外,我们还讨论了其他形式的RL,包括离线RL,目标条件RL,多代理RL和Meta-RL的最新进展。此外,我们讨论了MBRL在现实世界任务中的适用性和优势。最后,我们通过讨论MBRL未来发展的前景来结束这项调查。我们认为,MBRL在被忽略的现实应用程序中具有巨大的潜力和优势,我们希望这项调查能够吸引更多关于MBRL的研究。
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深度强化学习(DRL)赋予了各种人工智能领域,包括模式识别,机器人技术,推荐系统和游戏。同样,图神经网络(GNN)也证明了它们在图形结构数据的监督学习方面的出色表现。最近,GNN与DRL用于图形结构环境的融合引起了很多关注。本文对这些混合动力作品进行了全面评论。这些作品可以分为两类:(1)算法增强,其中DRL和GNN相互补充以获得更好的实用性; (2)特定于应用程序的增强,其中DRL和GNN相互支持。这种融合有效地解决了工程和生命科学方面的各种复杂问题。基于审查,我们进一步分析了融合这两个领域的适用性和好处,尤其是在提高通用性和降低计算复杂性方面。最后,集成DRL和GNN的关键挑战以及潜在的未来研究方向被突出显示,这将引起更广泛的机器学习社区的关注。
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我们研究了离线模仿学习(IL)的问题,在该问题中,代理商旨在学习最佳的专家行为政策,而无需其他在线环境互动。取而代之的是,该代理来自次优行为的补充离线数据集。解决此问题的先前工作要么要求专家数据占据离线数据集的大部分比例,要么需要学习奖励功能并在以后执行离线加强学习(RL)。在本文中,我们旨在解决问题,而无需进行奖励学习和离线RL培训的其他步骤,当时示范包含大量次优数据。基于行为克隆(BC),我们引入了一个额外的歧视者,以区分专家和非专家数据。我们提出了一个合作框架,以增强这两个任务的学习,基于此框架,我们设计了一种新的IL算法,其中歧视者的输出是BC损失的权重。实验结果表明,与基线算法相比,我们提出的算法可获得更高的回报和更快的训练速度。
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Adequately assigning credit to actions for future outcomes based on their contributions is a long-standing open challenge in Reinforcement Learning. The assumptions of the most commonly used credit assignment method are disadvantageous in tasks where the effects of decisions are not immediately evident. Furthermore, this method can only evaluate actions that have been selected by the agent, making it highly inefficient. Still, no alternative methods have been widely adopted in the field. Hindsight Credit Assignment is a promising, but still unexplored candidate, which aims to solve the problems of both long-term and counterfactual credit assignment. In this thesis, we empirically investigate Hindsight Credit Assignment to identify its main benefits, and key points to improve. Then, we apply it to factored state representations, and in particular to state representations based on the causal structure of the environment. In this setting, we propose a variant of Hindsight Credit Assignment that effectively exploits a given causal structure. We show that our modification greatly decreases the workload of Hindsight Credit Assignment, making it more efficient and enabling it to outperform the baseline credit assignment method on various tasks. This opens the way to other methods based on given or learned causal structures.
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交通模拟器是运输系统运营和计划中的重要组成部分。常规的交通模拟器通常采用校准的物理跟踪模型来描述车辆的行为及其与交通环境的相互作用。但是,没有普遍的物理模型可以准确地预测不同情况下车辆行为的模式。鉴于交通动态的非平稳性质,固定的物理模型在复杂的环境中往往不太有效。在本文中,我们将流量模拟作为一个反向加强学习问题,并提出一个参数共享对抗性逆增强学习模型,以进行动态射击模拟学习。我们提出的模型能够模仿现实世界中车辆的轨迹,同时恢复奖励功能,从而揭示了车辆的真实目标,这是不同动态的不变。关于合成和现实世界数据集的广泛实验表明,与最先进的方法相比,我们方法的出色性能及其对流量变化动态的鲁棒性。
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Behavioural cloning (BC) is a commonly used imitation learning method to infer a sequential decision-making policy from expert demonstrations. However, when the quality of the data is not optimal, the resulting behavioural policy also performs sub-optimally once deployed. Recently, there has been a surge in offline reinforcement learning methods that hold the promise to extract high-quality policies from sub-optimal historical data. A common approach is to perform regularisation during training, encouraging updates during policy evaluation and/or policy improvement to stay close to the underlying data. In this work, we investigate whether an offline approach to improving the quality of the existing data can lead to improved behavioural policies without any changes in the BC algorithm. The proposed data improvement approach - Trajectory Stitching (TS) - generates new trajectories (sequences of states and actions) by `stitching' pairs of states that were disconnected in the original data and generating their connecting new action. By construction, these new transitions are guaranteed to be highly plausible according to probabilistic models of the environment, and to improve a state-value function. We demonstrate that the iterative process of replacing old trajectories with new ones incrementally improves the underlying behavioural policy. Extensive experimental results show that significant performance gains can be achieved using TS over BC policies extracted from the original data. Furthermore, using the D4RL benchmarking suite, we demonstrate that state-of-the-art results are obtained by combining TS with two existing offline learning methodologies reliant on BC, model-based offline planning (MBOP) and policy constraint (TD3+BC).
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我们研究逆增强学习(IRL)和模仿学习(IM),这是从专家所证明的轨迹中恢复奖励或政策功能的问题。我们提出了一种新的方法来通过在最大的熵框架中添加权重功能来改善学习过程,并具有学习和恢复专家政策的随机性(或有限理性)的动机。我们的框架和算法允许学习奖励(或政策)功能以及添加到马尔可夫决策过程中的熵条款的结构,从而增强了学习过程。我们使用人类和模拟演示以及通过离散和连续的IRL/IM任务进行的数值实验表明,我们的方法表现优于先前的算法。
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交通优化挑战,如负载平衡,流量调度和提高数据包交付时间,是广域网(WAN)中困难的在线决策问题。例如,需要复杂的启发式方法,以找到改善分组输送时间并最小化可能由链接故障或拥塞引起的中断的最佳路径。最近的加强学习(RL)算法的成功可以提供有用的解决方案,以建立更好的鲁棒系统,这些系统从无模式设置中学习。在这项工作中,我们考虑了一条路径优化问题,专门针对数据包路由,在大型复杂网络中。我们开发和评估一种无模型方法,应用多代理元增强学习(MAMRL),可以确定每个数据包的下一跳,以便将其传递到其目的地,最短的时间整体。具体地,我们建议利用和比较深度策略优化RL算法,以便在通信网络中启用分布式无模型控制,并呈现基于新的Meta学习的框架Mamrl,以便快速适应拓扑变化。为了评估所提出的框架,我们用各种WAN拓扑模拟。我们广泛的数据包级仿真结果表明,与古典最短路径和传统的加强学习方法相比,Mamrl即使网络需求增加也显着降低了平均分组交付时间;与非元深策略优化算法相比,我们的结果显示在连杆故障发生的同时出现相当的平均数据包交付时间时减少较少的剧集中的数据包丢失。
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Deep reinforcement learning is poised to revolutionise the field of AI and represents a step towards building autonomous systems with a higher level understanding of the visual world. Currently, deep learning is enabling reinforcement learning to scale to problems that were previously intractable, such as learning to play video games directly from pixels. Deep reinforcement learning algorithms are also applied to robotics, allowing control policies for robots to be learned directly from camera inputs in the real world. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the general field of reinforcement learning, then progress to the main streams of value-based and policybased methods. Our survey will cover central algorithms in deep reinforcement learning, including the deep Q-network, trust region policy optimisation, and asynchronous advantage actor-critic. In parallel, we highlight the unique advantages of deep neural networks, focusing on visual understanding via reinforcement learning. To conclude, we describe several current areas of research within the field.
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尽管深度强化学习(RL)最近取得了许多成功,但其方法仍然效率低下,这使得在数据方面解决了昂贵的许多问题。我们的目标是通过利用未标记的数据中的丰富监督信号来进行学习状态表示,以解决这一问题。本文介绍了三种不同的表示算法,可以访问传统RL算法使用的数据源的不同子集使用:(i)GRICA受到独立组件分析(ICA)的启发,并训练深层神经网络以输出统计独立的独立特征。输入。 Grica通过最大程度地减少每个功能与其他功能之间的相互信息来做到这一点。此外,格里卡仅需要未分类的环境状态。 (ii)潜在表示预测(LARP)还需要更多的上下文:除了要求状态作为输入外,它还需要先前的状态和连接它们的动作。该方法通过预测当前状态和行动的环境的下一个状态来学习状态表示。预测器与图形搜索算法一起使用。 (iii)重新培训通过训练深层神经网络来学习国家表示,以学习奖励功能的平滑版本。该表示形式用于预处理输入到深度RL,而奖励预测指标用于奖励成型。此方法仅需要环境中的状态奖励对学习表示表示。我们发现,每种方法都有其优势和缺点,并从我们的实验中得出结论,包括无监督的代表性学习在RL解决问题的管道中可以加快学习的速度。
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Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a popular machine learning paradigm where intelligent agents interact with the environment to fulfill a long-term goal. Driven by the resurgence of deep learning, Deep RL (DRL) has witnessed great success over a wide spectrum of complex control tasks. Despite the encouraging results achieved, the deep neural network-based backbone is widely deemed as a black box that impedes practitioners to trust and employ trained agents in realistic scenarios where high security and reliability are essential. To alleviate this issue, a large volume of literature devoted to shedding light on the inner workings of the intelligent agents has been proposed, by constructing intrinsic interpretability or post-hoc explainability. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of existing works on eXplainable RL (XRL) and introduce a new taxonomy where prior works are clearly categorized into model-explaining, reward-explaining, state-explaining, and task-explaining methods. We also review and highlight RL methods that conversely leverage human knowledge to promote learning efficiency and performance of agents while this kind of method is often ignored in XRL field. Some challenges and opportunities in XRL are discussed. This survey intends to provide a high-level summarization of XRL and to motivate future research on more effective XRL solutions. Corresponding open source codes are collected and categorized at https://github.com/Plankson/awesome-explainable-reinforcement-learning.
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