We report on novel investigations into training models that make sentences concise. We define the task and show that it is different from related tasks such as summarization and simplification. For evaluation, we release two test sets, consisting of 2000 sentences each, that were annotated by two and five human annotators, respectively. We demonstrate that conciseness is a difficult task for which zero-shot setups with large neural language models often do not perform well. Given the limitations of these approaches, we propose a synthetic data generation method based on round-trip translations. Using this data to either train Transformers from scratch or fine-tune T5 models yields our strongest baselines that can be further improved by fine-tuning on an artificial conciseness dataset that we derived from multi-annotator machine translation test sets.

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is the task of automatically detecting and correcting errors in text. The task not only includes the correction of grammatical errors, such as missing prepositions and mismatched subject-verb agreement, but also orthographic and semantic errors, such as misspellings and word choice errors respectively. The field has seen significant progress in the last decade, motivated in part by a series of five shared tasks, which drove the development of rule-based methods, statistical classifiers, statistical machine translation, and finally neural machine translation systems which represent the current dominant state of the art. In this survey paper, we condense the field into a single article and first outline some of the linguistic challenges of the task, introduce the most popular datasets that are available to researchers (for both English and other languages), and summarise the various methods and techniques that have been developed with a particular focus on artificial error generation. We next describe the many different approaches to evaluation as well as concerns surrounding metric reliability, especially in relation to subjective human judgements, before concluding with an overview of recent progress and suggestions for future work and remaining challenges. We hope that this survey will serve as comprehensive resource for researchers who are new to the field or who want to be kept apprised of recent developments.

Training learnable metrics using modern language models has recently emerged as a promising method for the automatic evaluation of machine translation. However, existing human evaluation datasets in text simplification are limited by a lack of annotations, unitary simplification types, and outdated models, making them unsuitable for this approach. To address these issues, we introduce the SIMPEVAL corpus that contains: SIMPEVAL_ASSET, comprising 12K human ratings on 2.4K simplifications of 24 systems, and SIMPEVAL_2022, a challenging simplification benchmark consisting of over 1K human ratings of 360 simplifications including generations from GPT-3.5. Training on SIMPEVAL_ASSET, we present LENS, a Learnable Evaluation Metric for Text Simplification. Extensive empirical results show that LENS correlates better with human judgment than existing metrics, paving the way for future progress in the evaluation of text simplification. To create the SIMPEVAL datasets, we introduce RANK & RATE, a human evaluation framework that rates simplifications from several models in a list-wise manner by leveraging an interactive interface, which ensures both consistency and accuracy in the evaluation process. Our metric, dataset, and annotation toolkit are available at https://github.com/Yao-Dou/LENS.

文本样式传输是自然语言生成中的重要任务，旨在控制生成的文本中的某些属性，例如礼貌，情感，幽默和许多其他特性。它在自然语言处理领域拥有悠久的历史，最近由于深神经模型带来的有希望的性能而重大关注。在本文中，我们对神经文本转移的研究进行了系统调查，自2017年首次神经文本转移工作以来跨越100多个代表文章。我们讨论了任务制定，现有数据集和子任务，评估，以及丰富的方法在存在并行和非平行数据存在下。我们还提供关于这项任务未来发展的各种重要主题的讨论。我们的策据纸张列表在https://github.com/zhijing-jin/text_style_transfer_survey

我们提出了两种小型无监督方法，用于消除文本中的毒性。我们的第一个方法结合了最近的两个想法：（1）使用小型条件语言模型的生成过程的指导和（2）使用释义模型进行风格传输。我们使用良好的令人措辞的令人愉快的释放器，由风格培训的语言模型引导，以保持文本内容并消除毒性。我们的第二种方法使用BERT用他们的非攻击性同义词取代毒性单词。我们通过使BERT替换具有可变数量的单词的屏蔽令牌来使该方法更灵活。最后，我们介绍了毒性去除任务的风格转移模型的第一个大规模比较研究。我们将模型与许多用于样式传输的方法进行比较。使用无监督的样式传输指标的组合以可参考方式评估该模型。两种方法都建议产生新的SOTA结果。

在这项工作中，我们证明了多种语的大规模序列到序列（SEQ2SEQ）模型，该模型是通过Denoising和因果语言建模（CLM）任务的混合物进行训练的，比仅解码器模型更有效地进行了效率的学习者在各种任务上。特别是，我们培训了一个名为Alexa教师模型（Alexatm 20b）的200亿个参数多语言SEQ2SEQ模型，并表明它在1-Shot摘要任务上实现了最先进的（SOTA）性能，超过了更大的540B PALM DOPODER模型。 Alexatm 20b还可以在1-Shot Machine翻译中实现SOTA，尤其是对于低资源语言，几乎所有语言对（阿拉伯语，英语，法语，德语，德语，印地语，意大利语，日语，以及flores-101数据集上的泰卢固语）。我们还显示了零拍设置，AlexATM 20B在SuperGlue和SqueadV2数据集上的表现优于GPT3（175B），并在XNLI，XCOPA，PAWS-X和XWINOGRAD等多语言任务上提供SOTA性能。总体而言，我们的结果为SEQ2SEQ模型提供了一个令人信服的案例，作为大型语言模型（LLM）培训的仅解码器模型的强大替代方法。

数据增强是自然语言处理（NLP）模型的鲁棒性评估的重要组成部分，以及增强他们培训的数据的多样性。在本文中，我们呈现NL-Cogmenter，这是一种新的参与式Python的自然语言增强框架，它支持创建两个转换（对数据的修改）和过滤器（根据特定功能的数据拆分）。我们描述了框架和初始的117个变换和23个过滤器，用于各种自然语言任务。我们通过使用其几个转换来分析流行自然语言模型的鲁棒性来证明NL-Upmenter的功效。基础架构，Datacards和稳健性分析结果在NL-Augmenter存储库上公开可用（\ url {https://github.com/gem-benchmark/nl-augmenter}）。

Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.

GPT-3显示了培训的大规模语言模型（LMS）的卓越情调学习能力，培训数十亿规模数据。在这里，我们解决了GPT-3纸张报告的一些剩余问题，例如非英语LM，不同大小模型的性能，以及最近引入的迅速优化对上下文学习的效果。为实现这一目标，我们介绍了HyperClova，一个韩国VPT-3的韩国变体训练在一个以韩国为中心的560b标准的令牌。通过我们的韩国特定标记化，HyperClova与我们的培训配置增强，显示了韩国各种下游任务的最先进的上下游零射击和几秒钟学习表演。此外，我们展示了基于及时的学习的性能优势，并演示如何集成到迅速的工程管道中。然后，我们讨论了通过引入Hyperclova Studio，互动提示工程界面向ML的非专家提供AI原型设计能力来实现No Code AI范例的可能性。最后，我们展示了我们具有三个成功的内部应用程序的方法的潜力。

Transfer learning, where a model is first pre-trained on a data-rich task before being finetuned on a downstream task, has emerged as a powerful technique in natural language processing (NLP). The effectiveness of transfer learning has given rise to a diversity of approaches, methodology, and practice. In this paper, we explore the landscape of transfer learning techniques for NLP by introducing a unified framework that converts all text-based language problems into a text-to-text format. Our systematic study compares pre-training objectives, architectures, unlabeled data sets, transfer approaches, and other factors on dozens of language understanding tasks. By combining the insights from our exploration with scale and our new "Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus", we achieve state-of-the-art results on many benchmarks covering summarization, question answering, text classification, and more. To facilitate future work on transfer learning for NLP, we release our data set, pre-trained models, and code.

在本文中，我们利用大型语言模型（LMS）来执行零拍文本样式传输。我们介绍了一个提示方法，我们称之为零射击学习，框架样式传输作为句子重写任务，并且只需要一种自然语言指令，而无需在目标样式中的模型微调或示例。增强零射击学习很简单，并展示了不仅仅是关于诸如情感等标准的转移任务的有前途的结果，还可以在“使这种丝身态”或“插入隐喻”等任意变换上。

Large language models (LLMs) that have been trained on multilingual but not parallel text exhibit a remarkable ability to translate between languages. We probe this ability in an in-depth study of the pathways language model (PaLM), which has demonstrated the strongest machine translation (MT) performance among similarly-trained LLMs to date. We investigate various strategies for choosing translation examples for few-shot prompting, concluding that example quality is the most important factor. Using optimized prompts, we revisit previous assessments of PaLM's MT capabilities with more recent test sets, modern MT metrics, and human evaluation, and find that its performance, while impressive, still lags that of state-of-the-art supervised systems. We conclude by providing an analysis of PaLM's MT output which reveals some interesting properties and prospects for future work.

In this work, we introduce IndicXTREME, a benchmark consisting of nine diverse tasks covering 18 languages from the Indic sub-continent belonging to four different families. Across languages and tasks, IndicXTREME contains a total of 103 evaluation sets, of which 51 are new contributions to the literature. To maintain high quality, we only use human annotators to curate or translate\footnote{for IndicXParaphrase, where an automatic translation system is used, a second human verification and correction step is done.} our datasets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort toward creating a standard benchmark for Indic languages that aims to test the zero-shot capabilities of pretrained language models. We also release IndicCorp v2, an updated and much larger version of IndicCorp that contains 20.9 billion tokens in 24 languages. We pretrain IndicBERT v2 on IndicCorp v2 and evaluate it on IndicXTREME to show that it outperforms existing multilingual language models such as XLM-R and MuRIL.

在任何翻译工作流程中，从源到目标的域知识保存至关重要。在翻译行业中，接收高度专业化的项目是很常见的，那里几乎没有任何平行的内域数据。在这种情况下，没有足够的内域数据来微调机器翻译（MT）模型，生成与相关上下文一致的翻译很具有挑战性。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种新颖的方法，用于域适应性，以利用最新的审计语言模型（LMS）来用于特定于域的MT的域数据增强，并模拟（a）的（a）小型双语数据集的域特征，或（b）要翻译的单语源文本。将这个想法与反翻译相结合，我们可以为两种用例生成大量的合成双语内域数据。为了进行调查，我们使用最先进的变压器体系结构。我们采用混合的微调来训练模型，从而显着改善了内域文本的翻译。更具体地说，在这两种情况下，我们提出的方法分别在阿拉伯语到英语对阿拉伯语言对上分别提高了大约5-6个BLEU和2-3 BLEU。此外，人类评估的结果证实了自动评估结果。

As machine translation (MT) metrics improve their correlation with human judgement every year, it is crucial to understand the limitations of such metrics at the segment level. Specifically, it is important to investigate metric behaviour when facing accuracy errors in MT because these can have dangerous consequences in certain contexts (e.g., legal, medical). We curate ACES, a translation accuracy challenge set, consisting of 68 phenomena ranging from simple perturbations at the word/character level to more complex errors based on discourse and real-world knowledge. We use ACES to evaluate a wide range of MT metrics including the submissions to the WMT 2022 metrics shared task and perform several analyses leading to general recommendations for metric developers. We recommend: a) combining metrics with different strengths, b) developing metrics that give more weight to the source and less to surface-level overlap with the reference and c) explicitly modelling additional language-specific information beyond what is available via multilingual embeddings.

Powerful generative models have led to recent progress in question generation (QG). However, it is difficult to measure advances in QG research since there are no standardized resources that allow a uniform comparison among approaches. In this paper, we introduce QG-Bench, a multilingual and multidomain benchmark for QG that unifies existing question answering datasets by converting them to a standard QG setting. It includes general-purpose datasets such as SQuAD for English, datasets from ten domains and two styles, as well as datasets in eight different languages. Using QG-Bench as a reference, we perform an extensive analysis of the capabilities of language models for the task. First, we propose robust QG baselines based on fine-tuning generative language models. Then, we complement automatic evaluation based on standard metrics with an extensive manual evaluation, which in turn sheds light on the difficulty of evaluating QG models. Finally, we analyse both the domain adaptability of these models as well as the effectiveness of multilingual models in languages other than English. QG-Bench is released along with the fine-tuned models presented in the paper https://github.com/asahi417/lm-question-generation, which are also available as a demo https://autoqg.net/.

通过自我监督的学习预先训练的大型语言模型在各种各样的任务上表现出令人印象深刻的零击功能。在这项工作中，我们介绍了Welm：一种针对中文的精心读取的预训练的语言模型，能够无缝执行不同类型的任务，以零或几次演示。 Welm通过“阅读”涵盖广泛主题的精选高质量语料库来接受10b参数的培训。我们表明，韦尔姆拥有有关各种领域和语言的广泛知识。在18个单语（中文）任务中，WELM可以大大优于现有的预训练模型，尺寸相似，并匹配高达25倍大的模型的性能。韦尔姆还表现出强大的多种语言和代码转换理解的能力，优于预先对30种语言进行预培训的现有多语言模型。此外，我们收集了人工编写的提示，并通过多次培训进行了大量的中文和微调韦尔姆的监督数据集。最终的模型可以实现对看不见的任务类型的强烈概括，并在零射门学习中优于无监督的韦尔姆。最后，我们证明韦尔姆具有解释和校准自己的决策的基本技能，这可能是未来研究的有希望的方向。我们的模型可以从https://welm.weixin.qq.com/docs/api/应用。

本文探讨了提高语言模型的零次学习能力的简单方法。我们表明，指令调整 - 通过对说明书中所述的任务集合微调语言模型 - 大幅提升零射门上看不见任务中的表现。我们采取预训练的语言模型和指令调整它通过自然语言指令模板语言表达了60NLP任务137B参数。我们评估这种指令调整模型，我们称之为FLAN，在看不见的任务类型。FLAN显着改善其未修饰的对应的性能和超过25的20个任务，我们评估零射门175BGPT-3。FLAN甚至GPT-3通过在安利，RTE，BoolQ，AI2-ARC，OpenbookQA和StoryCloze大比分胜过几拍。消融研究显示任务和模型的规模，这个数字是指令调整取得成功的关键组成部分。

NLP研究人员需要更多，更高质量的文本数据集。收集人类标记的数据集是昂贵的，而通过从诸如维基的网络的自动检索收集的数据集是嘈杂的，并且可以包括不希望的偏差。此外，来自网络的数据通常包括在用于预先rain模型的数据集中，导致无意地交叉污染训练和测试集。在这项工作中，我们介绍了一种用于高效数据集策策的新方法：我们使用大型语言模型来为人类评估者提供种子几代，从而将数据集从写入任务转换为编辑任务。我们使用我们的方法来策划SynthBio - Wikibio的一个新的评估集 - 由描述虚构个人的结构化属性列表组成，映射到自然语言传记。我们表明，我们的虚构传记数据集比Wikibiiiiiiiiii远低，也更加均衡，而且对性别和国籍更加平衡。

近年来，文本的风格特性吸引了计算语言学研究人员。具体来说，研究人员研究了文本样式转移（TST）任务，该任务旨在在保留其样式独立内容的同时改变文本的风格属性。在过去的几年中，已经开发了许多新颖的TST算法，而该行业利用这些算法来实现令人兴奋的TST应用程序。由于这种共生，TST研究领域迅速发展。本文旨在对有关文本样式转移的最新研究工作进行全面审查。更具体地说，我们创建了一种分类法来组织TST模型，并提供有关最新技术状况的全面摘要。我们回顾了针对TST任务的现有评估方法，并进行了大规模的可重复性研究，我们在两个公开可用的数据集上实验基准了19个最先进的TST TST算法。最后，我们扩展了当前趋势，并就TST领域的新开发发展提供了新的观点。