可以利用致辞知识来识别文本中的因果关系。在这项工作中,我们在Atomic2020中言语三元组,广泛的覆盖率致辞推理知识图表,到自然语言文本,并不断预先预留伯特普瑞赖林模型。我们评估了回答勤杂朗语言推理问题所产生的模型。我们的研究结果表明,通过致致通知推理知识增强了不断预付费的语言模型在两个致辞语言推理基准测试,COPA和BCOPA-CE上表现出我们的基线,而无需对基础模型的额外改进或使用质量增强的数据进行微调。
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近年来带来了对自然语言理解领域的勤义代表和推理的重新兴趣。新的致辞知识图表(CSKG)的发展是这些进步的核心,因为他们的不同事实可以通过机器学习模型来解决新的和具有挑战性的任务。与此同时,由于全面地涵盖了一般勤杂朗知识所需的大规模规模,对这些资源的质量和覆盖率仍存在疑问。在这项工作中,我们将手动构建的CSKGS分配在NLP代理商遇到的所有情况下,我们将永远不会实现适用所需的覆盖范围。因此,我们提出了一种新的评估框架,用于测试KGS的效用,基于如何从中学习有效的隐式知识表示。通过这一新目标,我们提出了一个含有知识的全新CSKG的新CSKG,该知识不容易获得预用的语言模型。我们与其他领先的CSKG相比,评估其属性,表现了对勤杂朗语言知识资源的第一个大规模对研究。接下来,我们显示原子2020更适合培训知识模型,可以为新的,看不见的实体和事件产生准确,代表知识。最后,通过人类评估,我们表明,尽管使用超过430倍的参数,但GPT-3(175B参数)的几次射击性能较低,而令人印象深刻,令人印象深刻,令人印象深刻,令人印象深刻,仍然低于原子型2020的巴特的知识模型。
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对事件序列的预测对于信息检索和自然语言处理中的许多现实世界应用至关重要。在事件序列预测中,未来的活动生成(FEG)是一项具有挑战性的任务,因为它不仅需要流利的文本生成,而且需要常识性推理才能保持整个事件故事的逻辑连贯性。在本文中,我们提出了一个新颖的可解释的FEG框架COEP。它突出并整合了两种类型的事件知识,对直接事件事件关系的顺序知识以及推论知识,这些知识反映了事件之间的中间角色心理学(例如意图,原因,反应),这些心理本质地将故事推向了故事。为了减轻知识遗忘问题,我们为每种类型的知识设计了两个模块,即IM和GM,它们是通过及时调整组合的。首先,IM专注于理解推论知识,以产生常识性解释并为通用汽车提供软提示向量。我们还设计了一种对比歧视器,以提高概括能力。其次,GM通过用IM的指导对直接顺序知识进行建模来生成未来事件。自动和人类评估表明,我们的方法可以产生更连贯,具体和逻辑的未来事件。
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Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been revolutionized by the use of Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) such as BERT. Despite setting new records in nearly every NLP task, PLMs still face a number of challenges including poor interpretability, weak reasoning capability, and the need for a lot of expensive annotated data when applied to downstream tasks. By integrating external knowledge into PLMs, \textit{\underline{K}nowledge-\underline{E}nhanced \underline{P}re-trained \underline{L}anguage \underline{M}odels} (KEPLMs) have the potential to overcome the above-mentioned limitations. In this paper, we examine KEPLMs systematically through a series of studies. Specifically, we outline the common types and different formats of knowledge to be integrated into KEPLMs, detail the existing methods for building and evaluating KEPLMS, present the applications of KEPLMs in downstream tasks, and discuss the future research directions. Researchers will benefit from this survey by gaining a quick and comprehensive overview of the latest developments in this field.
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预训练的语言模型(PTLM)已显示出在自然语言任务上表现良好。许多先前的作品都以通过知识图(KGS)标记的关系链接的实体的形式利用结构性常识来协助PTLM。检索方法使用kg作为单独的静态模块,该模块限制了覆盖范围,因为kgs包含有限的知识。生成方法训练PTLMS kg三倍以提高获得知识的规模。但是,对符号KG实体的培训限制了其在涉及自然语言文本的任务中的适用性,在这些任务中,它们忽略了整体上下文。为了减轻这种情况,我们提出了一个以句子为条件的常识性上下文化器(COSE-CO)作为输入,以使其在生成与输入文本的整体上下文相关的任务中通常可用。为了训练Cose-Co,我们提出了一个新的数据集,其中包括句子和常识知识对。 COSE-CO推断出的知识是多种多样的,并且包含了基础KG中不存在的新实体。我们增强了在多选质量质量检查和开放式常识性推理任务中产生的知识,从而改善了CSQA,ARC,QASC和OBQA数据集的当前最佳方法。我们还展示了其在改善释义生成任务的基线模型方面的适用性。
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今天的大部分AI系统都专注于使用自我关注机制和变压器架构在大量多样化的数据中实现令人印象深刻的性能收益。在本文中,我们建议使用外部注意机制增强变压器架构,以带来外部知识和背景。通过将外部信息集成到预测过程中,我们希望减少对更大的模型的需求,并增加AI系统的民主化。我们发现所提出的外部注意机制可以显着提高现有AI系统的性能,使从业者可以轻松地将基础AI模型自定义到许多不同的下游应用程序。特别是,我们专注于勤杂朗语推理的任务,展示所提出的外部注意机制可以增加现有的变压器模型,并显着提高模型的推理能力。拟议的系统,知识外部关注推理(Kear),达到了开放的铜商QA研究基准的人类奇偶校验,其准确性为89.4 \%,与人类准确性为88.9 \%。
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大型语言模型在零拍摄设置中的许多自然语言处理(NLP)任务中表现出令人印象深刻的性能。我们询问这些模型是否展示了致辞语言 - NLP应用的关键组成部分 - 通过评估四个偶数基准的模型。我们发现大型语言模型的令人印象深刻的零射击性能主要是由于我们的基准测试中的数据集偏差。我们还表明,零拍摄性能对基准的超参数和相似性敏感到预训练数据集。此外,当在几次拍摄设置中评估模型时,我们没有观察大量改进。最后,与以前的工作相比,我们发现利用明确的致辞知识并没有产生重大改善。
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The remarkable success of pretrained language models has motivated the study of what kinds of knowledge these models learn during pretraining. Reformulating tasks as fillin-the-blanks problems (e.g., cloze tests) is a natural approach for gauging such knowledge, however, its usage is limited by the manual effort and guesswork required to write suitable prompts. To address this, we develop AUTOPROMPT, an automated method to create prompts for a diverse set of tasks, based on a gradient-guided search. Using AUTO-PROMPT, we show that masked language models (MLMs) have an inherent capability to perform sentiment analysis and natural language inference without additional parameters or finetuning, sometimes achieving performance on par with recent state-of-the-art supervised models. We also show that our prompts elicit more accurate factual knowledge from MLMs than the manually created prompts on the LAMA benchmark, and that MLMs can be used as relation extractors more effectively than supervised relation extraction models. These results demonstrate that automatically generated prompts are a viable parameter-free alternative to existing probing methods, and as pretrained LMs become more sophisticated and capable, potentially a replacement for finetuning.
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语言模型(LMS)已被证明在各种下游应用程序中很有用,例如摘要,翻译,问答和文本分类。由于它们可以存储的大量信息,LMS正在成为人工智能中越来越重要的工具。在这项工作中,我们提出了道具(提示为探测),该道具利用GPT-3(最初由OpenAI在2020年提出的大型语言模型)来执行知识基础构建任务(KBC)。 Prop实施了一种多步骤方法,该方法结合了各种提示技术来实现这一目标。我们的结果表明,手动提示策划是必不可少的,必须鼓励LM给出可变长度的答案集,特别是包括空的答案集,True/False问题是提高LM生成的建议精度的有用设备。 LM的大小是至关重要的因素,并且实体字典别名提高了LM评分。我们的评估研究表明,这些提出的技术可以大大提高最终预测的质量:Prop赢得了LM-KBC竞争的轨道2,表现优于基线36.4个百分点。我们的实施可在https://github.com/hemile/iswc-challenge上获得。
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Recent progress in pretraining language models on large textual corpora led to a surge of improvements for downstream NLP tasks. Whilst learning linguistic knowledge, these models may also be storing relational knowledge present in the training data, and may be able to answer queries structured as "fillin-the-blank" cloze statements. Language models have many advantages over structured knowledge bases: they require no schema engineering, allow practitioners to query about an open class of relations, are easy to extend to more data, and require no human supervision to train. We present an in-depth analysis of the relational knowledge already present (without fine-tuning) in a wide range of state-of-theart pretrained language models. We find that (i) without fine-tuning, BERT contains relational knowledge competitive with traditional NLP methods that have some access to oracle knowledge, (ii) BERT also does remarkably well on open-domain question answering against a supervised baseline, and (iii) certain types of factual knowledge are learned much more readily than others by standard language model pretraining approaches. The surprisingly strong ability of these models to recall factual knowledge without any fine-tuning demonstrates their potential as unsupervised open-domain QA systems. The code to reproduce our analysis is available at https: //github.com/facebookresearch/LAMA.
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自动化讲故事长期以来一直抓住了研究人员在日常生活中的叙述中的难以感受。但是,在用神经语言模型产生叙述时,保持一致性并保持对特定结束的特定结束挑战。在本文中,我们介绍了读者模型(Storm)的故事生成,这是一个框架,其中读者模型用于推理故事的推理应该进步。读者模型是人类读者相信关于虚构故事世界的概念,实体和关系的人。我们展示了如何作为知识图表所代表的明确读者模型提供故事一致性,并以实现给定的故事世界目标的形式提供可控性。实验表明,我们的模型产生了显着更加连贯和主题的故事,优于尺寸的基线,包括情节合理性并保持主题。我们的系统也优于在未订购的情况下在组成给定概念时占总引导的故事生成基线。
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The common practice for training commonsense models has gone from-human-to-corpus-to-machine: humans author commonsense knowledge graphs in order to train commonsense models. In this work, we investigate an alternative, from-machine-to-corpus-to-machine: general language models author these commonsense knowledge graphs to train commonsense models. Our study leads to a new framework, Symbolic Knowledge Distillation. As with prior art in Knowledge Distillation (Hinton et al., 2015), our approach uses larger models to teach smaller models. A key difference is that we distill knowledge symbolically-as text-in addition to the neural model. We also distill only one aspect-the commonsense of a general language model teacher, allowing the student to be a different type, a commonsense model. Altogether, we show that careful prompt engineering and a separately trained critic model allow us to selectively distill high-quality causal commonsense from GPT-3, a general language model. Empirical results demonstrate that, for the first time, a human-authored commonsense knowledge graph is surpassed by our automatically distilled variant in all three criteria: quantity, quality, and diversity. In addition, it results in a neural commonsense model that surpasses the teacher model's commonsense capabilities despite its 100x smaller size. We apply this to the ATOMIC resource, and share our new symbolic knowledge graph and commonsense models.
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如果没有标记的问答对必要的培训对,因此由于知识库(KBS)等勤识来源不可或缺的独特先决条件,这似乎是极具挑战性的,这通常是施工的知识库(KBS)不可或缺的独特先决条件。最近训练的语言模型(PRLMS)表现出效果,作为偶然信念的替代品,当他们发挥知识发生器的作用时。然而,现有的工作简单地产生了数百个伪答案,或者根据所有的模板粗略地执行知识生成,这可能导致很多噪声,从而阻碍了所产生的知识的质量。受人类思维经验的动机,我们提出了一种通过在知识产生的完全关联中通过全面思想家(艺术)的方法。详细地,我们的模型首先侧重于给定的上下文中的关键部件,然后以人类思维等关联方式在这种基础上产生高度相关的知识。此外,为了休闲推理,建议逆向思维机制进行原因和效果之间进行双向推断。艺术是完全无人监督和无kbs的。我们在三个型号QA基准中评估它:COPA,SocialiQA和SCT。在所有PRLM骨架的尺度上,艺术表明其辉煌的性能和优于先前的未经监督模型。
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大型基于变压器的预训练的语言模型在各种知识密集的任务上取得了令人印象深刻的表现,并可以在其参数中捕获事实知识。我们认为,考虑到不断增长的知识和资源需求,在模型参数中存储大量知识是亚最佳选择。我们认为,更有效的替代方法是向模型提供对上下文相关的结构化知识的明确访问,并训练它以使用该知识。我们提出了LM核 - 实现这一目标的一般框架 - 允许从外部知识源对语言模型培训的\ textit {解耦},并允许后者更新而不会影响已经训练的模型。实验结果表明,LM核心获得外部知识,在知识探索任务上的最先进的知识增强语言模型中实现了重要而强大的优于性能。可以有效处理知识更新;并在两个下游任务上表现良好。我们还提出了一个彻底的错误分析,突出了LM核的成功和失败。
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We present ATOMIC, an atlas of everyday commonsense reasoning, organized through 877k textual descriptions of inferential knowledge. Compared to existing resources that center around taxonomic knowledge, ATOMIC focuses on inferential knowledge organized as typed if-then relations with variables (e.g., "if X pays Y a compliment, then Y will likely return the compliment"). We propose nine if-then relation types to distinguish causes vs. effects, agents vs. themes, voluntary vs. involuntary events, and actions vs. mental states. By generatively training on the rich inferential knowledge described in ATOMIC, we show that neural models can acquire simple commonsense capabilities and reason about previously unseen events. Experimental results demonstrate that multitask models that incorporate the hierarchical structure of if-then relation types lead to more accurate inference compared to models trained in isolation, as measured by both automatic and human evaluation.
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现在,通过复杂的神经网络模型(例如蒙版的神经语言模型(MNLM))学习了许多上下文化的单词表示形式,这些模型由巨大的神经网络结构组成,并经过训练以恢复蒙面文本。这样的表示表明在某些阅读理解(RC)任务中表现出超人的表现,这些任务在给出问题的上下文中提取了适当的答案。但是,由于许多模型参数,确定在MNLM中训练的详细知识是具有挑战性的。本文提供了有关MNLMS中包含的常识性知识的新见解和经验分析。首先,我们使用诊断测试来评估常识性知识是否在MNLMS中进行了适当的培训。我们观察到,在MNLMS中没有适当训练很多常识性知识,并且MNLMS并不经常准确地理解关系的语义含义。此外,我们发现基于MNLM的RC模型仍然容易受到需要常识知识的语义变化的影响。最后,我们发现了未经训练的知识的基本原因。我们进一步建议,利用外常识性知识存储库可以是一个有效的解决方案。我们说明了通过在受控实验中以外常识性知识存储库来丰富文本的经文,以克服基于MNLM的RC模型的局限性的可能性。
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When answering a question, people often draw upon their rich world knowledge in addition to the particular context. Recent work has focused primarily on answering questions given some relevant document or context, and required very little general background. To investigate question answering with prior knowledge, we present COMMONSENSEQA: a challenging new dataset for commonsense question answering. To capture common sense beyond associations, we extract from CON-CEPTNET (Speer et al., 2017) multiple target concepts that have the same semantic relation to a single source concept. Crowd-workers are asked to author multiple-choice questions that mention the source concept and discriminate in turn between each of the target concepts. This encourages workers to create questions with complex semantics that often require prior knowledge. We create 12,247 questions through this procedure and demonstrate the difficulty of our task with a large number of strong baselines. Our best baseline is based on BERT-large (Devlin et al., 2018) and obtains 56% accuracy, well below human performance, which is 89%.
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在维持预审预定序列模型的灵活性的同时,是否有利于常识性推理,这仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。为了调查这个问题,我们开发了生成的知识提示,该提示包括从语言模型中生成知识,然后在回答问题时提供知识作为附加输入。我们的方法不需要特定于任务的监督知识集成或访问结构化的知识库,但它可以提高四个常识性推理任务上的大规模,最先进的模型的性能,从而实现最先进-ART结果取决于数值常识(NumerSense),通用常识性(Commonsenseqa 2.0)和科学常识(QASC)基准。产生的知识促使大型语言模型是灵活的外部知识来源,以改善常识性推理。我们的代码可从https://github.com/liujch1998/gkp获得
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Storytelling and narrative are fundamental to human experience, intertwined with our social and cultural engagement. As such, researchers have long attempted to create systems that can generate stories automatically. In recent years, powered by deep learning and massive data resources, automatic story generation has shown significant advances. However, considerable challenges, like the need for global coherence in generated stories, still hamper generative models from reaching the same storytelling ability as human narrators. To tackle these challenges, many studies seek to inject structured knowledge into the generation process, which is referred to as structure knowledge-enhanced story generation. Incorporating external knowledge can enhance the logical coherence among story events, achieve better knowledge grounding, and alleviate over-generalization and repetition problems in stories. This survey provides the latest and comprehensive review of this research field: (i) we present a systematical taxonomy regarding how existing methods integrate structured knowledge into story generation; (ii) we summarize involved story corpora, structured knowledge datasets, and evaluation metrics; (iii) we give multidimensional insights into the challenges of knowledge-enhanced story generation and cast light on promising directions for future study.
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人类使用自然语言来撰写普通概念,将他们的环境归结为合理的日常场景描述。然而,这种生成的致辞推理(GCSR)技能缺乏最先进的文本生成方法。关于由神经文本生成模型(例如,预先接受的文本到文本变压器)生成的任意概念的描述性句子通常是语法流畅的,但可能与人类常识不相符,这主要是由于它们缺乏捕获概念关系的机制识别隐式概念,并对看不见的概念组成来执行概括的推理。在本文中,我们提出了一种想象的 - 言语(I&V)方法,其学会在输入概念之间的关系中想象一个关系场景知识图(SKG),并在生成合理的场景描述时利用SKG作为约束。我们收集和协调来自不同领域和方式的一套知识资源,为I&v提供丰富的辅助监督信号。该实验展示了I&V在提高概念到句子和概念到故事的生成任务上的语言模型的有效性,同时使模型能够从更少的任务示例中学习并生成对人类注入者常识的SKG。
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