视觉问题回答是自然语言和愿景理解的重要任务。但是，在大多数公众视觉问题上回答了诸如VQA，CLEVR之类的数据集，这些问题是针对给定图像的特定于“她的眼睛是什么颜色？”的人类产生的。人类产生的众包问题相对简单，有时对某些实体或属性有偏见。在本文中，我们介绍了一个基于Image-Chiqa的新问题回答数据集。它包含Internet用户发布的现实查询，并结合了几个相关的开放域图像。系统应确定图像是否可以回答问题。与以前的VQA数据集不同，这些问题是现实世界中独立的查询，这些查询更加各种和无偏见。与先前的图像回程或图像捕获数据集相比，Chiqa不仅衡量了相关性，而且还可以衡量答案性，这需要更细粒度的视力和语言推理。 Chiqa包含超过40k的问题和超过200k的问题图像对。将三级2/1/0标签分配给每个对，指示完美的答案，部分答案和无关紧要。数据分析表明，Chiqa需要对语言和视觉有深入的了解，包括接地，比较和阅读。我们评估了几种最先进的视觉语言模型，例如ALBEF，表明仍然有一个很大的改进奇卡的空间。

视觉问题应答（VQA）任务利用视觉图像和语言分析来回回答图像的文本问题。它是一个流行的研究课题，在过去十年中越来越多的现实应用。本文介绍了我们最近对AliceMind-MMU的研究（阿里巴巴的编码器 - 解码器来自Damo Academy - 多媒体理解的机器智能实验室），其比人类在VQA上获得相似甚至略微更好的结果。这是通过系统地改善VQA流水线来实现的，包括：（1）具有全面的视觉和文本特征表示的预培训; （2）与学习参加的有效跨模型互动; （3）一个新颖的知识挖掘框架，具有专门的专业专家模块，适用于复杂的VQA任务。处理不同类型的视觉问题，需要具有相应的专业知识在提高我们的VQA架构的表现方面发挥着重要作用，这取决于人力水平。进行了广泛的实验和分析，以证明新的研究工作的有效性。

有效的缩放和灵活的任务接口使大型语言模型能够在许多任务中表现出色。帕利（Pali）根据视觉和文本输入生成文本，并使用该界面以许多语言执行许多视觉，语言和多模式任务。为了训练帕利，我们利用了大型的编码器语言模型和视觉变压器（VITS）。这使我们能够利用其现有能力，并利用培训它们的大量成本。我们发现，视觉和语言组成部分的联合缩放很重要。由于现有的语言变压器比其视觉对应物要大得多，因此我们训练迄今为止最大的VIT（VIT-E），以量化甚至大容量视觉模型的好处。为了训练Pali，我们基于一个新的图像文本训练集，其中包含10B图像和文本，以100多种语言来创建大型的多语言组合。帕利（Pali）在多个视觉和语言任务（例如字幕，视觉问题，索方式，场景文本理解）中实现了最新的，同时保留了简单，模块化和可扩展的设计。

在过去的几年中，训练前模型的出现将单峰领域（例如计算机视觉（CV）和自然语言处理（NLP））带到了一个新时代。实质性的作品表明它们对下游大学任务有益，并避免从头开始训练新的模型。那么，此类预训练的模型可以应用于多模式任务吗？研究人员探索了这个问题并取得了重大进展。本文调查了视觉预训练（VLP）的最新进展和新的前沿，包括图像文本和视频文本预训练。为了使读者更好地掌握VLP，我们首先从五个方面回顾了其最新进展：功能提取，模型体系结构，培训预训练目标，预训练数据集和下游任务。然后，我们详细概述了特定的VLP模型。最后，我们讨论了VLP中的新边界。据我们所知，这是对VLP的首次调查。我们希望这项调查能够阐明VLP领域的未来研究。

本文介绍了Omnivl，这是一种新的基础模型，旨在使用一种通用体系结构来支持图像语言和视频语言任务。它为图像和视频输入采用了统一的基于变压器的视觉编码器，因此可以执行联合图像语言和视频语言预处理。我们首次证明了这样的范式受益于图像和视频任务，而不是传统的单向传输（例如，使用图像语言来帮助视频语言）。为此，我们提出了对图像语言和视频语言的脱钩关节预处理，以有效地将视觉模型分解为空间和时间维度，并在图像和视频任务上获得性能提升。此外，我们引入了一种新颖的统一视觉对比度（UNIVLC）损失，以利用图像文本，视频文本，图像标签（例如，图像分类），视频标签（例如，视频动作识别）在一起受到监督和吵闹的监督预处理数据都尽可能多地利用。无需额外的任务适配器，Omnivl可以同时支持仅视觉任务（例如，图像分类，视频操作识别），跨模式对齐任务（例如，图像/视频 - 文本检索）和多模式理解和生成任务（例如，图像/视频问答，字幕）。我们在各种下游任务上评估Omnivl，并以相似的模型大小和数据量表获得最新的或竞争结果。

Large-scale pre-training methods of learning cross-modal representations on image-text pairs are becoming popular for vision-language tasks. While existing methods simply concatenate image region features and text features as input to the model to be pre-trained and use selfattention to learn image-text semantic alignments in a brute force manner, in this paper, we propose a new learning method Oscar 1 , which uses object tags detected in images as anchor points to significantly ease the learning of alignments. Our method is motivated by the observation that the salient objects in an image can be accurately detected, and are often mentioned in the paired text. We pre-train an Oscar model on the public corpus of 6.5 million text-image pairs, and fine-tune it on downstream tasks, creating new state-of-the-arts on six well-established vision-language understanding and generation tasks. 2

目前的视觉问题应答（VQA）任务主要考虑回答自然图像的人为注释问题。然而，除了自然图像之外，在视觉理解和推理研究中仍然可以解读具有语义丰富性的抽象图。在这项工作中，我们介绍了ICON问题的新挑战（ICONQA），其目标是在图标图像上下文中回答问题。我们发布了ICONQA，这是一个由107,439个问题和三个子任务组成的大型数据集：多图像选择，多文本选择和填充空白。 ICONQA数据集是由真实世界图中的启发，突出了抽象图理解和综合认知推理的重要性。因此，ICONQA不仅需要对象识别和文本理解等感知技能，而且还需要多种认知推理技能，例如几何推理，致辞推理和算术推理。为了促进潜在的iconqa模型来学习图标图像的语义表示，我们进一步发布了一个图标数据集图标645，其中包含377级上的645,687个彩色图标。我们进行广泛的用户研究和盲目实验，并重现各种先进的VQA方法来基准iconQA任务。此外，我们开发了一个强大的ICONQA基线Patch-TRM，它应用金字塔跨模型变压器，其中包含在图标数据集上预先培训的输入图嵌入式。 iconqa和图标645可在https://iconqa.github.io提供。

Recent years have witnessed the resurgence of knowledge engineering which is featured by the fast growth of knowledge graphs. However, most of existing knowledge graphs are represented with pure symbols, which hurts the machine's capability to understand the real world. The multi-modalization of knowledge graphs is an inevitable key step towards the realization of human-level machine intelligence. The results of this endeavor are Multi-modal Knowledge Graphs (MMKGs). In this survey on MMKGs constructed by texts and images, we first give definitions of MMKGs, followed with the preliminaries on multi-modal tasks and techniques. We then systematically review the challenges, progresses and opportunities on the construction and application of MMKGs respectively, with detailed analyses of the strength and weakness of different solutions. We finalize this survey with open research problems relevant to MMKGs.

The availability of large-scale image captioning and visual question answering datasets has contributed significantly to recent successes in vision-and-language pretraining. However, these datasets are often collected with overrestrictive requirements inherited from their original target tasks (e.g., image caption generation), which limit the resulting dataset scale and diversity. We take a step further in pushing the limits of vision-and-language pretraining data by relaxing the data collection pipeline used in Conceptual Captions 3M (CC3M) [70] and introduce the Conceptual 12M (CC12M), a dataset with 12 million image-text pairs specifically meant to be used for visionand-language pre-training. We perform an analysis of this dataset and benchmark its effectiveness against CC3M on multiple downstream tasks with an emphasis on long-tail visual recognition. Our results clearly illustrate the benefit of scaling up pre-training data for vision-and-language tasks, as indicated by the new state-of-the-art results on both the nocaps and Conceptual Captions benchmarks. 1

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its applications have sparked extraordinary interest in recent years. This achievement can be ascribed in part to advances in AI subfields including Machine Learning (ML), Computer Vision (CV), and Natural Language Processing (NLP). Deep learning, a sub-field of machine learning that employs artificial neural network concepts, has enabled the most rapid growth in these domains. The integration of vision and language has sparked a lot of attention as a result of this. The tasks have been created in such a way that they properly exemplify the concepts of deep learning. In this review paper, we provide a thorough and an extensive review of the state of the arts approaches, key models design principles and discuss existing datasets, methods, their problem formulation and evaluation measures for VQA and Visual reasoning tasks to understand vision and language representation learning. We also present some potential future paths in this field of research, with the hope that our study may generate new ideas and novel approaches to handle existing difficulties and develop new applications.

随着图像文本对的大量数据以及视觉和语言（V＆L）任务的多样性，学者在该研究领域引入了大量的深度学习模型。此外，近年来，转移学习还显示出在计算机愿景中的巨大成功，例如图像分类，对象检测等以及在自然语言处理中以进行问答，机器翻译等的自然语言处理。继承转移学习的精神， V＆L的研究工作已经在大规模数据集上设计了多种预训练技术，以增强下游任务的性能。本文的目的是提供当代V＆L预审前模型的全面修订。特别是，我们对预处理的方法进行了分类和描述，以及最先进的视觉和语言预训练模型的摘要。此外，还提供了培训数据集和下游任务的列表，以进一步提高V＆L预处理的观点。最后，我们决定采取进一步的一步，讨论众多未来研究的方向。

通用视觉（GPV）系统是旨在解决各种视觉任务的模型，而无需进行架构更改。如今，GPV主要从大型完全监督的数据集中学习技能和概念。通过获取数据以迅速学习每个技能的每个概念，将GPV扩展到数万个概念都变得令人望而却步。这项工作提出了一种有效且廉价的替代方法：从监督数据集中学习技能，从Web图像搜索中学习概念，并利用GPV的关键特征：跨技能传递视觉知识的能力。我们使用跨越10K+视觉概念的1M+图像的数据集来演示3个基准上的两个现有GPV（GPV-1和VL-T5）的Webly Supumented概念扩展：5个基于可可的数据集（80个主要概念），这是一个新的策划系列，这是一个新的策划系列。基于OpenImages和VisualGenome存储库（〜500个概念）以及Web衍生的数据集（10K+概念）的5个数据集。我们还提出了一种新的体系结构GPV-2，该架构支持各种任务 - 从分类和本地化等视觉任务到Qu Viewer+语言任务，例如QA和字幕，再到更多的利基市场，例如人类对象互动检测。 GPV-2从Web数据中受益匪浅，并且在这些基准测试中胜过GPV-1和VL-T5。我们的数据，代码和Web演示可在https://prior.allenai.org/projects/gpv2上获得。

Video Question Answering methods focus on commonsense reasoning and visual cognition of objects or persons and their interactions over time. Current VideoQA approaches ignore the textual information present in the video. Instead, we argue that textual information is complementary to the action and provides essential contextualisation cues to the reasoning process. To this end, we propose a novel VideoQA task that requires reading and understanding the text in the video. To explore this direction, we focus on news videos and require QA systems to comprehend and answer questions about the topics presented by combining visual and textual cues in the video. We introduce the ``NewsVideoQA'' dataset that comprises more than $8,600$ QA pairs on $3,000+$ news videos obtained from diverse news channels from around the world. We demonstrate the limitations of current Scene Text VQA and VideoQA methods and propose ways to incorporate scene text information into VideoQA methods.

This paper presents a detailed study of improving visual representations for vision language (VL) tasks and develops an improved object detection model to provide object-centric representations of images. Compared to the most widely used bottom-up and top-down model [2], the new model is bigger, better-designed for VL tasks, and pre-trained on much larger training corpora that combine multiple public annotated object detection datasets. Therefore, it can generate representations of a richer collection of visual objects and concepts. While previous VL research focuses mainly on improving the vision-language fusion model and leaves the object detection model improvement untouched, we show that visual features matter significantly in VL models. In our experiments we feed the visual features generated by the new object detection model into a Transformer-based VL fusion model OSCAR [21], and utilize an improved approach OSCAR+ to pre-train the VL model and fine-tune it on a wide range of downstream VL tasks. Our results show that the new visual features significantly improve the performance across all VL tasks, creating new state-of-the-art results on seven public benchmarks. Code, models and pre-extracted features are released at https://github.com/pzzhang/VinVL. ♥ Microsoft Corporation♠ University of Washington † indicates equal contributions.

We present ViLBERT (short for Vision-and-Language BERT), a model for learning task-agnostic joint representations of image content and natural language. We extend the popular BERT architecture to a multi-modal two-stream model, processing both visual and textual inputs in separate streams that interact through co-attentional transformer layers. We pretrain our model through two proxy tasks on the large, automatically collected Conceptual Captions dataset and then transfer it to multiple established vision-and-language tasks -visual question answering, visual commonsense reasoning, referring expressions, and caption-based image retrieval -by making only minor additions to the base architecture. We observe significant improvements across tasks compared to existing task-specific modelsachieving state-of-the-art on all four tasks. Our work represents a shift away from learning groundings between vision and language only as part of task training and towards treating visual grounding as a pretrainable and transferable capability.Preprint. Under review.

Learning fine-grained interplay between vision and language allows to a more accurate understanding for VisionLanguage tasks. However, it remains challenging to extract key image regions according to the texts for semantic alignments. Most existing works are either limited by textagnostic and redundant regions obtained with the frozen detectors, or failing to scale further due to its heavy reliance on scarce grounding (gold) data to pre-train detectors. To solve these problems, we propose Self-Locator Aided Network (SLAN) for cross-modal understanding tasks without any extra gold data. SLAN consists of a region filter and a region adaptor to localize regions of interest conditioned on different texts. By aggregating cross-modal information, the region filter selects key regions and the region adaptor updates their coordinates with text guidance. With detailed region-word alignments, SLAN can be easily generalized to many downstream tasks. It achieves fairly competitive results on five cross-modal understanding tasks (e.g., 85.7% and 69.2% on COCO image-to-text and text-to-image retrieval, surpassing previous SOTA methods). SLAN also demonstrates strong zero-shot and fine-tuned transferability to two localization tasks.

用于视觉语言表示学习的变压器已经引起了很多兴趣，并在视觉问题答案（VQA）和接地方面表现出了巨大的表现。但是，大多数显示出良好性能的系统在培训过程中仍然依赖于预训练的对象探测器，这将其适用性限制在可用于这些检测器的对象类中。为了减轻这种限制，以下论文着重于在变形金刚中的视觉问题答案的背景下进行弱监督的基础问题。该方法通过将每个视觉令牌分组在视觉编码器中，并使用语言自我发项层作为文本引导选择模块来利用胶囊，以在将它们转发到下一层之前掩盖它们。我们评估了针对挑战的GQA以及VQA帽数据集的VQA接地的方法。我们的实验表明：在从标准变压器体系结构中删除蒙版对象的信息的同时，胶囊的集成显着提高了此类系统的接地能力，并提供了与其他新的最先进的结果。在现场接近。

Vision-and-language reasoning requires an understanding of visual concepts, language semantics, and, most importantly, the alignment and relationships between these two modalities. We thus propose the LXMERT (Learning Cross-Modality Encoder Representations from Transformers) framework to learn these vision-and-language connections. In LXMERT, we build a large-scale Transformer model that consists of three encoders: an object relationship encoder, a language encoder, and a cross-modality encoder. Next, to endow our model with the capability of connecting vision and language semantics, we pre-train the model with large amounts of image-and-sentence pairs, via five diverse representative pre-training tasks: masked language modeling, masked object prediction (feature regression and label classification), cross-modality matching, and image question answering. These tasks help in learning both intra-modality and cross-modality relationships. After fine-tuning from our pretrained parameters, our model achieves the state-of-the-art results on two visual question answering datasets (i.e., VQA and GQA). We also show the generalizability of our pretrained cross-modality model by adapting it to a challenging visual-reasoning task, NLVR 2 , and improve the previous best result by 22% absolute (54% to 76%). Lastly, we demonstrate detailed ablation studies to prove that both our novel model components and pretraining strategies significantly contribute to our strong results; and also present several attention visualizations for the different encoders. 1

以前的视觉语言预训练模型主要构建具有令牌和对象（像素）的多模式输入，然后在它们之间执行交叉模式相互作用。我们认为，只有令牌和对象的输入限制了诸如短语到区域接地之类的高级语义对齐。同时，多层次对齐本质上是一致的，并且能够协同促进表示形式学习。因此，在本文中，我们建议学习视觉预训练（MVPTR）的多级语义一致性。在MVPTR中，我们遵循两种方式的嵌套结构，以引入概念为高级语义。为了简化从多模式多级输入的学习，我们的框架分为两个阶段，第一阶段着重于模式内多级表示学习，第二阶段通过粗粒和细粒度跨模态强化了跨模式的交互语义对齐任务。除了常用的图像文本匹配和掩盖语言模型任务外，我们还引入了第一阶段蒙版概念恢复任务以增强概念表示学习，第二阶段的另外两个任务在第二阶段中，以明确鼓励跨跨层次的多层次对准方式。我们的代码可在https://github.com/junction4nako/mvp_pytorch上找到。

视觉问题回答（VQA）主要通过英语镜头进行了研究。但是，以其他方式以其他方式处理VQA将需要大量资源。在本文中，我们在数据和建模方面提出了多种语言视觉问题回答（MVQA）的可扩展解决方案。我们首先向MVQA数据生成提出了一个基于翻译的框架，该框架比直接收集问题和答案的常规方法所需的人类注释工作要少得多。然后，我们将框架应用于CrossModal-3600数据集中的多语言字幕，并开发了有效的注释协议，以创建Maverics-XM3600（MAXM），这是一种仅使用7种不同语言的仅测试的VQA基准。最后，我们提出了一种方法，用于统一，可扩展，开放式和端到端MVQA建模，并在13种语言中表现出强劲的性能。