深度神经网络(DNN)无处不在的并且跨越各种应用范围从图像分类和面部识别到医学图像分析和实时对象检测。由于DNN模型变得更加复杂和复杂,培训这些模型的计算成本成为负担。出于这个原因,外包培训过程一直是许多DNN用户的转移选项。不幸的是,这是易受止回攻击的脆弱性的成本。这些攻击旨在在DNN中建立隐藏的后门,使得它在清洁样本上表现良好,但在将触发器应用于输入时输出特定的目标标签。当前的后门攻击在空间域中产生触发器;但是,正如我们在本文所展示的那样,它不是漏洞利用的域名,也应该始终“检查其他门”。据我们所知,这项工作是第一个提出用于在频域中生成空间动态(更改)和不可见的(低规范)后门攻击的管道的管道。我们展示利用频域来创造无法在各种数据集和网络架构上进行广泛实验创建未检测和强大的后门攻击的优势。与大多数空间域攻击不同,基于频率的后门攻击可以实现高攻击成功率,低中毒率,并且在表现不可察觉的情况下,仍然没有下降,而难以忍受。此外,我们表明,回顾式模型(我们的攻击中毒)对各种最先进的(SOTA)防御有抵抗力,因此我们有助于两种可能成功逃避攻击的防御。
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Deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to a class of attacks called "backdoor attacks", which create an association between a backdoor trigger and a target label the attacker is interested in exploiting. A backdoored DNN performs well on clean test images, yet persistently predicts an attacker-defined label for any sample in the presence of the backdoor trigger. Although backdoor attacks have been extensively studied in the image domain, there are very few works that explore such attacks in the video domain, and they tend to conclude that image backdoor attacks are less effective in the video domain. In this work, we revisit the traditional backdoor threat model and incorporate additional video-related aspects to that model. We show that poisoned-label image backdoor attacks could be extended temporally in two ways, statically and dynamically, leading to highly effective attacks in the video domain. In addition, we explore natural video backdoors to highlight the seriousness of this vulnerability in the video domain. And, for the first time, we study multi-modal (audiovisual) backdoor attacks against video action recognition models, where we show that attacking a single modality is enough for achieving a high attack success rate.
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随着深度神经网络(DNN)的广泛应用,后门攻击逐渐引起了人们的关注。后门攻击是阴险的,中毒模型在良性样本上的表现良好,只有在给定特定输入时才会触发,这会导致神经网络产生不正确的输出。最先进的后门攻击工作是通过数据中毒(即攻击者注入中毒样品中的数据集中)实施的,并且用该数据集训练的模型被后门感染。但是,当前研究中使用的大多数触发因素都是在一小部分图像上修补的固定图案,并且经常被明显错误地标记,这很容易被人类或防御方法(例如神经清洁和前哨)检测到。同样,DNN很难在没有标记的情况下学习,因为它们可能会忽略小图案。在本文中,我们提出了一种基于频域的广义后门攻击方法,该方法可以实现后门植入而不会错标和访问训练过程。它是人类看不见的,能够逃避常用的防御方法。我们在三个数据集(CIFAR-10,STL-10和GTSRB)的无标签和清洁标签案例中评估了我们的方法。结果表明,我们的方法可以在所有任务上实现高攻击成功率(高于90%),而不会在主要任务上进行大量绩效降解。此外,我们评估了我们的方法的旁路性能,以进行各种防御措施,包括检测训练数据(即激活聚类),输入的预处理(即过滤),检测输入(即Sentinet)和检测模型(即神经清洁)。实验结果表明,我们的方法对这种防御能力表现出极好的鲁棒性。
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后门攻击已被证明是对深度学习系统的严重威胁,如生物识别认证和自主驾驶。有效的后门攻击可以在某些预定义条件下执行模型行为,即,触发器,但否则正常表现。然而,现有攻击的触发器直接注入像素空间,这往往可通过现有的防御和在训练和推理阶段进行视觉识别。在本文中,我们通过Trojaning频域提出了一个新的后门攻击ftrojan。关键的直觉是频域中的触发扰动对应于分散整个图像的小像素明智的扰动,打破了现有防御的底层假设,并使中毒图像从清洁的假设可视地无法区分。我们在几个数据集和任务中评估ftrojan,表明它实现了高攻击成功率,而不会显着降低良性输入的预测准确性。此外,中毒图像几乎看不见并保持高感性的质量。我们还评估FTROJAN,以防止最先进的防御以及在频域中设计的若干自适应防御。结果表明,FTROJAN可以强大地避开或显着降解这些防御的性能。
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最近的研究表明,深层神经网络容易受到不同类型的攻击,例如对抗性攻击,数据中毒攻击和后门攻击。其中,后门攻击是最狡猾的攻击,几乎可以在深度学习管道的每个阶段发生。因此,后门攻击吸引了学术界和行业的许多兴趣。但是,大多数现有的后门攻击方法对于某些轻松的预处理(例如常见数据转换)都是可见的或脆弱的。为了解决这些限制,我们提出了一种强大而无形的后门攻击,称为“毒药”。具体而言,我们首先利用图像结构作为目标中毒区域,并用毒药(信息)填充它们以生成触发图案。由于图像结构可以在数据转换期间保持其语义含义,因此这种触发模式对数据转换本质上是强大的。然后,我们利用深度注射网络将这种触发模式嵌入封面图像中,以达到隐身性。与现有流行的后门攻击方法相比,毒药的墨水在隐形和健壮性方面都优于表现。通过广泛的实验,我们证明了毒药不仅是不同数据集和网络体系结构的一般性,而且对于不同的攻击场景也很灵活。此外,它对许多最先进的防御技术也具有非常强烈的抵抗力。
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典型的深神经网络(DNN)后门攻击基于输入中嵌入的触发因素。现有的不可察觉的触发因素在计算上昂贵或攻击成功率低。在本文中,我们提出了一个新的后门触发器,该扳机易于生成,不可察觉和高效。新的触发器是一个均匀生成的三维(3D)二进制图案,可以水平和/或垂直重复和镜像,并将其超级贴在三通道图像上,以训练后式DNN模型。新型触发器分散在整个图像中,对单个像素产生微弱的扰动,但共同拥有强大的识别模式来训练和激活DNN的后门。我们还通过分析表明,随着图像的分辨率提高,触发因素越来越有效。实验是使用MNIST,CIFAR-10和BTSR数据集上的RESNET-18和MLP模型进行的。在无遗象的方面,新触发的表现优于现有的触发器,例如Badnet,Trojaned NN和隐藏的后门。新的触发因素达到了几乎100%的攻击成功率,仅将分类准确性降低了不到0.7%-2.4%,并使最新的防御技术无效。
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Backdoor attacks have emerged as one of the major security threats to deep learning models as they can easily control the model's test-time predictions by pre-injecting a backdoor trigger into the model at training time. While backdoor attacks have been extensively studied on images, few works have investigated the threat of backdoor attacks on time series data. To fill this gap, in this paper we present a novel generative approach for time series backdoor attacks against deep learning based time series classifiers. Backdoor attacks have two main goals: high stealthiness and high attack success rate. We find that, compared to images, it can be more challenging to achieve the two goals on time series. This is because time series have fewer input dimensions and lower degrees of freedom, making it hard to achieve a high attack success rate without compromising stealthiness. Our generative approach addresses this challenge by generating trigger patterns that are as realistic as real-time series patterns while achieving a high attack success rate without causing a significant drop in clean accuracy. We also show that our proposed attack is resistant to potential backdoor defenses. Furthermore, we propose a novel universal generator that can poison any type of time series with a single generator that allows universal attacks without the need to fine-tune the generative model for new time series datasets.
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后门学习是研究深神经网络(DNNS)脆弱性的一个新兴而重要的话题。在快速武器竞赛的地位上,正在连续或同时提出许多开创性的后门攻击和防御方法。但是,我们发现对新方法的评估通常是不可思议的,以验证其主张和实际绩效,这主要是由于快速发展,不同的环境以及实施和可重复性的困难。没有彻底的评估和比较,很难跟踪当前的进度并设计文献的未来发展路线图。为了减轻这一困境,我们建立了一个名为Backdoorbench的后门学习的全面基准。它由一个可扩展的基于模块化的代码库(当前包括8个最先进(SOTA)攻击和9种SOTA防御算法的实现),以及完整的后门学习的标准化协议。我们还基于5个模型和4个数据集,对9个防御措施的每对8次攻击进行全面评估,总共8,000对评估。我们从不同的角度进一步介绍了对这8,000次评估的不同角度,研究了对国防算法,中毒比率,模型和数据集对后门学习的影响。 \ url {https://backdoorbench.github.io}公开获得了Backdoorbench的所有代码和评估。
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视觉变压器(VIT)最近在各种视觉任务上表现出了典范的性能,并被用作CNN的替代方案。它们的设计基于一种自我发挥的机制,该机制将图像作为一系列斑块进行处理,与CNN相比,这是完全不同的。因此,研究VIT是否容易受到后门攻击的影响很有趣。当攻击者出于恶意目的,攻击者毒害培训数据的一小部分时,就会发生后门攻击。模型性能在干净的测试图像上很好,但是攻击者可以通过在测试时间显示触发器来操纵模型的决策。据我们所知,我们是第一个证明VIT容易受到后门攻击的人。我们还发现VIT和CNNS之间存在着有趣的差异 - 解释算法有效地突出了VIT的测试图像的触发因素,但没有针对CNN。基于此观察结果,我们提出了一个测试时间图像阻止VIT的防御,这将攻击成功率降低了很大。代码可在此处找到:https://github.com/ucdvision/backdoor_transformer.git
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后门攻击已被证明是对深度学习模型的严重安全威胁,并且检测给定模型是否已成为后门成为至关重要的任务。现有的防御措施主要建立在观察到后门触发器通常尺寸很小或仅影响几个神经元激活的观察结果。但是,在许多情况下,尤其是对于高级后门攻击,违反了上述观察结果,阻碍了现有防御的性能和适用性。在本文中,我们提出了基于新观察的后门防御范围。也就是说,有效的后门攻击通常需要对中毒训练样本的高预测置信度,以确保训练有素的模型具有很高的可能性。基于此观察结果,Dtinspector首先学习一个可以改变最高信心数据的预测的补丁,然后通过检查在低信心数据上应用学习补丁后检查预测变化的比率来决定后门的存在。对五次后门攻击,四个数据集和三种高级攻击类型的广泛评估证明了拟议防御的有效性。
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最近的研究表明,深度神经网络(DNN)容易受到后门攻击的影响,后门攻击会导致DNN的恶意行为,当时特定的触发器附在输入图像上时。进一步证明,感染的DNN具有一系列通道,与正常通道相比,该通道对后门触发器更敏感。然后,将这些通道修剪可有效缓解后门行为。要定位这些通道,自然要考虑其Lipschitzness,这可以衡量他们对输入上最严重的扰动的敏感性。在这项工作中,我们介绍了一个名为Channel Lipschitz常数(CLC)的新颖概念,该概念定义为从输入图像到每个通道输出的映射的Lipschitz常数。然后,我们提供经验证据,以显示CLC(UCLC)上限与通道激活的触发激活变化之间的强相关性。由于可以从重量矩阵直接计算UCLC,因此我们可以以无数据的方式检测潜在的后门通道,并在感染的DNN上进行简单修剪以修复模型。提出的基于lipschitzness的通道修剪(CLP)方法非常快速,简单,无数据且可靠,可以选择修剪阈值。进行了广泛的实验来评估CLP的效率和有效性,CLP的效率和有效性也可以在主流防御方法中获得最新的结果。源代码可在https://github.com/rkteddy/channel-lipschitzness基于普通范围内获得。
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This paper asks the intriguing question: is it possible to exploit neural architecture search (NAS) as a new attack vector to launch previously improbable attacks? Specifically, we present EVAS, a new attack that leverages NAS to find neural architectures with inherent backdoors and exploits such vulnerability using input-aware triggers. Compared with existing attacks, EVAS demonstrates many interesting properties: (i) it does not require polluting training data or perturbing model parameters; (ii) it is agnostic to downstream fine-tuning or even re-training from scratch; (iii) it naturally evades defenses that rely on inspecting model parameters or training data. With extensive evaluation on benchmark datasets, we show that EVAS features high evasiveness, transferability, and robustness, thereby expanding the adversary's design spectrum. We further characterize the mechanisms underlying EVAS, which are possibly explainable by architecture-level ``shortcuts'' that recognize trigger patterns. This work raises concerns about the current practice of NAS and points to potential directions to develop effective countermeasures.
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Dataset distillation has emerged as a prominent technique to improve data efficiency when training machine learning models. It encapsulates the knowledge from a large dataset into a smaller synthetic dataset. A model trained on this smaller distilled dataset can attain comparable performance to a model trained on the original training dataset. However, the existing dataset distillation techniques mainly aim at achieving the best trade-off between resource usage efficiency and model utility. The security risks stemming from them have not been explored. This study performs the first backdoor attack against the models trained on the data distilled by dataset distillation models in the image domain. Concretely, we inject triggers into the synthetic data during the distillation procedure rather than during the model training stage, where all previous attacks are performed. We propose two types of backdoor attacks, namely NAIVEATTACK and DOORPING. NAIVEATTACK simply adds triggers to the raw data at the initial distillation phase, while DOORPING iteratively updates the triggers during the entire distillation procedure. We conduct extensive evaluations on multiple datasets, architectures, and dataset distillation techniques. Empirical evaluation shows that NAIVEATTACK achieves decent attack success rate (ASR) scores in some cases, while DOORPING reaches higher ASR scores (close to 1.0) in all cases. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive ablation study to analyze the factors that may affect the attack performance. Finally, we evaluate multiple defense mechanisms against our backdoor attacks and show that our attacks can practically circumvent these defense mechanisms.
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后门攻击已成为深度神经网络(DNN)的主要安全威胁。虽然现有的防御方法在检测或擦除后以后展示了有希望的结果,但仍然尚不清楚是否可以设计强大的培训方法,以防止后门触发器首先注入训练的模型。在本文中,我们介绍了\ emph {反后门学习}的概念,旨在培训\ emph {Clean}模型给出了后门中毒数据。我们将整体学习过程框架作为学习\ emph {clean}和\ emph {backdoor}部分的双重任务。从这种观点来看,我们确定了两个后门攻击的固有特征,因为他们的弱点2)后门任务与特定类(后门目标类)相关联。根据这两个弱点,我们提出了一般学习计划,反后门学习(ABL),在培训期间自动防止后门攻击。 ABL引入了标准培训的两级\ EMPH {梯度上升}机制,帮助分离早期训练阶段的后台示例,2)在后续训练阶段中断后门示例和目标类之间的相关性。通过对多个基准数据集的广泛实验,针对10个最先进的攻击,我们经验证明,后卫中毒数据上的ABL培训模型实现了与纯净清洁数据训练的相同性能。代码可用于\ url {https:/github.com/boylyg/abl}。
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视觉变压器(VITS)具有与卷积神经网络相比,具有较小的感应偏置的根本不同的结构。随着绩效的提高,VIT的安全性和鲁棒性也非常重要。与许多最近利用VIT反对对抗性例子的鲁棒性的作品相反,本文调查了代表性的病因攻击,即后门。我们首先检查了VIT对各种后门攻击的脆弱性,发现VIT也很容易受到现有攻击的影响。但是,我们观察到,VIT的清洁数据准确性和后门攻击成功率在位置编码之前对补丁转换做出了明显的反应。然后,根据这一发现,我们为VIT提出了一种通过补丁处理来捍卫基于补丁的触发后门攻击的有效方法。在包括CIFAR10,GTSRB和Tinyimagenet在内的几个基准数据集上评估了这些表演,这些数据表明,该拟议的新颖防御在减轻VIT的后门攻击方面非常成功。据我们所知,本文提出了第一个防御性策略,该策略利用了反对后门攻击的VIT的独特特征。
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后门攻击威胁着深度神经网络(DNNS)。对于隐身性,研究人员提出了清洁标签的后门攻击,这要求对手不要更改中毒训练数据集的标签。由于正确的图像标签对,清洁标签的设置使攻击更加隐秘,但仍然存在一些问题:首先,传统的中毒训练数据方法无效;其次,传统的触发器并不是仍然可感知的隐形。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了一种两相和特定图像的触发器生成方法,以增强清洁标签的后门攻击。我们的方法是(1)功能强大:我们的触发器都可以同时促进后门攻击中的两个阶段(即后门植入和激活阶段)。 (2)隐身:我们的触发器是从每个图像中生成的。它们是特定于图像的而不是固定触发器。广泛的实验表明,我们的方法可以达到奇妙的攻击成功率〜(98.98%),中毒率低(5%),在许多评估指标下高隐身,并且对后门防御方法有抵抗力。
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随着机器学习数据的策展变得越来越自动化,数据集篡改是一种安装威胁。后门攻击者通过培训数据篡改,以嵌入在该数据上培训的模型中的漏洞。然后通过将“触发”放入模型的输入中的推理时间以推理时间激活此漏洞。典型的后门攻击将触发器直接插入训练数据,尽管在检查时可能会看到这种攻击。相比之下,隐藏的触发后托攻击攻击达到中毒,而无需将触发器放入训练数据即可。然而,这种隐藏的触发攻击在从头开始培训的中毒神经网络时无效。我们开发了一个新的隐藏触发攻击,睡眠代理,在制备过程中使用梯度匹配,数据选择和目标模型重新培训。睡眠者代理是第一个隐藏的触发后门攻击,以对从头开始培训的神经网络有效。我们展示了Imagenet和黑盒设置的有效性。我们的实现代码可以在https://github.com/hsouri/sleeper-agent找到。
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As a critical threat to deep neural networks (DNNs), backdoor attacks can be categorized into two types, i.e., source-agnostic backdoor attacks (SABAs) and source-specific backdoor attacks (SSBAs). Compared to traditional SABAs, SSBAs are more advanced in that they have superior stealthier in bypassing mainstream countermeasures that are effective against SABAs. Nonetheless, existing SSBAs suffer from two major limitations. First, they can hardly achieve a good trade-off between ASR (attack success rate) and FPR (false positive rate). Besides, they can be effectively detected by the state-of-the-art (SOTA) countermeasures (e.g., SCAn). To address the limitations above, we propose a new class of viable source-specific backdoor attacks, coined as CASSOCK. Our key insight is that trigger designs when creating poisoned data and cover data in SSBAs play a crucial role in demonstrating a viable source-specific attack, which has not been considered by existing SSBAs. With this insight, we focus on trigger transparency and content when crafting triggers for poisoned dataset where a sample has an attacker-targeted label and cover dataset where a sample has a ground-truth label. Specifically, we implement $CASSOCK_{Trans}$ and $CASSOCK_{Cont}$. While both they are orthogonal, they are complementary to each other, generating a more powerful attack, called $CASSOCK_{Comp}$, with further improved attack performance and stealthiness. We perform a comprehensive evaluation of the three $CASSOCK$-based attacks on four popular datasets and three SOTA defenses. Compared with a representative SSBA as a baseline ($SSBA_{Base}$), $CASSOCK$-based attacks have significantly advanced the attack performance, i.e., higher ASR and lower FPR with comparable CDA (clean data accuracy). Besides, $CASSOCK$-based attacks have effectively bypassed the SOTA defenses, and $SSBA_{Base}$ cannot.
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Open software supply chain attacks, once successful, can exact heavy costs in mission-critical applications. As open-source ecosystems for deep learning flourish and become increasingly universal, they present attackers previously unexplored avenues to code-inject malicious backdoors in deep neural network models. This paper proposes Flareon, a small, stealthy, seemingly harmless code modification that specifically targets the data augmentation pipeline with motion-based triggers. Flareon neither alters ground-truth labels, nor modifies the training loss objective, nor does it assume prior knowledge of the victim model architecture, training data, and training hyperparameters. Yet, it has a surprisingly large ramification on training -- models trained under Flareon learn powerful target-conditional (or "any2any") backdoors. The resulting models can exhibit high attack success rates for any target choices and better clean accuracies than backdoor attacks that not only seize greater control, but also assume more restrictive attack capabilities. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of Flareon against recent defenses. Flareon is fully open-source and available online to the deep learning community: https://github.com/lafeat/flareon.
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本文提出了针对回顾性神经网络(Badnets)的新型两级防御(NNOCULICULE),该案例在响应该字段中遇到的回溯测试输入,修复了预部署和在线的BADNET。在预部署阶段,NNICULICULE与清洁验证输入的随机扰动进行检测,以部分减少后门的对抗影响。部署后,NNOCULICULE通过在原始和预先部署修补网络之间录制分歧来检测和隔离测试输入。然后培训Constcan以学习清洁验证和隔离输入之间的转换;即,它学会添加触发器来清洁验证图像。回顾验证图像以及其正确的标签用于进一步重新培训预修补程序,产生我们的最终防御。关于全面的后门攻击套件的实证评估表明,NNOCLICULE优于所有最先进的防御,以制定限制性假设,并且仅在特定的后门攻击上工作,或者在适应性攻击中失败。相比之下,NNICULICULE使得最小的假设并提供有效的防御,即使在现有防御因攻击者而导致其限制假设而导致的现有防御无效的情况下。
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