学习了解连接自然语言的基础语言，是一个关键的研究区域。在接地语言习得中的事先工作主要集中在文本输入上。在这项工作中，我们展示了对配对的视觉感知和原始语音输入进行接地语言习得的可行性。这将允许从最终用户学习新的任务和环境的语言，从而减少对文本输入的依赖性，并且可能减轻广泛可用语音识别系统中发现的人口统计偏差的影响。我们利用最近在自我监督的语言表演模型中的工作，并表明学习的言论表示可以使语言接地系统更加包容，同时保持甚至增加一般性。

Our experience of the world is multimodal -we see objects, hear sounds, feel texture, smell odors, and taste flavors. Modality refers to the way in which something happens or is experienced and a research problem is characterized as multimodal when it includes multiple such modalities. In order for Artificial Intelligence to make progress in understanding the world around us, it needs to be able to interpret such multimodal signals together. Multimodal machine learning aims to build models that can process and relate information from multiple modalities. It is a vibrant multi-disciplinary field of increasing importance and with extraordinary potential. Instead of focusing on specific multimodal applications, this paper surveys the recent advances in multimodal machine learning itself and presents them in a common taxonomy. We go beyond the typical early and late fusion categorization and identify broader challenges that are faced by multimodal machine learning, namely: representation, translation, alignment, fusion, and co-learning. This new taxonomy will enable researchers to better understand the state of the field and identify directions for future research.

拥有丰富的多模式内在语言是人类智力的重要组成部分，它可以实现多种必要的核心认知功能，例如多模式预测，翻译和生成。在有意识的图灵机（CTM）的基础上，这是Blum and Blum提出的意识模型（2021），我们描述了一种称为Brainish的多模式的Desiderata，包括单词，图像，音频和感觉，结合了CTM的表示形式处理器用来相互通信。我们在通过多模式人工智能的镜头进行操作之前定义了大脑的语法和语义，这是一个充满活力的研究区域，研究了处理和关联异质信号信息所需的计算工具。我们学习的一般框架涉及设计（1）单峰编码器以细分并表示非模态数据，（2）协调的表示空间，该空间将和编写单峰特征与多模式输入的整体含义相关联，以及（3）解码器以映射多模式表示形式。进入预测（用于融合）或原始数据（用于翻译或生成）。通过讨论为了在CTM中实现意识以及实施简单版本的脑部和评估其在几个现实世界图像，文本和文本和检索任务上展示智能的能力，通过讨论对沟通和协调的脑力至关重要音频数据集，我们认为这种内在语言对于机器智力和意识模型的进步将很重要。

口吃是一种言语障碍，在此期间，语音流被非自愿停顿和声音重复打断。口吃识别是一个有趣的跨学科研究问题，涉及病理学，心理学，声学和信号处理，使检测很难且复杂。机器和深度学习的最新发展已经彻底彻底改变了语音领域，但是对口吃的识别受到了最小的关注。这项工作通过试图将研究人员从跨学科领域聚集在一起来填补空白。在本文中，我们回顾了全面的声学特征，基于统计和深度学习的口吃/不足分类方法。我们还提出了一些挑战和未来的指示。

使用文本，图像，音频，视频等多种方式的多模式深度学习系统，与单独的方式（即单向）系统相比，显示出更好的性能。多式联机学习涉及多个方面：表示，翻译，对齐，融合和共同学习。在当前多式联机学习状态下，假设是在训练和测试时间期间存在，对齐和无噪声。然而，在现实世界的任务中，通常，观察到一个或多个模式丢失，嘈杂，缺乏注释数据，具有不可靠的标签，并且在训练或测试中稀缺，或两者都稀缺。这种挑战是由称为多式联合学习的学习范例解决的。通过使用模态之间的知识传输，包括其表示和预测模型，通过从另一个（资源丰富的）方式利用来自另一（资源丰富的）模型的知识来帮助实现（资源差）模型的建模。共同学习是一个新兴地区，没有专注的评论，明确地关注共同学习所解决的所有挑战。为此，在这项工作中，我们对新兴的多式联合学习领域提供了全面的调查，尚未完整探讨。我们审查实施的实施，以克服一个或多个共同学习挑战，而不明确地将它们视为共同学习挑战。我们基于共同学习和相关实施解决的挑战，展示了多式联合学习的综合分类。用于包括最新的技术与一些应用程序和数据集一起审查。我们的最终目标是讨论挑战和观点以及未来工作的重要思想和方向，我们希望对整个研究界的有益，重点关注这一令人兴奋的领域。

最近围绕语言处理模型的复杂性的最新炒作使人们对机器获得了类似人类自然语言的指挥的乐观情绪。人工智能中自然语言理解的领域声称在这一领域取得了长足的进步，但是，在这方面和其他学科中使用“理解”的概念性清晰，使我们很难辨别我们实际上有多近的距离。目前的方法和剩余挑战的全面，跨学科的概述尚待进行。除了语言知识之外，这还需要考虑我们特定于物种的能力，以对，记忆，标签和传达我们（足够相似的）体现和位置经验。此外，测量实际约束需要严格分析当前模型的技术能力，以及对理论可能性和局限性的更深入的哲学反思。在本文中，我将所有这些观点（哲学，认知语言和技术）团结在一起，以揭开达到真实（人类般的）语言理解所涉及的挑战。通过解开当前方法固有的理论假设，我希望说明我们距离实现这一目标的实际程度，如果确实是目标。

在空中交通管制（ATC）控制器飞行员谈话的自动语音指令的理解（SIU）不仅需要认识到的演讲词和语义，但也确定了演讲者的角色。然而，很少有在空中交通通信专注于扬声器的作用识别（SRI）自动认识系统发表的作品。在本文中，我们制定管制员 - 驾驶员通信的SRI任务作为二元分类问题。提出此外，基于文本的，基于语音和语音和文本为基础的多模态的方法来达到SRI任务的全面比较。消融的比较方法的影响，各种先进的神经网络架构应用进行优化的，基于语音的基于文本和方法的实现。最重要的是，多模态扬声器的作用识别网络（MMSRINet）设计同时考虑语音和文本模式功能实现的SRI任务。聚集形态特征，模态融合模块提出了保险丝和模态注意机制和自我关注池层，分别挤声音和文本表示。最后，比较的方法进行验证从现实世界ATC环境中收集的语料库ATCSpeech。实验结果表明，所有的比较方法是对SRI任务分别工作，并提议MMSRINet显示出比上都看到和看不到数据的其他方法的有竞争力的性能和稳定性，达到98.56％，98.08和％的准确度。

The goal of building dialogue agents that can converse with humans naturally has been a long-standing dream of researchers since the early days of artificial intelligence. The well-known Turing Test proposed to judge the ultimate validity of an artificial intelligence agent on the indistinguishability of its dialogues from humans'. It should come as no surprise that human-level dialogue systems are very challenging to build. But, while early effort on rule-based systems found limited success, the emergence of deep learning enabled great advance on this topic. In this thesis, we focus on methods that address the numerous issues that have been imposing the gap between artificial conversational agents and human-level interlocutors. These methods were proposed and experimented with in ways that were inspired by general state-of-the-art AI methodologies. But they also targeted the characteristics that dialogue systems possess.

We present a retrospective on the state of Embodied AI research. Our analysis focuses on 13 challenges presented at the Embodied AI Workshop at CVPR. These challenges are grouped into three themes: (1) visual navigation, (2) rearrangement, and (3) embodied vision-and-language. We discuss the dominant datasets within each theme, evaluation metrics for the challenges, and the performance of state-of-the-art models. We highlight commonalities between top approaches to the challenges and identify potential future directions for Embodied AI research.

State-of-the-art computer vision systems are trained to predict a fixed set of predetermined object categories. This restricted form of supervision limits their generality and usability since additional labeled data is needed to specify any other visual concept. Learning directly from raw text about images is a promising alternative which leverages a much broader source of supervision. We demonstrate that the simple pre-training task of predicting which caption goes with which image is an efficient and scalable way to learn SOTA image representations from scratch on a dataset of 400 million (image, text) pairs collected from the internet. After pre-training, natural language is used to reference learned visual concepts (or describe new ones) enabling zero-shot transfer of the model to downstream tasks. We study the performance of this approach by benchmarking on over 30 different existing computer vision datasets, spanning tasks such as OCR, action recognition in videos, geo-localization, and many types of fine-grained object classification. The model transfers non-trivially to most tasks and is often competitive with a fully supervised baseline without the need for any dataset specific training. For instance, we match the accuracy of the original ResNet-50 on ImageNet zero-shot without needing to use any of the 1.28 million training examples it was trained on. We release our code and pre-trained model weights at https://github.com/OpenAI/CLIP.

作为人类，我们通过我们所有的感官来驾驭世界，使用每个人从每个人纠正其他人。我们介绍了Merlot Reserve，一个模型，该模型是联合随着时间的推移而表示视频的模型 - 通过从音频，字幕和视频帧学习的新培训目标。给出了一个视频，我们用掩模令牌替换文本和音频的片段;该模型通过选择正确的蒙版片段来学习。我们的目标比替代方面更快地学习，并在规模上表现良好：我们预先逼近2000万YouTube视频。经验结果表明，Merlot Reserve学会通过所有组成模式的视频的强烈陈述。在FineTuned时，它在VCR和TVQA上为VCR和TVQA进行了新的最先进，优先于前勤工作分别为5％和7％。消融表明，两个任务都受益于音频预制 - 甚至录像机，围绕图像中心的QA任务（没有声音）。此外，我们的客观使开箱即用的预测，揭示了强大的多式联合致辞理解。在一个完全零拍摄的环境中，我们的模型在四个视频理解任务中获得竞争结果，甚至优于最近提出的定位推理（星）基准的监督方法。我们分析为什么包含音频导致更好的视觉语言表示，这表明未来研究的重要机会。我们通过讨论多式联运预测的道德和社会影响来得出结论。

语言基础与视觉是一个积极的研究领域，旨在通过利用视觉感知知识来丰富基于文本的单词含义的表示。尽管进行了多次接地尝试，但仍不清楚如何以一种保持文本和视觉知识的适当平衡的方式将视觉知识注入语言嵌入一词。一些普遍的问题是以下内容。视觉基础对抽象单词有益吗？还是仅限于具体单词的贡献？弥合文本和视觉之间差距的最佳方法是什么？通过视觉接地的文本嵌入，我们可以获得多少收益？本研究通过提出一种简单但非常有效的基础方法来解决这些问题，以预先训练的单词嵌入。我们的模型将文本嵌入与视觉保持一致，同时在很大程度上保留了在文本语料库中使用单词使用的分布统计数据。通过应用学习的对齐方式，我们能够生成视觉接地的嵌入，用于看不见的单词，包括抽象单词。一系列对单词相似性基准的评估表明，视觉接地不仅对具体单词有益，而且对抽象单词也有益。我们还表明，我们的视觉接地方法为上下文化的嵌入提供了优势，但只有在对相对尺寸相对较小的语料库进行培训时，我们才能提供优势。可以在https://github.com/hazel1994/visaly_grounded_word_word_embeddings_2上获得英语的代码和接地嵌入。

这项工作的目的是通过利用视频中的音频和视觉流的自然共同发生来研究语音重建（视频到音频）对语音重建（视频到音频）的影响。我们提出了Lipsound2，其包括编码器 - 解码器架构和位置感知注意机制，可直接将面部图像序列映射到熔化谱图，而无需任何人类注释。提出的Lipsound2模型首先在$ 2400H的$ 2400h多语言（例如英语和德语）视听数据（VoxceleB2）上进行预先培训。为了验证所提出的方法的概括性，我们将在与以前的方法相比，微调在域特定数据集（网格，TCD-Timit）上进行预先训练的模型，以实现对语音质量和可懂度的显着提高扬声器依赖和依赖的设置。除了英语外，我们还在CMLR数据集上进行中文语音重建，以验证对转移性的影响。最后，我们通过微调在预先训练的语音识别系统上产生生成的音频并在英语和中文基准数据集中实现最先进的性能来培训级联唇读（视频到文本）系统。

连接视觉和语言在生成智能中起着重要作用。因此，已经致力于图像标题的大型研究工作，即用句法和语义有意义的句子描述图像。从2015年开始，该任务通常通过由Visual Encoder组成的管道和文本生成的语言模型来解决任务。在这些年来，两种组件通过对象区域，属性，介绍多模态连接，完全关注方法和伯特早期融合策略的利用而显着发展。但是，无论令人印象深刻的结果，图像标题的研究还没有达到结论性答案。这项工作旨在提供图像标题方法的全面概述，从视觉编码和文本生成到培训策略，数据集和评估度量。在这方面，我们量化地比较了许多相关的最先进的方法来确定架构和培训策略中最有影响力的技术创新。此外，讨论了问题的许多变体及其开放挑战。这项工作的最终目标是作为理解现有文献的工具，并突出显示计算机视觉和自然语言处理的研究领域的未来方向可以找到最佳的协同作用。

语音的视频录制包含相关的音频和视觉信息，为语音表示从扬声器的唇部运动和产生的声音提供了强大的信号。我们介绍了视听隐藏单元BERT（AV-HUBERT），是视听语音的自我监督的代表学习框架，这些屏幕屏蔽了多流视频输入并预测自动发现和迭代地精制多模式隐藏单元。 AV-HUBERT学习强大的视听语音表示，这些语音表示受益于唇读和自动语音识别。在最大的公众唇读基准LRS3（433小时）中，AV-Hubert达到32.5％WER，只有30个小时的标签数据，优于前一种最先进的方法（33.6％）培训，达到了一千次转录的视频数据（31k小时）。当使用来自LRS3的所有433小时的标记数据并结合自培训时，唇读WER进一步降低至26.9％。使用我们在相同的基准测试中使用您的视听表示，用于音频语音识别的相对效率为40％，而最先进的性能（1.3％Vs 2.3％）。我们的代码和模型可在https://github.com/facebookResearch/av_hubert获得

Speech-centric machine learning systems have revolutionized many leading domains ranging from transportation and healthcare to education and defense, profoundly changing how people live, work, and interact with each other. However, recent studies have demonstrated that many speech-centric ML systems may need to be considered more trustworthy for broader deployment. Specifically, concerns over privacy breaches, discriminating performance, and vulnerability to adversarial attacks have all been discovered in ML research fields. In order to address the above challenges and risks, a significant number of efforts have been made to ensure these ML systems are trustworthy, especially private, safe, and fair. In this paper, we conduct the first comprehensive survey on speech-centric trustworthy ML topics related to privacy, safety, and fairness. In addition to serving as a summary report for the research community, we point out several promising future research directions to inspire the researchers who wish to explore further in this area.

The remarkable success of deep learning in various domains relies on the availability of large-scale annotated datasets. However, obtaining annotations is expensive and requires great effort, which is especially challenging for videos. Moreover, the use of human-generated annotations leads to models with biased learning and poor domain generalization and robustness. As an alternative, self-supervised learning provides a way for representation learning which does not require annotations and has shown promise in both image and video domains. Different from the image domain, learning video representations are more challenging due to the temporal dimension, bringing in motion and other environmental dynamics. This also provides opportunities for video-exclusive ideas that advance self-supervised learning in the video and multimodal domain. In this survey, we provide a review of existing approaches on self-supervised learning focusing on the video domain. We summarize these methods into four different categories based on their learning objectives: 1) pretext tasks, 2) generative learning, 3) contrastive learning, and 4) cross-modal agreement. We further introduce the commonly used datasets, downstream evaluation tasks, insights into the limitations of existing works, and the potential future directions in this area.

The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.

口语理解（SLU）是大多数人机相互作用系统中的核心任务。随着智能家居，智能手机和智能扬声器的出现，SLU已成为该行业的关键技术。在经典的SLU方法中，自动语音识别（ASR）模块将语音信号转录为文本表示，自然语言理解（NLU）模块从中提取语义信息。最近，基于深神经网络的端到端SLU（E2E SLU）已经获得了动力，因为它受益于ASR和NLU部分的联合优化，因此限制了管道架构的误差效应的级联反应。但是，对于E2E模型用于预测语音输入的概念和意图的实际语言特性知之甚少。在本文中，我们提出了一项研究，以确定E2E模型执行SLU任务的信号特征和其他语言特性。该研究是在必须处理非英语（此处法语）语音命令的智能房屋的应用领域进行的。结果表明，良好的E2E SLU性能并不总是需要完美的ASR功能。此外，结果表明，与管道模型相比，E2E模型在处理背景噪声和句法变化方面具有出色的功能。最后，更细粒度的分析表明，E2E模型使用输入信号的音调信息来识别语音命令概念。本文概述的结果和方法提供了一个跳板，以进一步分析语音处理中的E2E模型。

Recent video+language datasets cover domains where the interaction is highly structured, such as instructional videos, or where the interaction is scripted, such as TV shows. Both of these properties can lead to spurious cues to be exploited by models rather than learning to ground language. In this paper, we present GrOunded footbAlL commentaries (GOAL), a novel dataset of football (or `soccer') highlights videos with transcribed live commentaries in English. As the course of a game is unpredictable, so are commentaries, which makes them a unique resource to investigate dynamic language grounding. We also provide state-of-the-art baselines for the following tasks: frame reordering, moment retrieval, live commentary retrieval and play-by-play live commentary generation. Results show that SOTA models perform reasonably well in most tasks. We discuss the implications of these results and suggest new tasks for which GOAL can be used. Our codebase is available at: https://gitlab.com/grounded-sport-convai/goal-baselines.