我们介绍了块状变压器,该变压器以序列的反复方式应用变压器层,并且相对于序列长度具有线性复杂性。我们的复发单元在训练过程中在代币的块而不是单个令牌上运行,并利用块内并行计算,以便有效利用加速器硬件。单元本身非常简单。它仅仅是一个变压器层:它使用自我注意事项和交叉注意力来有效计算大量状态向量和令牌上的复发函数。我们的设计部分受到LSTM单元的启发,它使用LSTM风格的大门,但它可以将典型的LSTM单元缩放为几个数量级。我们的复发实现在计算时间和参数计数中都具有相同的成本作为传统的变压器层,但是在很长的序列中,语言建模任务中的语言建模任务的困惑极大地改善了。我们的模型比远程变压器XL基线的表现宽大,同时运行的速度是两倍。我们证明了它在PG19(书籍),Arxiv论文和GitHub源代码上的有效性。我们的代码已发布为开​​源。
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状态空间模型已显示在建模远距离依赖性方面有效,特别是序列分类任务。在这项工作中,我们着重于对英语书籍,GitHub源代码和Arxiv数学文章的自回旋序列建模。基于围绕封闭激活功能的有效性的最新发展,我们提出了一个名为“封闭状态空间(GSS)”的新层,并表明它的训练速度明显快于TPU的S4(即DSS)的对角线版本,具有相当竞争力 - 基于变压器的基线,并表现出零击向更长的输入,同时直接实施。最后,我们表明,利用自我意见来建模局部依赖性,可以进一步提高GSS的性能。
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基于变压器的模型在多个领域和任务上显示了它们的有效性。自我注意力允许将所有序列元素的信息结合到上下文感知表示形式中。但是,全球和本地信息必须主要存储在相同的元素表示中。此外,输入序列的长度受到自我注意的二次计算复杂性的限制。在这项工作中,我们提出并研究了一个记忆启动的片段级循环变压器(复发记忆变压器)。内存允许借助复发的帮助存储和处理本地和全局信息,并可以在长序列的段之间传递信息。我们通过将特殊的内存令牌添加到输入或输出序列中,实现了一个内存机制,无需更改变压器模型。然后,对变压器进行了训练,以控制内存操作和序列表示处理。实验的结果表明,我们的模型与Transformer-XL在语言建模上的较小内存大小上的表现相同,并在需要更长序列处理的任务方面胜过它。我们证明,将内存令牌添加到TR-XL可以提高IT性能。这使得反复的内存变压器成为需要学习长期依赖性和内存处理中的通用性(例如算法任务和推理)的应用程序的有前途的体系结构。
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现实世界中的数据是高维的:即使在压缩后,书籍,图像或音乐表演也很容易包含数十万个元素。但是,最常用的自回归模型,变压器非常昂贵,以缩放捕获这种远程结构所需的输入和层数。我们开发了感知者AR,这是一种自回归的模态 - 不合骨架构,它使用交叉注意力将远程输入映射到少数潜在的潜在,同时还可以维护端到端的因果关系掩盖。感知器AR可以直接进行十万个令牌,从而实现了实用的长篇小写密度估计,而无需手工制作的稀疏模式或记忆机制。当对图像或音乐进行培训时,感知器AR会生成具有清晰长期连贯性和结构的输出。我们的架构还获得了长期基准测试的最新可能性,包括64 x 64个Imagenet图像和PG-19书籍。
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Transformers-based models, such as BERT, have been one of the most successful deep learning models for NLP. Unfortunately, one of their core limitations is the quadratic dependency (mainly in terms of memory) on the sequence length due to their full attention mechanism. To remedy this, we propose, BIGBIRD, a sparse attention mechanism that reduces this quadratic dependency to linear. We show that BIGBIRD is a universal approximator of sequence functions and is Turing complete, thereby preserving these properties of the quadratic, full attention model. Along the way, our theoretical analysis reveals some of the benefits of having O(1) global tokens (such as CLS), that attend to the entire sequence as part of the sparse attention mechanism. The proposed sparse attention can handle sequences of length up to 8x of what was previously possible using similar hardware. As a consequence of the capability to handle longer context, BIGBIRD drastically improves performance on various NLP tasks such as question answering and summarization. We also propose novel applications to genomics data.
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近年来,基于变压器的预训练模型已获得了很大的进步,成为自然语言处理中最重要的骨干之一。最近的工作表明,变压器内部的注意力机制可能不需要,卷积神经网络和基于多层感知器的模型也已被研究为变压器替代方案。在本文中,我们考虑了一个用于语言模型预训练的图形循环网络,该网络通过本地令牌级通信为每个序列构建一个图形结构,以及与其他代币解耦的句子级表示。原始模型在受监督培训下的特定领域特定文本分类中表现良好,但是,其通过自我监督的方式学习转移知识的潜力尚未得到充分利用。我们通过优化体系结构并验证其在更通用的语言理解任务(英语和中文)中的有效性来填补这一空白。至于模型效率,我们的模型在基于变压器的模型中而不是二次复杂性,而是具有线性复杂性,并且在推断过程中的性能更有效。此外,我们发现与现有基于注意力的模型相比,我们的模型可以生成更多样化的输出,而背景化的功能冗余性较小。
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Transfer learning, where a model is first pre-trained on a data-rich task before being finetuned on a downstream task, has emerged as a powerful technique in natural language processing (NLP). The effectiveness of transfer learning has given rise to a diversity of approaches, methodology, and practice. In this paper, we explore the landscape of transfer learning techniques for NLP by introducing a unified framework that converts all text-based language problems into a text-to-text format. Our systematic study compares pre-training objectives, architectures, unlabeled data sets, transfer approaches, and other factors on dozens of language understanding tasks. By combining the insights from our exploration with scale and our new "Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus", we achieve state-of-the-art results on many benchmarks covering summarization, question answering, text classification, and more. To facilitate future work on transfer learning for NLP, we release our data set, pre-trained models, and code.
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The pre-dominant approach to language modeling to date is based on recurrent neural networks. Their success on this task is often linked to their ability to capture unbounded context. In this paper we develop a finite context approach through stacked convolutions, which can be more efficient since they allow parallelization over sequential tokens. We propose a novel simplified gating mechanism that outperforms Oord et al. (2016b) and investigate the impact of key architectural decisions. The proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art on the WikiText-103 benchmark, even though it features longterm dependencies, as well as competitive results on the Google Billion Words benchmark. Our model reduces the latency to score a sentence by an order of magnitude compared to a recurrent baseline. To our knowledge, this is the first time a non-recurrent approach is competitive with strong recurrent models on these large scale language tasks.
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在本文中,我们试图通过引入深度学习模型的句法归纳偏见来建立两所学校之间的联系。我们提出了两个归纳偏见的家族,一个家庭用于选区结构,另一个用于依赖性结构。选区归纳偏见鼓励深度学习模型使用不同的单位(或神经元)分别处理长期和短期信息。这种分离为深度学习模型提供了一种方法,可以从顺序输入中构建潜在的层次表示形式,即更高级别的表示由高级表示形式组成,并且可以分解为一系列低级表示。例如,在不了解地面实际结构的情况下,我们提出的模型学会通过根据其句法结构组成变量和运算符的表示来处理逻辑表达。另一方面,依赖归纳偏置鼓励模型在输入序列中找到实体之间的潜在关系。对于自然语言,潜在关系通常被建模为一个定向依赖图,其中一个单词恰好具有一个父节点和零或几个孩子的节点。将此约束应用于类似变压器的模型之后,我们发现该模型能够诱导接近人类专家注释的有向图,并且在不同任务上也优于标准变压器模型。我们认为,这些实验结果为深度学习模型的未来发展展示了一个有趣的选择。
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在深度学习中,模型通常重用所有输入的相同参数。专家的混合(MOE)违反了这一点,而是为每个传入示例选择不同的参数。结果是一个稀疏激活的模型 - 具有残酷数量的参数 - 但恒定的计算成本。然而,尽管MOE取得了一些显着的成功,但复杂性,沟通成本和培训不稳定的阻碍了广泛的采用 - 我们使用Switch Transformer解决了这些领域。我们简化了MOE路由算法和设计直观的改进模型,以降低的通信和计算成本。我们提出的培训技术有助于纠缠不稳定,我们表明稀疏模型可能首次以较低的精度(BFLOAT16)格式进行培训。我们设计了基于T5基数和T5总数的模型,以使用相同的计算资源获得高达7倍的训练速度。这些改进扩展到多语言设置,我们在所有101种语言中衡量对MT5基本版本的收益。最后,我们通过在“巨大的清洁爬行语料库”上预先培训高达数万亿个参数模型,并在T5-XXL模型上实现4倍的速度,从而提高了语言模型的当前规模。
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Self-attention has recently been adopted for a wide range of sequence modeling problems. Despite its effectiveness, self-attention suffers from quadratic compute and memory requirements with respect to sequence length. Successful approaches to reduce this complexity focused on attending to local sliding windows or a small set of locations independent of content. Our work proposes to learn dynamic sparse attention patterns that avoid allocating computation and memory to attend to content unrelated to the query of interest. This work builds upon two lines of research: it combines the modeling flexibility of prior work on content-based sparse attention with the efficiency gains from approaches based on local, temporal sparse attention. Our model, the Routing Transformer, endows selfattention with a sparse routing module based on online k-means while reducing the overall complexity of attention to O(n 1.5 d) from O(n 2 d) for sequence length n and hidden dimension d. We show that our model outperforms comparable sparse attention models on language modeling on Wikitext-103 (15.8 vs 18.3 perplexity), as well as on image generation on ImageNet-64 (3.43 vs 3.44 bits/dim) while using fewer self-attention layers. Additionally, we set a new state-of-the-art on the newly released PG-19 data-set, obtaining a test perplexity of 33.2 with a 22 layer Routing Transformer model trained on sequences of length 8192. We open-source the code for Routing Transformer in Tensorflow. *
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变形金刚在语言和视觉域中取得了成功。然而,将它们缩放到长期序列(例如长)或高分辨率图像,因为自我关注机构相对于输入序列长度具有二次时间和存储器复杂性。在本文中,我们提出了长短变压器(变压器-LS),是一种有效的自我关注机制,用于对语言和视觉任务进行线性复杂性建模的长序列。它用动态投影聚集了一种新的远程关注,以模拟远处相关性和短期注意,以捕获细粒度的局部相关性。我们提出了双重正径策略,以解释两个注意机制之间的规模不匹配。变压器-LS可以应用于自回归和双向模型,而无需额外复杂。我们的方法在语言和视觉域中的多个任务中优于最先进的模型,包括远程竞技场基准,自回归语言建模和想象成分类。例如,变换器-LS使用比以前的方法的一半在eNWIK8上实现0.97测试BPC,同时与其在同一硬件上的全部关注版本相比,可以更快地处理3倍。在Imagenet上,它可以获得最先进的结果(例如,适度大小的55.8M模型,仅在224x224 Imagenet-1K上培训,可以获得顶级1精度84.1%),同时在高分辨率上更加可扩展图片。源代码和模型在https://github.com/nvidia/transformer-ls上发布。
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我们通过与与前面令牌的局部相似度,通过调节从大语料库检索的文档块来增强自动回归语言模型。尽管使用25美元\时分,我们的检索增强型变压器(RetroCro)的检索增强型变压器(RetroCr)对GPT-3和侏罗纪-1获得了可比性的性能。微调后,复古表演转换为下游知识密集型任务,如问题应答。复古结合了冷冻BERT猎犬,一种可微分的编码器和块状的横向机制,以预测基于数量级的令牌,而不是训练期间通常消耗的数量。我们通常从头开始训练复古,还可以快速改造预先接受的变压器,通过检索,仍然达到良好的性能。我们的工作通过以前所未有的规模开辟了通过显式内存改进语言模型的新途径。
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State space models (SSMs) have demonstrated state-of-the-art sequence modeling performance in some modalities, but underperform attention in language modeling. Moreover, despite scaling nearly linearly in sequence length instead of quadratically, SSMs are still slower than Transformers due to poor hardware utilization. In this paper, we make progress on understanding the expressivity gap between SSMs and attention in language modeling, and on reducing the hardware barrier between SSMs and attention. First, we use synthetic language modeling tasks to understand the gap between SSMs and attention. We find that existing SSMs struggle with two capabilities: recalling earlier tokens in the sequence and comparing tokens across the sequence. To understand the impact on language modeling, we propose a new SSM layer, H3, that is explicitly designed for these abilities. H3 matches attention on the synthetic languages and comes within 0.4 PPL of Transformers on OpenWebText. Furthermore, a hybrid 125M-parameter H3-attention model that retains two attention layers surprisingly outperforms Transformers on OpenWebText by 1.0 PPL. Next, to improve the efficiency of training SSMs on modern hardware, we propose FlashConv. FlashConv uses a fused block FFT algorithm to improve efficiency on sequences up to 8K, and introduces a novel state passing algorithm that exploits the recurrent properties of SSMs to scale to longer sequences. FlashConv yields 2$\times$ speedup on the long-range arena benchmark and allows hybrid language models to generate text 1.6$\times$ faster than Transformers. Using FlashConv, we scale hybrid H3-attention language models up to 1.3B parameters on the Pile and find promising initial results, achieving lower perplexity than Transformers and outperforming Transformers in zero- and few-shot learning on a majority of tasks in the SuperGLUE benchmark.
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Recent neural network sequence models with softmax classifiers have achieved their best language modeling performance only with very large hidden states and large vocabularies. Even then they struggle to predict rare or unseen words even if the context makes the prediction unambiguous. We introduce the pointer sentinel mixture architecture for neural sequence models which has the ability to either reproduce a word from the recent context or produce a word from a standard softmax classifier. Our pointer sentinel-LSTM model achieves state of the art language modeling performance on the Penn Treebank (70.9 perplexity) while using far fewer parameters than a standard softmax LSTM. In order to evaluate how well language models can exploit longer contexts and deal with more realistic vocabularies and larger corpora we also introduce the freely available WikiText corpus. 1
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许多NLP任务需要处理超出预磨模模型的长度限制的长语境。为了将这些模型扩展到更长的文本序列,已经提出了许多有效的远程注意力变体。尽管沿着这个方向进行了丰富的研究,但仍然难以在实际用例中衡量这些模型的相对有效性,例如,如果我们在预先rain-yfetune范式之后应用这些模型。在这项工作中,我们的目标是对这些具有大规模和受控实验的这些新兴模型进行彻底的分析。对于每个关注变体,我们使用相同的长DOC语料库,然后使用相同的长DOC语料库,然后为现实世界的长情节任务进行芬特这些模型。我们的调查结果揭示了现有广泛使用的远程基准的陷阱,并显示任何经过测试的高效关注可以在标准预介质范式下击败一个简单的本地窗口关注。对本地注意力变化的进一步分析表明,即使是常用的注意力窗口重叠也没有必要实现良好的下游结果 - 使用不相交的本地关注,我们能够构建符合性能的更简单且更高效的Long-Doc QA模型霍尔福勒〜\ citep {longformer}其预先花费的一半。
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Transformers do not scale very well to long sequence lengths largely because of quadratic self-attention complexity. In the recent months, a wide spectrum of efficient, fast Transformers have been proposed to tackle this problem, more often than not claiming superior or comparable model quality to vanilla Transformer models. To this date, there is no well-established consensus on how to evaluate this class of models. Moreover, inconsistent benchmarking on a wide spectrum of tasks and datasets makes it difficult to assess relative model quality amongst many models. This paper proposes a systematic and unified benchmark, Long-Range Arena, specifically focused on evaluating model quality under long-context scenarios. Our benchmark is a suite of tasks consisting of sequences ranging from 1K to 16K tokens, encompassing a wide range of data types and modalities such as text, natural, synthetic images, and mathematical expressions requiring similarity, structural, and visual-spatial reasoning. We systematically evaluate ten well-established long-range Transformer models (Reformers, Linformers, Linear Transformers, Sinkhorn Transformers, Performers, Synthesizers, Sparse Transformers, and Longformers) on our newly proposed benchmark suite. Long-Range Arena paves the way towards better understanding this class of efficient Transformer models, facilitates more research in this direction, and presents new challenging tasks to tackle. Our benchmark code will be released at https://github.com/google-research/long-range-arena.
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变压器编码器模型在对话建模中显示出令人印象深刻的性能。但是,由于变压器在处理长序列方面效率低下,对话历史的长度通常需要被截断。为了解决此问题,我们提出了一种新的内存启动变压器,该变压器与现有的预训练编码器模型兼容,并可以有效地保存历史记录信息。它将单独的内存模块与预训练的变压器一起结合在一起,以在内存状态和当前输入上下文之间有效互换信息。我们在三个对话数据集和两个语言建模数据集上评估我们的模型。实验结果表明,与其他预训练的变压器基线相比,我们的方法已经达到了较高的效率和性能。
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测序技术容易出错,对下游应用程序进行纠错(EC)。需要手动配置EC工具以获得最佳性能。我们发现最佳参数(例如,k-mer大小)是依赖于工具和数据集。此外,评估给定工具的性能(即,对准速率或增益)通常依赖于参考基因组,但是质量参考基因组并不总是可用的。我们介绍了基于K-MEC的自动配置的Lerna。 Lerna首先创建未校正的基因组读取的语言模型(LM);然后,计算困惑度量以评估不同参数选择的校正读取。接下来,在不使用参考基因​​组的情况下发现产生最高对准率的那个。我们的方法的基本直觉是困惑度量与纠错后的组件的质量与组件的质量相反。结果:首先,我们表明,即使对于相同的EC工具,不同的数据集也可以对不同的数据集格变化。其次,我们使用其组件基于关注的变压器显示了我们的LM的收益。我们展示了误差校正前后困惑度量的模型的估计。校正后的困惑越低,k-mer大小越好。我们还表明,用于校正读取的对准率和组装质量与困惑强烈地呈负相关,从而实现了k-mer值的自动选择以获得更好的纠错,因此改善的组装质量。此外,我们表明我们的注意力模型对于整个管道的重大运行时间改善 - 由于并行化注意机制和JIT编译对GPU推理的使用JIT编译,因此整个管道的运行时间更快。
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我们在变压器中重新审视设计选择,并提出方法来解决它们在处理长序列中的弱点。首先,我们提出了一个名为“门控注意单元”的简单层,该层允许使用较弱的单头注意,而质量损失最小。然后,我们提出了一种与该新层的线性近似方法互补的,该方法对加速器友好且质量高度竞争。最终的型号(名为Flash)与短(512)和长(8K)上下文长度相匹配,在WIKI-40B上达到高达4.9 $ \ times $的训练速度和PG上的12.1 $ \ times $,在PG上达到了4.9 $ \ times $的困惑。-19用于自动回归语言建模,C4的4.8 $ \ times $用于掩盖语言建模。
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