In federated learning problems, data is scattered across different servers and exchanging or pooling it is often impractical or prohibited. We develop a Bayesian nonparametric framework for federated learning with neural networks. Each data server is assumed to provide local neural network weights, which are modeled through our framework. We then develop an inference approach that allows us to synthesize a more expressive global network without additional supervision, data pooling and with as few as a single communication round. We then demonstrate the efficacy of our approach on federated learning problems simulated from two popular image classification datasets. 1

Federated learning allows edge devices to collaboratively learn a shared model while keeping the training data on device, decoupling the ability to do model training from the need to store the data in the cloud. We propose the Federated matched averaging (FedMA) algorithm designed for federated learning of modern neural network architectures e.g. convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and LSTMs. FedMA constructs the shared global model in a layer-wise manner by matching and averaging hidden elements (i.e. channels for convolution layers; hidden states for LSTM; neurons for fully connected layers) with similar feature extraction signatures. Our experiments indicate that FedMA not only outperforms popular state-of-the-art federated learning algorithms on deep CNN and LSTM architectures trained on real world datasets, but also reduces the overall communication burden. 1 * Work performed while doing an internship at IBM Research.

随着对数据隐私和数据量迅速增加的越来越关注，联邦学习（FL）已成为重要的学习范式。但是，在FL环境中共同学习深层神经网络模型被证明是一项非平凡的任务，因为与神经网络相关的复杂性，例如跨客户的各种体系结构，神经元的置换不变性以及非线性的存在每一层的转换。这项工作介绍了一个新颖的联合异质神经网络（FEDHENN）框架，该框架允许每个客户构建个性化模型，而无需在跨客户范围内实施共同的架构。这使每个客户都可以优化本地数据并计算约束，同时仍能从其他（可能更强大）客户端的学习中受益。 Fedhenn的关键思想是使用从同行客户端获得的实例级表示，以指导每个客户的同时培训。广泛的实验结果表明，Fedhenn框架能够在跨客户的同质和异质体系结构的设置中学习更好地表现客户的模型。

Modern mobile devices have access to a wealth of data suitable for learning models, which in turn can greatly improve the user experience on the device. For example, language models can improve speech recognition and text entry, and image models can automatically select good photos. However, this rich data is often privacy sensitive, large in quantity, or both, which may preclude logging to the data center and training there using conventional approaches. We advocate an alternative that leaves the training data distributed on the mobile devices, and learns a shared model by aggregating locally-computed updates. We term this decentralized approach Federated Learning.We present a practical method for the federated learning of deep networks based on iterative model averaging, and conduct an extensive empirical evaluation, considering five different model architectures and four datasets. These experiments demonstrate the approach is robust to the unbalanced and non-IID data distributions that are a defining characteristic of this setting. Communication costs are the principal constraint, and we show a reduction in required communication rounds by 10-100× as compared to synchronized stochastic gradient descent.

Federated Learning allows multiple parties to jointly train a deep learning model on their combined data, without any of the participants having to reveal their local data to a centralized server. This form of privacy-preserving collaborative learning however comes at the cost of a significant communication overhead during training. To address this problem, several compression methods have been proposed in the distributed training literature that can reduce the amount of required communication by up to three orders of magnitude. These existing methods however are only of limited utility in the Federated Learning setting, as they either only compress the upstream communication from the clients to the server (leaving the downstream communication uncompressed) or only perform well under idealized conditions such as iid distribution of the client data, which typically can not be found in Federated Learning. In this work, we propose Sparse Ternary Compression (STC), a new compression framework that is specifically designed to meet the requirements of the Federated Learning environment. STC extends the existing compression technique of top-k gradient sparsification with a novel mechanism to enable downstream compression as well as ternarization and optimal Golomb encoding of the weight updates. Our experiments on four different learning tasks demonstrate that STC distinctively outperforms Federated Averaging in common Federated Learning scenarios where clients either a) hold non-iid data, b) use small batch sizes during training, or where c) the number of clients is large and the participation rate in every communication round is low. We furthermore show that even if the clients hold iid data and use medium sized batches for training, STC still behaves paretosuperior to Federated Averaging in the sense that it achieves fixed target accuracies on our benchmarks within both fewer training iterations and a smaller communication budget. These results advocate for a paradigm shift in Federated optimization towards high-frequency low-bitwidth communication, in particular in bandwidth-constrained learning environments.

当客户具有不同的数据分布时，最新的联合学习方法的性能比其集中式同行差得多。对于神经网络，即使集中式SGD可以轻松找到同时执行所有客户端的解决方案，当前联合优化方法也无法收敛到可比的解决方案。我们表明，这种性能差异很大程度上可以归因于非概念性提出的优化挑战。具体来说，我们发现网络的早期层确实学习了有用的功能，但是最后一层无法使用它们。也就是说，适用于此非凸问题的联合优化扭曲了最终层的学习。利用这一观察结果，我们提出了一个火车征征训练（TCT）程序来避开此问题：首先，使用现成方法（例如FedAvg）学习功能；然后，优化从网络的经验神经切线核近似获得的共透性问题。当客户具有不同的数据时，我们的技术可在FMNIST上的准确性提高高达36％，而CIFAR10的准确性提高了 +37％。

联合学习的一个关键挑战是客户之间的数据异质性和失衡，这导致本地网络与全球模型不稳定的融合之间的不一致。为了减轻局限性，我们提出了一种新颖的建筑正则化技术，该技术通过在几个不同级别上接管本地和全球子网，在每个本地模型中构建多个辅助分支通过在线知识蒸馏。该提出的技术即使在非IID环境中也可以有效地鲁棒化，并且适用于各种联合学习框架，而不会产生额外的沟通成本。与现有方法相比，我们进行了全面的经验研究，并在准确性和效率方面表现出显着的性能提高。源代码可在我们的项目页面上找到。

联邦学习（FL）是一种在分布在大量可能异构客户端的私人数据上培训机器学习模型的方法，例如移动电话和物联网设备。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个名为Heterofl的新联合学习框架来解决具有较差的计算和通信能力的异构客户端。我们的解决方案可以实现具有不同计算复杂性的异构本地模型，并仍然产生单一的全局推理模型。我们的方法是挑战本地模型必须与全球模型共享相同的架构的现有工作的潜在工作。我们展示了提高流行培训的几种策略，并进行广泛的经验评估，包括三个数据集三个模型架构的五个计算复杂性水平。我们表明，根据客户端的功能，自适应分配子网是计算和通信有效的。

联合学习通常用于容易获得标签的任务（例如，下一个单词预测）。放松这种约束需要设计无监督的学习技术，该技术可以支持联合培训的理想特性：稳健性对统计/系统异质性，可伸缩性与参与者数量以及沟通效率。关于该主题的先前工作集中在直接扩展集中式的自我监督学习技术上，这些学习技术并非旨在具有上面列出的属性。为了解决这种情况，我们提出了乐团，这是一种新颖的无监督联盟学习技术，利用联邦的层次结构来协调分布式的聚类任务，并将客户数据对客户数据的全球始终划分为可区分的群集。我们显示了管弦乐队中的算法管道可确保在线性探针下良好的概括性能，从而使其在广泛的条件下胜过替代技术，包括异质性，客户次数，参与率和本地时期的变化。

对于大多数现有的联合学习算法，每一轮都包括最大程度地减少每个客户端的损失功能，以在客户端学习最佳模型，然后在服务器上汇总这些客户端模型。客户端的模型参数的点估计并未考虑到每个客户端估计的模型中的不确定性。但是，在许多情况下，尤其是在有限的数据设置中，考虑到客户模型中的不确定性以实现更准确和健壮的预测是有益的。不确定性还为其他重要任务提供了有用的信息，例如主动学习和分布（OOD）检测。我们提出了一个贝叶斯联合学习的框架，每个客户都使用其培训数据侵入后验预测分布，并提出各种方法，以在服务器上汇总这些特定于客户端的预测分布。由于交流和汇总预测分布可能具有挑战性且昂贵，因此我们的方法基于将每个客户的预测分布提炼成一个深层的神经网络。这使我们能够利用标准联合学习的进步，也可以为贝叶斯联邦学习。与最近试图估算每个客户模型不确定性的最近作品不同，我们的工作也没有做出任何限制性假设，例如客户后分布的形式。我们评估了我们在联合环境中的分类方法，以及在联邦设置中的积极学习和OOD检测，我们的方法在其上优于各种现有的联合学习基线。

联邦学习（FL）引起了人们对在存储在多个用户中的数据中启用隐私的机器学习的兴趣，同时避免将数据移动到偏离设备上。但是，尽管数据永远不会留下用户的设备，但仍然无法保证隐私，因为用户培训数据的重大计算以训练有素的本地模型的形式共享。最近，这些本地模型通过不同的隐私攻击（例如模型反演攻击）构成了实质性的隐私威胁。作为一种补救措施，通过保证服务器只能学习全局聚合模型更新，而不是单个模型更新，从而开发了安全汇总（SA）作为保护佛罗里达隐私的框架。尽管SA确保没有泄漏有关单个模型更新超出汇总模型更新的其他信息，但对于SA实际上可以提供多少私密性fl，没有正式的保证；由于有关单个数据集的信息仍然可以通过在服务器上计算的汇总模型泄漏。在这项工作中，我们对使用SA的FL的正式隐私保证进行了首次分析。具体而言，我们使用共同信息（MI）作为定量度量，并在每个用户数据集的信息上可以通过汇总的模型更新泄漏有关多少信息。当使用FEDSGD聚合算法时，我们的理论界限表明，隐私泄漏量随着SA参与FL的用户数量而线性减少。为了验证我们的理论界限，我们使用MI神经估计量来凭经验评估MNIST和CIFAR10数据集的不同FL设置下的隐私泄漏。我们的实验验证了FEDSGD的理论界限，随着用户数量和本地批量的增长，隐私泄漏的减少，并且随着培训回合的数量，隐私泄漏的增加。

联邦学习〜（FL）最近引起了学术界和行业的越来越多的关注，其最终目标是在隐私和沟通限制下进行协作培训。现有的基于FL算法的现有迭代模型需要大量的通信回合，以获得良好的模型，这是由于不同客户之间的极为不平衡和非平衡的I.D数据分配。因此，我们建议FedDM从多个本地替代功能中构建全球培训目标，这使服务器能够获得对损失格局的更全球视野。详细说明，我们在每个客户端构建了合成数据集，以在本地匹配从原始数据到分发匹配的损失景观。与笨拙的模型权重相比，FedDM通过传输更多信息和较小的合成数据来降低通信回合并提高模型质量。我们对三个图像分类数据集进行了广泛的实验，结果表明，在效率和模型性能方面，我们的方法可以优于其他FL的实验。此外，我们证明，FedDM可以适应使用高斯机制来保护差异隐私，并在相同的隐私预算下训练更好的模型。

This study investigates clustered federated learning (FL), one of the formulations of FL with non-i.i.d. data, where the devices are partitioned into clusters and each cluster optimally fits its data with a localized model. We propose a novel clustered FL framework, which applies a nonconvex penalty to pairwise differences of parameters. This framework can automatically identify clusters without a priori knowledge of the number of clusters and the set of devices in each cluster. To implement the proposed framework, we develop a novel clustered FL method called FPFC. Advancing from the standard ADMM, our method is implemented in parallel, updates only a subset of devices at each communication round, and allows each participating device to perform a variable amount of work. This greatly reduces the communication cost while simultaneously preserving privacy, making it practical for FL. We also propose a new warmup strategy for hyperparameter tuning under FL settings and consider the asynchronous variant of FPFC (asyncFPFC). Theoretically, we provide convergence guarantees of FPFC for general nonconvex losses and establish the statistical convergence rate under a linear model with squared loss. Our extensive experiments demonstrate the advantages of FPFC over existing methods.

Emerging technologies and applications including Internet of Things (IoT), social networking, and crowd-sourcing generate large amounts of data at the network edge. Machine learning models are often built from the collected data, to enable the detection, classification, and prediction of future events. Due to bandwidth, storage, and privacy concerns, it is often impractical to send all the data to a centralized location. In this paper, we consider the problem of learning model parameters from data distributed across multiple edge nodes, without sending raw data to a centralized place. Our focus is on a generic class of machine learning models that are trained using gradientdescent based approaches. We analyze the convergence bound of distributed gradient descent from a theoretical point of view, based on which we propose a control algorithm that determines the best trade-off between local update and global parameter aggregation to minimize the loss function under a given resource budget. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated via extensive experiments with real datasets, both on a networked prototype system and in a larger-scale simulated environment. The experimentation results show that our proposed approach performs near to the optimum with various machine learning models and different data distributions.

在联合学习（FL）的新兴范式中，大量客户端（例如移动设备）用于在各自的数据上训练可能的高维模型。由于移动设备的带宽低，分散的优化方法需要将计算负担从那些客户端转移到计算服务器，同时保留隐私和合理的通信成本。在本文中，我们专注于深度，如多层神经网络的培训，在FL设置下。我们提供了一种基于本地模型的层状和维度更新的新型联合学习方法，减轻了非凸起和手头优化任务的多层性质的新型联合学习方法。我们为Fed-Lamb提供了一种彻底的有限时间收敛性分析，表征其渐变减少的速度有多速度。我们在IID和非IID设置下提供实验结果，不仅可以证实我们的理论，而且与最先进的方法相比，我们的方法的速度更快。

Federated Learning is a distributed learning paradigm with two key challenges that differentiate it from traditional distributed optimization: (1) significant variability in terms of the systems characteristics on each device in the network (systems heterogeneity), and (2) non-identically distributed data across the network (statistical heterogeneity). In this work, we introduce a framework, FedProx, to tackle heterogeneity in federated networks. FedProx can be viewed as a generalization and re-parametrization of FedAvg, the current state-of-the-art method for federated learning. While this re-parameterization makes only minor modifications to the method itself, these modifications have important ramifications both in theory and in practice. Theoretically, we provide convergence guarantees for our framework when learning over data from non-identical distributions (statistical heterogeneity), and while adhering to device-level systems constraints by allowing each participating device to perform a variable amount of work (systems heterogeneity). Practically, we demonstrate that FedProx allows for more robust convergence than FedAvg across a suite of realistic federated datasets. In particular, in highly heterogeneous settings, FedProx demonstrates significantly more stable and accurate convergence behavior relative to FedAvg-improving absolute test accuracy by 22% on average.

做出强大的预测是一个重要的挑战。联邦学习（FL）中的一个单独挑战是减少交流回合的数量，尤其是因为这样做会降低异质数据设置的性能。为了解决这两个问题，我们对学习全球模型的问题有贝叶斯的看法。我们展示了如何使用客户预测性后代近似全局预测后验。这与其他作品不同，该作品将局部模型空间后代汇总到全局模型空间后部，并且由于后部的高维多模式性质而易受高近似误差的影响。相比之下，我们的方法对预测后期进行了聚集，由于输出空间的低维度，通常更容易近似。我们基于此想法提出了一种算法，该算法在每个客户端对MCMC采样进行了进行估计，然后在一轮中汇总它们以获得全局合奏模型。通过对多个分类和回归任务的经验评估，我们表明，尽管使用了一轮通信，但该方法与其他FL技术具有竞争力，并且在异质环境上的表现优于它们。该代码可在https://github.com/hasanmohsin/fedpredspace_1 round上公开获得。

联合学习描述了多个客户端的模型的分布式培训，同时保留数据私有设备。在这项工作中，我们将服务器策划的联合学习过程视为分层潜在的变量模型，其中服务器提供了通过客户端特定的模型参数的先前分发的参数。我们表明，通过简单的高斯前瞻和众所周知的期望 - 最大化（EM）算法的硬版，在这种模型中学习对应于FEDVG，是联合学习设置的最流行的算法。在FEDAVG上的这种透视统一了最近在该字段中的几个工作，并通过分层模型的不同选择开辟了扩展的可能性。基于这种观点，我们进一步提出了一种雇用现有分布的分级模型的变体来促进稀疏性。通过使用Hard-Em算法来学习，我们获得FedSparse，可以在联邦学习设置中学习稀疏神经网络的过程。 FedSparse将来自客户端的通信成本降低到服务器，反之亦然，以及对稀疏网络推断的计算成本 - 这两者都具有很大的实际重要性在联合学习中。

In recent years, mobile devices are equipped with increasingly advanced sensing and computing capabilities. Coupled with advancements in Deep Learning (DL), this opens up countless possibilities for meaningful applications, e.g., for medical purposes and in vehicular networks. Traditional cloudbased Machine Learning (ML) approaches require the data to be centralized in a cloud server or data center. However, this results in critical issues related to unacceptable latency and communication inefficiency. To this end, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has been proposed to bring intelligence closer to the edge, where data is produced. However, conventional enabling technologies for ML at mobile edge networks still require personal data to be shared with external parties, e.g., edge servers. Recently, in light of increasingly stringent data privacy legislations and growing privacy concerns, the concept of Federated Learning (FL) has been introduced. In FL, end devices use their local data to train an ML model required by the server. The end devices then send the model updates rather than raw data to the server for aggregation. FL can serve as an enabling technology in mobile edge networks since it enables the collaborative training of an ML model and also enables DL for mobile edge network optimization. However, in a large-scale and complex mobile edge network, heterogeneous devices with varying constraints are involved. This raises challenges of communication costs, resource allocation, and privacy and security in the implementation of FL at scale. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the background and fundamentals of FL. Then, we highlight the aforementioned challenges of FL implementation and review existing solutions. Furthermore, we present the applications of FL for mobile edge network optimization. Finally, we discuss the important challenges and future research directions in FL.

深度学习的成功归功于我们能够相对轻松地解决某些大规模的非凸优化问题。尽管非凸优化是NP硬化，但简单的算法（通常是随机梯度下降的变体）在拟合大型神经网络的实践中具有令人惊讶的有效性。我们认为，在考虑了所有可能的隐藏单元对称对称性之后，神经网络损失景观包含（几乎）一个盆地。我们介绍了三种算法以缩小一个模型的单元，以使它们与参考模型的单位保持一致。这种转换产生了一组功能等效的权重，该权重位于参考模型附近的大约凸盆地中。在实验上，我们证明了各种模型架构和数据集中的单个盆地现象，包括在CIFAR-10和CIFAR-100上独立训练的Resnet模型之间的第一个（据我们所知）的（据我们所知）的第一次演示。此外，我们确定了有趣的现象，将模型宽度和训练时间与各种模型和数据集的模式连接性有关。最后，我们讨论了单个盆地理论的缺点，包括对线性模式连接假设的反例。