We present an autoencoder that leverages learned representations to better measure similarities in data space. By combining a variational autoencoder with a generative adversarial network we can use learned feature representations in the GAN discriminator as basis for the VAE reconstruction objective. Thereby, we replace element-wise errors with feature-wise errors to better capture the data distribution while offering invariance towards e.g. translation. We apply our method to images of faces and show that it outperforms VAEs with element-wise similarity measures in terms of visual fidelity. Moreover, we show that the method learns an embedding in which high-level abstract visual features (e.g. wearing glasses) can be modified using simple arithmetic.

Facial attribute editing aims to manipulate single or multiple attributes of a face image, i.e., to generate a new face with desired attributes while preserving other details. Recently, generative adversarial net (GAN) and encoder-decoder architecture are usually incorporated to handle this task with promising results. Based on the encoder-decoder architecture, facial attribute editing is achieved by decoding the latent representation of the given face conditioned on the desired attributes. Some existing methods attempt to establish an attributeindependent latent representation for further attribute editing. However, such attribute-independent constraint on the latent representation is excessive because it restricts the capacity of the latent representation and may result in information loss, leading to over-smooth and distorted generation. Instead of imposing constraints on the latent representation, in this work we apply an attribute classification constraint to the generated image to just guarantee the correct change of desired attributes, i.e., to "change what you want". Meanwhile, the reconstruction learning is introduced to preserve attribute-excluding details, in other words, to "only change what you want". Besides, the adversarial learning is employed for visually realistic editing. These three components cooperate with each other forming an effective framework for high quality facial attribute editing, referred as AttGAN. Furthermore, our method is also directly applicable for attribute intensity control and can be naturally extended for attribute style manipulation. Experiments on CelebA dataset show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-arts on realistic attribute editing with facial details well preserved.

Image-generating machine learning models are typically trained with loss functions based on distance in the image space. This often leads to over-smoothed results. We propose a class of loss functions, which we call deep perceptual similarity metrics (DeePSiM), that mitigate this problem. Instead of computing distances in the image space, we compute distances between image features extracted by deep neural networks. This metric better reflects perceptually similarity of images and thus leads to better results. We show three applications: autoencoder training, a modification of a variational autoencoder, and inversion of deep convolutional networks. In all cases, the generated images look sharp and resemble natural images.

随着脑成像技术和机器学习工具的出现，很多努力都致力于构建计算模型来捕获人脑中的视觉信息的编码。最具挑战性的大脑解码任务之一是通过功能磁共振成像（FMRI）测量的脑活动的感知自然图像的精确重建。在这项工作中，我们调查了来自FMRI的自然图像重建的最新学习方法。我们在架构设计，基准数据集和评估指标方面检查这些方法，并在标准化评估指标上呈现公平的性能评估。最后，我们讨论了现有研究的优势和局限，并提出了潜在的未来方向。

Generative adversarial networks (GANs) provide a way to learn deep representations without extensively annotated training data. They achieve this through deriving backpropagation signals through a competitive process involving a pair of networks. The representations that can be learned by GANs may be used in a variety of applications, including image synthesis, semantic image editing, style transfer, image super-resolution and classification. The aim of this review paper is to provide an overview of GANs for the signal processing community, drawing on familiar analogies and concepts where possible. In addition to identifying different methods for training and constructing GANs, we also point to remaining challenges in their theory and application.

近似复杂的概率密度是现代统计中的核心问题。在本文中，我们介绍了变分推理（VI）的概念，这是一种机器学习中的流行方法，该方法使用优化技术来估计复杂的概率密度。此属性允许VI汇聚速度比经典方法更快，例如Markov Chain Monte Carlo采样。概念上，VI通过选择一个概率密度函数，然后找到最接近实际概率密度的家庭 - 通常使用Kullback-Leibler（KL）发散作为优化度量。我们介绍了缩窄的证据，以促进近似的概率密度，我们审查了平均场变分推理背后的想法。最后，我们讨论VI对变分式自动编码器（VAE）和VAE-生成的对抗网络（VAE-GAN）的应用。用本文，我们的目标是解释VI的概念，并通过这种方法协助协助。

变形AutoEncoders（VAE）采用深度学习模型来学习与高维观察数据集的连续潜伏的Z空间。为此，使许多任务是可能的，包括面部重建和面部合成。在这项工作中，我们通过将学习限制到面部掩模选择的像素来调查面部面膜如何帮助训练面部重建的训练。使用Celeba DataSet对该提议的评估表明，使用面部掩码增强重建的图像，特别是当使用L1或L2损耗功能时使用SSIM损耗。我们注意到，在架构中包含用于面部掩模预测的解码器影响了L1或L2损耗功能的性能，而这不是SSIM损耗的情况。此外，SSIM感知损失在测试的所有假设之间产生了清爽的样本，尽管它会使图像的原始颜色移位，使L1或L2损失与SSIM一起使用，有助于解决这个问题。

We study the problem of 3D object generation. We propose a novel framework, namely 3D Generative Adversarial Network (3D-GAN), which generates 3D objects from a probabilistic space by leveraging recent advances in volumetric convolutional networks and generative adversarial nets. The benefits of our model are three-fold: first, the use of an adversarial criterion, instead of traditional heuristic criteria, enables the generator to capture object structure implicitly and to synthesize high-quality 3D objects; second, the generator establishes a mapping from a low-dimensional probabilistic space to the space of 3D objects, so that we can sample objects without a reference image or CAD models, and explore the 3D object manifold; third, the adversarial discriminator provides a powerful 3D shape descriptor which, learned without supervision, has wide applications in 3D object recognition. Experiments demonstrate that our method generates high-quality 3D objects, and our unsupervisedly learned features achieve impressive performance on 3D object recognition, comparable with those of supervised learning methods.

潜在矢量生成模型的潜在空间中数据点的不同编码可能会导致数据背后的不同解释因素的效率或多或少有效且分开的特征。最近，许多作品都致力于探索特定模型的潜在空间，主要集中在研究特征如何分离以及如何在可见空间中产生所需数据变化的轨迹变化。在这项工作中，我们解决了比较不同模型的潜在空间的更一般问题，寻找它们之间的转换。我们将调查局限于人脸数据歧管的熟悉且在很大程度上研究的生成模型案例。本文报道的令人惊讶的初步结果是（前提是（前提是模型尚未被教导或明确地想象以不同的方式采取行动）简单的线性映射足以从潜在空间传递到另一个信息，同时保留大多数信息。

用于下游重建和生成的分类潜空间信息的利用是一种有趣和相对未开发的区域。一般而言，歧视性表现在类特定的特征中，但重建太稀疏，而在AutoEncoders中，表示致密，但具有有限的无法区分的类特征，使它们不太适合分类。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种歧视的建模框架，该框架采用被操纵的监督潜在表示来重建和生成属于给定班级的新样本。与旨在模拟数据歧管分布的GAN和VAE的生成建模方法不同，基于代理（Regene）（Regene）直接表示分类空间中的给定数据歧管。在某些限制下，这种监督表示允许使用适当的解码器进行重建和受控几代，而无需执行任何先前分布。理论上，给定类，我们表明使用凸组合巧妙地操纵这些表示保留相同的类标签。此外，他们还导致了新颖的直接现实图像。关于不同分辨率的数据集的广泛实验表明，Regene在FID方面具有比现有的条件生成模型更高的分类精度。

在没有监督信号的情况下学习简洁的数据表示是机器学习的基本挑战。实现此目标的一种突出方法是基于可能性的模型，例如变异自动编码器（VAE），以基于元元素来学习潜在表示，这是对下游任务有益的一般前提（例如，disentanglement）。但是，这种方法通常偏离原始的可能性体系结构，以应用引入的元优势，从而导致他们的培训不良变化。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的表示学习方法，Gromov-Wasserstein自动编码器（GWAE），该方法与潜在和数据分布直接匹配。 GWAE模型不是基于可能性的目标，而是通过最小化Gromov-Wasserstein（GW）度量的训练优化。 GW度量测量了在无与伦比的空间上支持的分布之间的面向结构的差异，例如具有不同的维度。通过限制可训练的先验的家庭，我们可以介绍元主题来控制下游任务的潜在表示。与现有基于VAE的方法的经验比较表明，GWAE模型可以通过更改先前的家族而无需进一步修改GW目标来基于元家庭学习表示。

近年来，拥抱集群研究中的表演学习的深度学习技术引起了广泛的关注，产生了一个新开发的聚类范式，QZ。深度聚类（DC）。通常，DC型号大写AutoEncoders，以了解促进聚类过程的内在特征。如今，一个名为变变AualEncoder（VAE）的生成模型在DC研究中得到了广泛的认可。然而，平原VAE不足以察觉到综合潜在特征，导致细分性能恶化。本文提出了一种新的DC方法来解决这个问题。具体地，生成的逆势网络和VAE被聚结成了一种名为Fusion AutoEncoder（FAE）的新的AutoEncoder，以辨别出更多的辨别性表示，从而使下游聚类任务受益。此外，FAE通过深度剩余网络架构实施，进一步提高了表示学习能力。最后，将FAE的潜在空间转变为由深密神经网络的嵌入空间，用于彼此从彼此拉出不同的簇，并将数据点折叠在单个簇内。在几个图像数据集上进行的实验证明了所提出的DC模型对基线方法的有效性。

现代生成型号在包括图像或文本生成和化学分子建模的各种任务中获得优异的品质。然而，现有方法往往缺乏通过所要求的属性产生实例的基本能力，例如照片中的人的年龄或产生的分子的重量。包含此类额外的调节因子将需要重建整个架构并从头开始优化参数。此外，难以解除选定的属性，以便仅在将其他属性中执行不变的同时执行编辑。为了克服这些限制，我们提出插件（插件生成网络），这是一种简单而有效的生成技术，可以用作预先训练的生成模型的插件。我们的方法背后的想法是使用基于流的模块将纠缠潜在的潜在表示转换为多维空间，其中每个属性的值被建模为独立的一维分布。因此，插件可以生成具有所需属性的新样本，以及操作现有示例的标记属性。由于潜在代表的解散，我们甚至能够在数据集中的稀有或看不见的属性组合生成样本，例如具有灰色头发的年轻人，有妆容的男性或胡须的女性。我们将插入与GaN和VAE模型组合并将其应用于图像和化学分子建模的条件生成和操纵。实验表明，插件保留了骨干型号的质量，同时添加控制标记属性值的能力。

从文本描述中综合现实图像是计算机视觉中的主要挑战。当前对图像合成方法的文本缺乏产生代表文本描述符的高分辨率图像。大多数现有的研究都依赖于生成的对抗网络（GAN）或变异自动编码器（VAE）。甘斯具有产生更清晰的图像的能力，但缺乏输出的多样性，而VAE擅长生产各种输出，但是产生的图像通常是模糊的。考虑到gan和vaes的相对优势，我们提出了一个新的有条件VAE（CVAE）和条件gan（CGAN）网络架构，用于合成以文本描述为条件的图像。这项研究使用条件VAE作为初始发电机来生成文本描述符的高级草图。这款来自第一阶段的高级草图输出和文本描述符被用作条件GAN网络的输入。第二阶段GAN产生256x256高分辨率图像。所提出的体系结构受益于条件加强和有条件的GAN网络的残留块，以实现结果。使用CUB和Oxford-102数据集进行了多个实验，并将所提出方法的结果与Stackgan等最新技术进行了比较。实验表明，所提出的方法生成了以文本描述为条件的高分辨率图像，并使用两个数据集基于Inception和Frechet Inception评分产生竞争结果

Virtual Adversarial Training (VAT) has shown impressive results among recently developed regularization methods called consistency regularization. VAT utilizes adversarial samples, generated by injecting perturbation in the input space, for training and thereby enhances the generalization ability of a classifier. However, such adversarial samples can be generated only within a very small area around the input data point, which limits the adversarial effectiveness of such samples. To address this problem we propose LVAT (Latent space VAT), which injects perturbation in the latent space instead of the input space. LVAT can generate adversarial samples flexibly, resulting in more adverse effects and thus more effective regularization. The latent space is built by a generative model, and in this paper, we examine two different type of models: variational auto-encoder and normalizing flow, specifically Glow. We evaluated the performance of our method in both supervised and semi-supervised learning scenarios for an image classification task using SVHN and CIFAR-10 datasets. In our evaluation, we found that our method outperforms VAT and other state-of-the-art methods.

We define and address the problem of unsupervised learning of disentangled representations on data generated from independent factors of variation. We propose FactorVAE, a method that disentangles by encouraging the distribution of representations to be factorial and hence independent across the dimensions. We show that it improves upon β-VAE by providing a better trade-off between disentanglement and reconstruction quality. Moreover, we highlight the problems of a commonly used disentanglement metric and introduce a new metric that does not suffer from them.

This paper describes InfoGAN, an information-theoretic extension to the Generative Adversarial Network that is able to learn disentangled representations in a completely unsupervised manner. InfoGAN is a generative adversarial network that also maximizes the mutual information between a small subset of the latent variables and the observation. We derive a lower bound of the mutual information objective that can be optimized efficiently. Specifically, InfoGAN successfully disentangles writing styles from digit shapes on the MNIST dataset, pose from lighting of 3D rendered images, and background digits from the central digit on the SVHN dataset. It also discovers visual concepts that include hair styles, presence/absence of eyeglasses, and emotions on the CelebA face dataset. Experiments show that InfoGAN learns interpretable representations that are competitive with representations learned by existing supervised methods.

We explore the use of Vector Quantized Variational AutoEncoder (VQ-VAE) models for large scale image generation. To this end, we scale and enhance the autoregressive priors used in VQ-VAE to generate synthetic samples of much higher coherence and fidelity than possible before. We use simple feed-forward encoder and decoder networks, making our model an attractive candidate for applications where the encoding and/or decoding speed is critical. Additionally, VQ-VAE requires sampling an autoregressive model only in the compressed latent space, which is an order of magnitude faster than sampling in the pixel space, especially for large images. We demonstrate that a multi-scale hierarchical organization of VQ-VAE, augmented with powerful priors over the latent codes, is able to generate samples with quality that rivals that of state of the art Generative Adversarial Networks on multifaceted datasets such as ImageNet, while not suffering from GAN's known shortcomings such as mode collapse and lack of diversity.

这项工作提出了一种新的计算框架，用于学习用于真实数据集的明确生成模型。特别地，我们建议在包含多个独立的多维线性子空间组成的特征空间中的多类多维数据分发和{线性判别表示（LDR）}之间学习{\ EM闭环转录}。特别地，我们认为寻求的最佳编码和解码映射可以被配制为编码器和解码器之间的{\ em二手最小游戏的均衡点}。该游戏的自然实用功能是所谓的{\ em速率减少}，这是一个简单的信息定理措施，用于特征空间中子空间类似的高斯的混合物之间的距离。我们的配方利用来自控制系统的闭环误差反馈的灵感，避免昂贵的评估和最小化数据空间或特征空间的任意分布之间的近似距离。在很大程度上，这种新的制定统一了自动编码和GaN的概念和益处，并自然将它们扩展到学习多级和多维实际数据的判别和生成}表示的设置。我们对许多基准图像数据集的广泛实验表明了这种新的闭环配方的巨大潜力：在公平的比较下，学习的解码器的视觉质量和编码器的分类性能是竞争力的，并且通常比基于GaN，VAE或基于GaN，VAE或基于GaN，VAE的方法更好的方法两者的组合。我们注意到所以，不同类别的特征在特征空间中明确地映射到大约{em独立的主管子空间};每个类中的不同视觉属性由每个子空间中的{\ em独立主体组件}建模。

图像生成模型可以学习训练数据的分布，因此可以通过从这些分布中取样来生成示例。但是，当培训数据集被离群值损坏时，生成模型可能会产生与异常值相似的示例。实际上，一小部分离群值可能会诱导最新的生成模型，例如量化量化量化自动编码器（VQ-VAE），以从异常值中学习重要的模式。为了减轻此问题，我们提出了一个基于VQ-VAE的强大生成模型，我们将其命名为强大的VQ-VAE（RVQ-VAE）。为了实现鲁棒性，RVQ-VAE使用两个单独的代码簿对嵌入式和离群值。为了确保代码簿嵌入正确的组件，我们在每个培训时期内迭代更新嵌入式和异常值的集合。为了确保编码的数据点与正确的代码簿匹配，我们使用加权欧几里得距离进行量化，其权重由代码簿的定向差异确定。这两个代码手册均与编码器和解码器一起根据重建损失和量化损失共同训练。我们在实验上证明，即使大部分训练数据点损坏了RVQ-VAE，即使大部分培训数据都可以从嵌入式中产生示例。