本文介绍了置信度优化(CO)分数,以直接测量热插拔/显着图的贡献到模型的分类性能。可说明的人工智能(XAI)社区中使用的常见热映射生成方法通过我们称之为增强解释(AX)来测试。我们在这些热爱方法的CO分配中找到了一个惊人的\ Texit {Gap}。间隙可能用作深度神经网络(DNN)预测的正确性的新颖指标。我们进一步介绍了生成的AX(GAX)方法以产生能够获得高CO分数的显着图。使用迷人,我们也定性展示了DNN架构的不行性。
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Post-hoc analysis is a popular category in eXplainable artificial intelligence (XAI) study. In particular, methods that generate heatmaps have been used to explain the deep neural network (DNN), a black-box model. Heatmaps can be appealing due to the intuitive and visual ways to understand them but assessing their qualities might not be straightforward. Different ways to assess heatmaps' quality have their own merits and shortcomings. This paper introduces a synthetic dataset that can be generated adhoc along with the ground-truth heatmaps for more objective quantitative assessment. Each sample data is an image of a cell with easily recognized features that are distinguished from localization ground-truth mask, hence facilitating a more transparent assessment of different XAI methods. Comparison and recommendations are made, shortcomings are clarified along with suggestions for future research directions to handle the finer details of select post-hoc analysis methods. Furthermore, mabCAM is introduced as the heatmap generation method compatible with our ground-truth heatmaps. The framework is easily generalizable and uses only standard deep learning components.
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可解释的人工智能(XAI)的新兴领域旨在为当今强大但不透明的深度学习模型带来透明度。尽管本地XAI方法以归因图的形式解释了个体预测,从而确定了重要特征的发生位置(但没有提供有关其代表的信息),但全局解释技术可视化模型通常学会的编码的概念。因此,两种方法仅提供部分见解,并留下将模型推理解释的负担。只有少数当代技术旨在将本地和全球XAI背后的原则结合起来,以获取更多信息的解释。但是,这些方法通常仅限于特定的模型体系结构,或对培训制度或数据和标签可用性施加其他要求,这实际上使事后应用程序成为任意预训练的模型。在这项工作中,我们介绍了概念相关性传播方法(CRP)方法,该方法结合了XAI的本地和全球观点,因此允许回答“何处”和“ where”和“什么”问题,而没有其他约束。我们进一步介绍了相关性最大化的原则,以根据模型对模型的有用性找到代表性的示例。因此,我们提高了对激活最大化及其局限性的共同实践的依赖。我们证明了我们方法在各种环境中的能力,展示了概念相关性传播和相关性最大化导致了更加可解释的解释,并通过概念图表,概念组成分析和概念集合和概念子区和概念子区和概念子集和定量研究对模型的表示和推理提供了深刻的见解。它们在细粒度决策中的作用。
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Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is essential for enabling clinical users to get informed decision support from AI and comply with evidence-based medical practice. Applying XAI in clinical settings requires proper evaluation criteria to ensure the explanation technique is both technically sound and clinically useful, but specific support is lacking to achieve this goal. To bridge the research gap, we propose the Clinical XAI Guidelines that consist of five criteria a clinical XAI needs to be optimized for. The guidelines recommend choosing an explanation form based on Guideline 1 (G1) Understandability and G2 Clinical relevance. For the chosen explanation form, its specific XAI technique should be optimized for G3 Truthfulness, G4 Informative plausibility, and G5 Computational efficiency. Following the guidelines, we conducted a systematic evaluation on a novel problem of multi-modal medical image explanation with two clinical tasks, and proposed new evaluation metrics accordingly. Sixteen commonly-used heatmap XAI techniques were evaluated and found to be insufficient for clinical use due to their failure in G3 and G4. Our evaluation demonstrated the use of Clinical XAI Guidelines to support the design and evaluation of clinically viable XAI.
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Current learning machines have successfully solved hard application problems, reaching high accuracy and displaying seemingly "intelligent" behavior. Here we apply recent techniques for explaining decisions of state-of-the-art learning machines and analyze various tasks from computer vision and arcade games. This showcases a spectrum of problem-solving behaviors ranging from naive and short-sighted, to wellinformed and strategic. We observe that standard performance evaluation metrics can be oblivious to distinguishing these diverse problem solving behaviors. Furthermore, we propose our semi-automated Spectral Relevance Analysis that provides a practically effective way of characterizing and validating the behavior of nonlinear learning machines. This helps to assess whether a learned model indeed delivers reliably for the problem that it was conceived for. Furthermore, our work intends to add a voice of caution to the ongoing excitement about machine intelligence and pledges to evaluate and judge some of these recent successes in a more nuanced manner.
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AI解释性提高了模型的透明度,使它们更值得信赖。这种目标是由于深受深层学习模型的出现而闻名,这是模糊的;即使在图像的域名中,深度学习最多,解释性仍然很差。在图像识别领域,已经提出了许多特征归因方法,其目的是解释使用视觉提示的模型的行为。但是,到目前为止没有建立指标以客观地评估和选择这些方法。在本文中,我们提出了一致的特征归因方法的评估度量 - 焦点 - 旨在量化其对任务的一致性。虽然最先前的工作为样本增加了分配噪声,但我们介绍了一种方法来增加分布中的噪声。这是通过来自不同类别的实例的马赛克来完成的,并且这些解释这些生成。在那些时,我们计算视觉伪精度度量,焦点。首先,我们通过一系列随机化实验表明了这种方法的鲁棒性。然后我们使用焦点来比较遍布几个CNN架构和分类数据集的六种流行的解释性技术。我们的结果发现一些方法可以持续可靠(LRP,GradCam),而其他方法会产生类别无关的解释(Smoothgrad,Ig)。最后,我们介绍了另一个焦点的应用,使用它来识别和表征模型中的偏差。这使得偏见管理工具,在另一个小步迈向值得信赖的AI。
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卷积神经网络(CNN)最近由于捕获非线性系统行为并提取预测性时空模式而引起了地球科学的极大关注。然而,鉴于其黑盒的性质以及预测性的重要性,可解释的人工智能方法(XAI)已成为解释CNN决策策略的一种手段。在这里,我们建立了一些最受欢迎的XAI方法的比较,并研究了它们在解释CNN的地球科学应用决策方面的保真度。我们的目标是提高对这些方法的理论局限性的认识,并深入了解相对优势和缺点,以帮助指导最佳实践。所考虑的XAI方法首先应用于理想化的归因基准,在该基准中,该网络解释的基础真实是先验,以帮助客观地评估其性能。其次,我们将XAI应用于与气候相关的预测设置,即解释CNN,该CNN经过训练,可以预测气候模拟每日快照中的大气河流数量。我们的结果突出了XAI方法的几个重要问题(例如,梯度破碎,无法区分归因的迹象,对零输入的无知),这些迹象以前在我们的领域被忽略了,如果不谨慎地考虑,可能会导致扭曲的图片CNN决策策略。我们设想,我们的分析将激发对XAI保真度的进一步调查,并将有助于在地球科学中谨慎地实施XAI,这可能导致进一步剥削CNN和深入学习预测问题。
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与此同时,在可解释的人工智能(XAI)的研究领域中,已经开发了各种术语,动机,方法和评估标准。随着XAI方法的数量大大增长,研究人员以及从业者以及从业者需要一种方法:掌握主题的广度,比较方法,并根据特定用例所需的特征选择正确的XAI方法语境。在文献中,可以找到许多不同细节水平和深度水平的XAI方法分类。虽然他们经常具有不同的焦点,但它们也表现出许多重叠点。本文统一了这些努力,并提供了XAI方法的分类,这是关于目前研究中存在的概念的概念。在结构化文献分析和元研究中,我们识别并审查了XAI方法,指标和方法特征的50多个最引用和最新的调查。总结在调查调查中,我们将文章的术语和概念合并为统一的结构化分类。其中的单一概念总计超过50个不同的选择示例方法,我们相应地分类。分类学可以为初学者,研究人员和从业者提供服务作为XAI方法特征和方面的参考和广泛概述。因此,它提供了针对有针对性的,用例导向的基础和上下文敏感的未来研究。
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Explainable AI transforms opaque decision strategies of ML models into explanations that are interpretable by the user, for example, identifying the contribution of each input feature to the prediction at hand. Such explanations, however, entangle the potentially multiple factors that enter into the overall complex decision strategy. We propose to disentangle explanations by finding relevant subspaces in activation space that can be mapped to more abstract human-understandable concepts and enable a joint attribution on concepts and input features. To automatically extract the desired representation, we propose new subspace analysis formulations that extend the principle of PCA and subspace analysis to explanations. These novel analyses, which we call principal relevant component analysis (PRCA) and disentangled relevant subspace analysis (DRSA), optimize relevance of projected activations rather than the more traditional variance or kurtosis. This enables a much stronger focus on subspaces that are truly relevant for the prediction and the explanation, in particular, ignoring activations or concepts to which the prediction model is invariant. Our approach is general enough to work alongside common attribution techniques such as Shapley Value, Integrated Gradients, or LRP. Our proposed methods show to be practically useful and compare favorably to the state of the art as demonstrated on benchmarks and three use cases.
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除了机器学习(ML)模型的令人印象深刻的预测力外,最近还出现了解释方法,使得能够解释诸如深神经网络的复杂非线性学习模型。获得更好的理解尤其重要。对于安全 - 关键的ML应用或医学诊断等。虽然这种可解释的AI(XAI)技术对分类器达到了重大普及,但到目前为止对XAI的重点进行了很少的关注(Xair)。在这篇综述中,我们澄清了XAI对回归和分类任务的基本概念差异,为Xair建立了新的理论见解和分析,为Xair提供了真正的实际回归问题的示范,最后讨论了该领域仍然存在的挑战。
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Explainability has been widely stated as a cornerstone of the responsible and trustworthy use of machine learning models. With the ubiquitous use of Deep Neural Network (DNN) models expanding to risk-sensitive and safety-critical domains, many methods have been proposed to explain the decisions of these models. Recent years have also seen concerted efforts that have shown how such explanations can be distorted (attacked) by minor input perturbations. While there have been many surveys that review explainability methods themselves, there has been no effort hitherto to assimilate the different methods and metrics proposed to study the robustness of explanations of DNN models. In this work, we present a comprehensive survey of methods that study, understand, attack, and defend explanations of DNN models. We also present a detailed review of different metrics used to evaluate explanation methods, as well as describe attributional attack and defense methods. We conclude with lessons and take-aways for the community towards ensuring robust explanations of DNN model predictions.
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深度学习的显着成功引起了人们对医学成像诊断的应用的兴趣。尽管最新的深度学习模型在分类不同类型的医学数据方面已经达到了人类水平的准确性,但这些模型在临床工作流程中几乎不采用,这主要是由于缺乏解释性。深度学习模型的黑盒子性提出了制定策略来解释这些模型的决策过程的必要性,从而导致了可解释的人工智能(XAI)主题的创建。在这种情况下,我们对应用于医学成像诊断的XAI进行了详尽的调查,包括视觉,基于示例和基于概念的解释方法。此外,这项工作回顾了现有的医学成像数据集和现有的指标,以评估解释的质量。此外,我们还包括一组基于报告生成的方法的性能比较。最后,还讨论了将XAI应用于医学成像以及有关该主题的未来研究指示的主要挑战。
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无法解释的黑框模型创建场景,使异常引起有害响应,从而造成不可接受的风险。这些风险促使可解释的人工智能(XAI)领域通过评估黑盒神经网络中的局部解释性来改善信任。不幸的是,基本真理对于模型的决定不可用,因此评估仅限于定性评估。此外,可解释性可能导致有关模型或错误信任感的不准确结论。我们建议通过探索Black-Box模型的潜在特征空间来从用户信任的有利位置提高XAI。我们提出了一种使用典型的几弹网络的Protoshotxai方法,该方法探索了不同类别的非线性特征之间的对比歧管。用户通过扰动查询示例的输入功能并记录任何类的示例子集的响应来探索多种多样。我们的方法是第一个可以将其扩展到很少的网络的本地解释的XAI模型。我们将ProtoShotxai与MNIST,Omniglot和Imagenet的最新XAI方法进行了比较,以进行定量和定性,Protoshotxai为模型探索提供了更大的灵活性。最后,Protoshotxai还展示了对抗样品的新颖解释和检测。
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能够分析和量化人体或行为特征的系统(称为生物识别系统)正在使用和应用变异性增长。由于其从手工制作的功能和传统的机器学习转变为深度学习和自动特征提取,因此生物识别系统的性能增加到了出色的价值。尽管如此,这种快速进步的成本仍然尚不清楚。由于其不透明度,深层神经网络很难理解和分析,因此,由错误动机动机动机的隐藏能力或决定是潜在的风险。研究人员已经开始将注意力集中在理解深度神经网络及其预测的解释上。在本文中,我们根据47篇论文的研究提供了可解释生物识别技术的当前状态,并全面讨论了该领域的发展方向。
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机器学习(ml)越来越多地用于通知高赌注决策。作为复杂的ML模型(例如,深神经网络)通常被认为是黑匣子,已经开发了丰富的程序,以阐明其内在的工作和他们预测来的方式,定义“可解释的AI”( xai)。显着性方法根据“重要性”的某种尺寸等级等级。由于特征重要性的正式定义是缺乏的,因此难以验证这些方法。已经证明,一些显着性方法可以突出显示与预测目标(抑制变量)没有统计关联的特征。为了避免由于这种行为而误解,我们提出了这种关联的实际存在作为特征重要性的必要条件和客观初步定义。我们仔细制作了一个地面真实的数据集,其中所有统计依赖性都是明确的和线性的,作为研究抑制变量问题的基准。我们评估了关于我们的客观定义的常见解释方法,包括LRP,DTD,Patternet,图案化,石灰,锚,Shap和基于置换的方法。我们表明,大多数这些方法无法区分此设置中的抑制器的重要功能。
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Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have demonstrated impressive performance in complex machine learning tasks such as image classification or speech recognition. However, due to their multi-layer nonlinear structure, they are not transparent, i.e., it is hard to grasp what makes them arrive at a particular classification or recognition decision given a new unseen data sample. Recently, several approaches have been proposed enabling one to understand and interpret the reasoning embodied in a DNN for a single test image. These methods quantify the "importance" of individual pixels wrt the classification decision and allow a visualization in terms of a heatmap in pixel/input space. While the usefulness of heatmaps can be judged subjectively by a human, an objective quality measure is missing. In this paper we present a general methodology based on region perturbation for evaluating ordered collections of pixels such as heatmaps. We compare heatmaps computed by three different methods on the SUN397, ILSVRC2012 and MIT Places data sets. Our main result is that the recently proposed Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) algorithm qualitatively and quantitatively provides a better explanation of what made a DNN arrive at a particular classification decision than the sensitivity-based approach or the deconvolution method. We provide theoretical arguments to explain this result and discuss its practical implications. Finally, we investigate the use of heatmaps for unsupervised assessment of neural network performance.
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近年来,可解释的人工智能(XAI)已成为一个非常适合的框架,可以生成人类对“黑盒”模型的可理解解释。在本文中,一种新颖的XAI视觉解释算法称为相似性差异和唯一性(SIDU)方法,该方法可以有效地定位负责预测的整个对象区域。通过各种计算和人类主题实验分析了SIDU算法的鲁棒性和有效性。特别是,使用三种不同类型的评估(应用,人类和功能地面)评估SIDU算法以证明其出色的性能。在对“黑匣子”模型的对抗性攻击的情况下,进一步研究了Sidu的鲁棒性,以更好地了解其性能。我们的代码可在:https://github.com/satyamahesh84/sidu_xai_code上找到。
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尽管有无数的同伴审查的论文,证明了新颖的人工智能(AI)基于大流行期间的Covid-19挑战的解决方案,但很少有临床影响。人工智能在Covid-19大流行期间的影响因缺乏模型透明度而受到极大的限制。这种系统审查考察了在大流行期间使用可解释的人工智能(Xai)以及如何使用它可以克服现实世界成功的障碍。我们发现,Xai的成功使用可以提高模型性能,灌输信任在最终用户,并提供影响用户决策所需的值。我们将读者介绍给常见的XAI技术,其实用程序以及其应用程序的具体例子。 XAI结果的评估还讨论了最大化AI的临床决策支持系统的价值的重要步骤。我们说明了Xai的古典,现代和潜在的未来趋势,以阐明新颖的XAI技术的演变。最后,我们在最近出版物支持的实验设计过程中提供了建议的清单。潜在解决方案的具体示例也解决了AI解决方案期间的共同挑战。我们希望本次审查可以作为提高未来基于AI的解决方案的临床影响的指导。
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如今,人工智能(AI)已成为临床和远程医疗保健应用程序的基本组成部分,但是最佳性能的AI系统通常太复杂了,无法自我解释。可解释的AI(XAI)技术被定义为揭示系统的预测和决策背后的推理,并且在处理敏感和个人健康数据时,它们变得更加至关重要。值得注意的是,XAI并未在不同的研究领域和数据类型中引起相同的关注,尤其是在医疗保健领域。特别是,许多临床和远程健康应用程序分别基于表格和时间序列数据,而XAI并未在这些数据类型上进行分析,而计算机视觉和自然语言处理(NLP)是参考应用程序。为了提供最适合医疗领域表格和时间序列数据的XAI方法的概述,本文提供了过去5年中文献的审查,说明了生成的解释的类型以及为评估其相关性所提供的努力和质量。具体而言,我们确定临床验证,一致性评估,客观和标准化质量评估以及以人为本的质量评估作为确保最终用户有效解释的关键特征。最后,我们强调了该领域的主要研究挑战以及现有XAI方法的局限性。
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Artificial intelligence(AI) systems based on deep neural networks (DNNs) and machine learning (ML) algorithms are increasingly used to solve critical problems in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and precision medicine. However, complex DNN or ML models that are unavoidably opaque and perceived as black-box methods, may not be able to explain why and how they make certain decisions. Such black-box models are difficult to comprehend not only for targeted users and decision-makers but also for AI developers. Besides, in sensitive areas like healthcare, explainability and accountability are not only desirable properties of AI but also legal requirements -- especially when AI may have significant impacts on human lives. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is an emerging field that aims to mitigate the opaqueness of black-box models and make it possible to interpret how AI systems make their decisions with transparency. An interpretable ML model can explain how it makes predictions and which factors affect the model's outcomes. The majority of state-of-the-art interpretable ML methods have been developed in a domain-agnostic way and originate from computer vision, automated reasoning, or even statistics. Many of these methods cannot be directly applied to bioinformatics problems, without prior customization, extension, and domain adoption. In this paper, we discuss the importance of explainability with a focus on bioinformatics. We analyse and comprehensively overview of model-specific and model-agnostic interpretable ML methods and tools. Via several case studies covering bioimaging, cancer genomics, and biomedical text mining, we show how bioinformatics research could benefit from XAI methods and how they could help improve decision fairness.
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