联邦边缘学习（诱导）被认为是一个隐私保留的移动边缘网络的分布式学习框架。在这项工作中，我们调查了一种新的半分散式感觉（SD-enve）架构，其中多个边缘服务器协作以将更多数据从边缘设备纳入训练中。尽管通过快速聚合使能低训练延迟，但计算资源中的设备异质性劣化了效率。本文提出了一种异步训练算法来克服这个问题，其中边缘服务器可以独立设置相关的客户端节点的截止日期并触发模型聚合。要处理不同层次的僵化，我们设计了一个僵化意识的聚合方案并分析其收敛性能。仿真结果展示了我们所提出的算法在实现更快的收敛性和更好的学习性能方面的有效性。

联邦边缘学习（诱导）吸引了许多隐私范例的关注，以有效地纳入网络边缘的分布式数据来训练深度学习模型。然而，单个边缘服务器的有限覆盖范围导致参与者的客户节点数量不足，这可能会损害学习性能。在本文中，我们调查了一种新颖的感觉框架，即半分散的联邦边缘学习（SD-INES），其中采用多个边缘服务器集体协调大量客户端节点。通过利用边缘服务器之间的低延迟通信进行高效的模型共享，SD-Feels可以包含更多的培训数据，同时与传统联合学习相比享受更低的延迟。我们详细介绍了三个主要步骤的SD感觉的培训算法，包括本地模型更新，群集内部和群集间模型聚合。在非独立和相同分布的（非IID）数据上证明了该算法的收敛性，这也有助于揭示关键参数对培训效率的影响，并提供实用的设计指南。同时，边缘装置的异质性可能导致级体效应并降低SD感应的收敛速度。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种具有SD-Iave的稳定性舒长方案的异步训练算法，其中，还分析了收敛性能。模拟结果展示了所提出的SD感觉和证实我们分析的算法的有效性和效率。

联邦边缘学习（诱导）已成为一种有效的方法来减少基于云的机器学习解决方案的大型通信延迟，同时保留数据隐私。不幸的是，由于单边簇中的训练数据有限，感觉的学习性能可能会受到损害。在本文中，我们调查了一种新颖的感觉框架，即半分散的联邦边缘学习（SD-Inve）。通过允许不同边缘集群的模型聚合，SD-vee致力于减少培训延迟的感觉，同时通过访问来自多个边缘集群的更丰富的训练数据来提高学习性能。介绍了每轮三个主要过程的SD-ide的训练算法，包括本地模型更新，集群内部和群集间模型聚合，这被证明是在非独立和相同分布的（非IID）数据上收敛。我们还表征了边缘服务器的网络拓扑之间的相互作用以及在训练性能上群集间模型聚合的通信开销。实验结果证实了我们的分析，并展示了SD-FFEL在实现比传统联邦学习架构更快的收敛方面的有效性。此外，还提供了选择训练算法关键超参数的指导方针。

Federated learning (FL) has achieved great success as a privacy-preserving distributed training paradigm, where many edge devices collaboratively train a machine learning model by sharing the model updates instead of the raw data with a server. However, the heterogeneous computational and communication resources of edge devices give rise to stragglers that significantly decelerate the training process. To mitigate this issue, we propose a novel FL framework named stochastic coded federated learning (SCFL) that leverages coded computing techniques. In SCFL, before the training process starts, each edge device uploads a privacy-preserving coded dataset to the server, which is generated by adding Gaussian noise to the projected local dataset. During training, the server computes gradients on the global coded dataset to compensate for the missing model updates of the straggling devices. We design a gradient aggregation scheme to ensure that the aggregated model update is an unbiased estimate of the desired global update. Moreover, this aggregation scheme enables periodical model averaging to improve the training efficiency. We characterize the tradeoff between the convergence performance and privacy guarantee of SCFL. In particular, a more noisy coded dataset provides stronger privacy protection for edge devices but results in learning performance degradation. We further develop a contract-based incentive mechanism to coordinate such a conflict. The simulation results show that SCFL learns a better model within the given time and achieves a better privacy-performance tradeoff than the baseline methods. In addition, the proposed incentive mechanism grants better training performance than the conventional Stackelberg game approach.

Federated学习（FL）作为保护分布式机器学习框架引起了很多关注，许多客户通过将模型更新与参数服务器交换而不是共享其原始数据来协作训练机器学习模型。然而，FL培训遭受了缓慢的收敛性和不稳定的性能，这是由于客户的异质计算资源引起的散乱者和沟通率的波动。本文提出了一个编码的FL框架来减轻Straggler问题，即随机编码的联合学习（SCFL）。在此框架中，每个客户端通过将附加噪声添加到其本地数据的随机线性组合中，从而生成一个隐私的编码数据集。服务器从所有客户端收集编码的数据集来构建复合数据集，这有助于补偿散布效果。在培训过程中，服务器和客户端执行迷你批次随机梯度下降（SGD），并且服务器在模型聚合中添加了一个化妆术语，以获得无偏的梯度估计。我们通过共同信息差异隐私（MI-DP）来表征隐私保证，并分析联合学习中的收敛性能。此外，我们通过分析隐私约束对收敛率的影响，证明了拟议的SCFL方法的隐私性绩效权衡。最后，数值实验证实了我们的分析，并显示了SCFL在保持数据隐私的同时实现快速收敛的好处。

Federated Learning (FL) has become a key choice for distributed machine learning. Initially focused on centralized aggregation, recent works in FL have emphasized greater decentralization to adapt to the highly heterogeneous network edge. Among these, Hierarchical, Device-to-Device and Gossip Federated Learning (HFL, D2DFL \& GFL respectively) can be considered as foundational FL algorithms employing fundamental aggregation strategies. A number of FL algorithms were subsequently proposed employing multiple fundamental aggregation schemes jointly. Existing research, however, subjects the FL algorithms to varied conditions and gauges the performance of these algorithms mainly against Federated Averaging (FedAvg) only. This work consolidates the FL landscape and offers an objective analysis of the major FL algorithms through a comprehensive cross-evaluation for a wide range of operating conditions. In addition to the three foundational FL algorithms, this work also analyzes six derived algorithms. To enable a uniform assessment, a multi-FL framework named FLAGS: Federated Learning AlGorithms Simulation has been developed for rapid configuration of multiple FL algorithms. Our experiments indicate that fully decentralized FL algorithms achieve comparable accuracy under multiple operating conditions, including asynchronous aggregation and the presence of stragglers. Furthermore, decentralized FL can also operate in noisy environments and with a comparably higher local update rate. However, the impact of extremely skewed data distributions on decentralized FL is much more adverse than on centralized variants. The results indicate that it may not be necessary to restrict the devices to a single FL algorithm; rather, multi-FL nodes may operate with greater efficiency.

The space-air-ground integrated network (SAGIN), one of the key technologies for next-generation mobile communication systems, can facilitate data transmission for users all over the world, especially in some remote areas where vast amounts of informative data are collected by Internet of remote things (IoRT) devices to support various data-driven artificial intelligence (AI) services. However, training AI models centrally with the assistance of SAGIN faces the challenges of highly constrained network topology, inefficient data transmission, and privacy issues. To tackle these challenges, we first propose a novel topology-aware federated learning framework for the SAGIN, namely Olive Branch Learning (OBL). Specifically, the IoRT devices in the ground layer leverage their private data to perform model training locally, while the air nodes in the air layer and the ring-structured low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation in the space layer are in charge of model aggregation (synchronization) at different scales.To further enhance communication efficiency and inference performance of OBL, an efficient Communication and Non-IID-aware Air node-Satellite Assignment (CNASA) algorithm is designed by taking the data class distribution of the air nodes as well as their geographic locations into account. Furthermore, we extend our OBL framework and CNASA algorithm to adapt to more complex multi-orbit satellite networks. We analyze the convergence of our OBL framework and conclude that the CNASA algorithm contributes to the fast convergence of the global model. Extensive experiments based on realistic datasets corroborate the superior performance of our algorithm over the benchmark policies.

我们检查了通过直播（OTA）聚合的联合学习（FL），移动用户（MUS）旨在借助聚合本地梯度的参数服务器（PS）在全球模型上达成共识。在OTA FL中，MUS在每个训练回合中使用本地数据训练他们的模型，并以未编码的方式使用相同的频带同时传输其梯度。根据超级梯度的接收信号，PS执行全局模型更新。尽管OTA FL的通信成本显着降低，但它容易受到不利的通道影响和噪声的影响。在接收器侧采用多个天线可以减少这些效果，但是对于远离PS的用户来说，路径损失仍然是一个限制因素。为了改善此问题，在本文中，我们提出了一种基于无线的层次FL方案，该方案使用中间服务器（ISS）在MUS更密集的区域形成簇。我们的计划利用OTA群集聚合与MUS与其相应的IS进行交流，而OTA全球聚合从ISS到PS。我们提出了针对所提出算法的收敛分析，并通过对使用ISS的衍生分析表达式和实验结果的数值评估显示，与单独使用较少的传输功率相比，利用ISS的结果比单独的OTA FL具有更快的收敛性和更好的性能。我们还使用不同数量的群集迭代以及不同数据集和数据分布来验证性能的结果。我们得出的结论是，群集聚集的最佳选择取决于MUS和集群之间的数据分布。

联合学习（FL）能够通过定期聚合培训的本地参数来在多个边缘用户执行大的分布式机器学习任务。为了解决在无线迷雾云系统上实现支持的关键挑战（例如，非IID数据，用户异质性），我们首先基于联合平均（称为FedFog）的高效流行算法来执行梯度参数的本地聚合在云端的FOG服务器和全球培训更新。接下来，我们通过调查新的网络知识的流动系统，在无线雾云系统中雇用FEDFog，这促使了全局损失和完成时间之间的平衡。然后开发了一种迭代算法以获得系统性能的精确测量，这有助于设计有效的停止标准以输出适当数量的全局轮次。为了缓解级体效果，我们提出了一种灵活的用户聚合策略，可以先培训快速用户在允许慢速用户加入全局培训更新之前获得一定程度的准确性。提供了使用若干现实世界流行任务的广泛数值结果来验证FEDFOG的理论融合。我们还表明，拟议的FL和通信的共同设计对于在实现学习模型的可比准确性的同时，基本上提高资源利用是必要的。

联合学习产生了重大兴趣，几乎所有作品都集中在一个“星形”拓扑上，其中节点/设备每个都连接到中央服务器。我们远离此架构，并将其通过网络维度扩展到最终设备和服务器之间存在多个节点的情况。具体而言，我们开发多级混合联合学习（MH-FL），是层内模型学习的混合，将网络视为基于多层群集的结构。 MH-FL认为集群中的节点中的拓扑结构，包括通过设备到设备（D2D）通信形成的本地网络，并假设用于联合学习的半分散式架构。它以协作/协作方式（即，使用D2D交互）在不同网络层处的设备进行编程，以在模型参数上形成本地共识，并将其与树形层次层的层之间的多级参数中继相结合。我们相对于网络拓扑（例如，光谱半径）和学习算法的参数来得出MH-F1的收敛的大界限（例如，不同簇中的D2D圆数的数量）。我们在不同的集群中获得了一系列D2D轮的政策，以保证有限的最佳差距或收敛到全局最佳。然后，我们开发一个分布式控制算法，用于MH-FL在每个集群中调整每个集群的D2D轮，以满足特定的收敛标准。我们在现实世界数据集上的实验验证了我们的分析结果，并展示了MH-FL在资源利用率指标方面的优势。

联合学习（FL）是一个蓬勃发展的分布式机器学习框架，其中中心参数服务器（PS）协调许多本地用户以训练全局一致的模型。传统的联合学习不可避免地依赖于具有PS的集中拓扑。因此，一旦PS失败，它将瘫痪。为了缓解如此单点故障，特别是在PS上，一些现有的工作已经提供了CDSGD和D-PSGD等分散的FL（DFL）实现，以便于分散拓扑中的流体。然而，这些方法仍存在一些问题，例如，在CDSGD中的用户最终模型和D-PSGD中的网络范围的模型平均必需品之间存在一些问题。为了解决这些缺陷，本文设计了一种作为DACFL的新DFL实现，其中每个用户使用自己的训练数据列举其模型，并通过对称和双随机矩阵将中间模型与其邻居交换。 DACFL将每个用户本地培训的进度视为离散时间过程，并采用第一个订单动态平均共识（FODAC）方法来跟踪\ Texit {平均模型}在没有PS的情况下。在本文中，我们还提供了DACFL的理论收敛性分析，即在I.I.D数据的前提下，以加强其合理性。 Mnist，Fashion-Mnist和CiFar-10的实验结果验证了我们在几间不变性和时变网络拓扑中的解决方案的可行性，并在大多数情况下声明DACFL优于D-PSGD和CDSGD。

Federated Learning (FL) is a collaborative machine learning (ML) framework that combines on-device training and server-based aggregation to train a common ML model among distributed agents. In this work, we propose an asynchronous FL design with periodic aggregation to tackle the straggler issue in FL systems. Considering limited wireless communication resources, we investigate the effect of different scheduling policies and aggregation designs on the convergence performance. Driven by the importance of reducing the bias and variance of the aggregated model updates, we propose a scheduling policy that jointly considers the channel quality and training data representation of user devices. The effectiveness of our channel-aware data-importance-based scheduling policy, compared with state-of-the-art methods proposed for synchronous FL, is validated through simulations. Moreover, we show that an "age-aware" aggregation weighting design can significantly improve the learning performance in an asynchronous FL setting.

联合学习（FL）是标准集中学习范式的最吸引人的替代方案之一，允许异质的设备集训练机器学习模型而无需共享其原始数据。但是，FL需要中央服务器来协调学习过程，从而引入潜在的可扩展性和安全性问题。在文献中，已经提出了诸如八卦联合学习（GFL）和支持区块链的联合学习（BFL）之类的无服务器的方法来减轻这些问题。在这项工作中，我们提出了这三种技术的完整概述，该技术根据整体性能指标进行比较，包括模型准确性，时间复杂性，交流开销，收敛时间和能源消耗。广泛的模拟活动允许进行定量分析。特别是，GFL能够节省18％的训练时间，68％的能源和51％的数据相对于CFL解决方案，但无法达到CFL的准确性水平。另一方面，BFL代表了一个可行的解决方案，用于以更高级别的安全性实施分散的学习，以额外的能源使用和数据共享为代价。最后，我们确定了两个分散的联合学习实施的开放问题，并就该新研究领域的潜在扩展和可能的研究方向提供见解。

联合学习（FL）可以培训全球模型，而无需共享存储在多个设备上的分散的原始数据以保护数据隐私。由于设备的能力多样化，FL框架难以解决Straggler效应和过时模型的问题。此外，数据异质性在FL训练过程中会导致全球模型的严重准确性降解。为了解决上述问题，我们提出了一个层次同步FL框架，即Fedhisyn。 Fedhisyn首先根据其计算能力将所有可​​用的设备簇分为少数类别。经过一定的本地培训间隔后，将不同类别培训的模型同时上传到中央服务器。在单个类别中，设备根据环形拓扑会相互传达局部更新的模型权重。随着环形拓扑中训练的效率更喜欢具有均匀资源的设备，基于计算能力的分类减轻了Straggler效应的影响。此外，多个类别的同步更新与单个类别中的设备通信的组合有助于解决数据异质性问题，同时达到高精度。我们评估了基于MNIST，EMNIST，CIFAR10和CIFAR100数据集的提议框架以及设备的不同异质设置。实验结果表明，在训练准确性和效率方面，Fedhisyn的表现优于六种基线方法，例如FedAvg，脚手架和Fedat。

通过无线通信信道联合学习（FL），具体地，考虑过空中（OTA）模型聚合框架。在OTA无线设置中，通过增加参数服务器（PS）的接收天线的数量来缓解不利的通道效果，该参数服务器（PS）执行模型聚合。然而，OTA FL的性能受到远离PS远离PS的移动用户（MU）的存在限制。在本文中，为了减轻这种限制，我们提出了分层的超空气联合学习（HotaF1），它利用中介服务器（是）在Mus附近形成集群。我们为建议的设置提供了收敛性分析，并通过理论和实验结果证明了在全局聚集之前每个群集的局部聚合导致更好的性能和更快的收敛性比OTA FL更快。

联合学习（FL）使多个设备能够在不共享其个人数据的情况下协作学习全局模型。在现实世界应用中，不同的各方可能具有异质数据分布和有限的通信带宽。在本文中，我们有兴趣提高FL系统的通信效率。我们根据梯度规范的重要性调查和设计设备选择策略。特别是，我们的方法包括在每个通信轮中选择具有最高梯度值的最高规范的设备。我们研究了这种选择技术的收敛性和性能，并将其与现有技术进行比较。我们用非IID设置执行几个实验。结果显示了我们的方法的收敛性，与随机选择比较的测试精度相当大。

This paper deals with the problem of statistical and system heterogeneity in a cross-silo Federated Learning (FL) framework where there exist a limited number of Consumer Internet of Things (CIoT) devices in a smart building. We propose a novel Graph Signal Processing (GSP)-inspired aggregation rule based on graph filtering dubbed ``G-Fedfilt''. The proposed aggregator enables a structured flow of information based on the graph's topology. This behavior allows capturing the interconnection of CIoT devices and training domain-specific models. The embedded graph filter is equipped with a tunable parameter which enables a continuous trade-off between domain-agnostic and domain-specific FL. In the case of domain-agnostic, it forces G-Fedfilt to act similar to the conventional Federated Averaging (FedAvg) aggregation rule. The proposed G-Fedfilt also enables an intrinsic smooth clustering based on the graph connectivity without explicitly specified which further boosts the personalization of the models in the framework. In addition, the proposed scheme enjoys a communication-efficient time-scheduling to alleviate the system heterogeneity. This is accomplished by adaptively adjusting the amount of training data samples and sparsity of the models' gradients to reduce communication desynchronization and latency. Simulation results show that the proposed G-Fedfilt achieves up to $3.99\% $ better classification accuracy than the conventional FedAvg when concerning model personalization on the statistically heterogeneous local datasets, while it is capable of yielding up to $2.41\%$ higher accuracy than FedAvg in the case of testing the generalization of the models.

Federated learning (FL) is a collaborative machine learning framework that requires different clients (e.g., Internet of Things devices) to participate in the machine learning model training process by training and uploading their local models to an FL server in each global iteration. Upon receiving the local models from all the clients, the FL server generates a global model by aggregating the received local models. This traditional FL process may suffer from the straggler problem in heterogeneous client settings, where the FL server has to wait for slow clients to upload their local models in each global iteration, thus increasing the overall training time. One of the solutions is to set up a deadline and only the clients that can upload their local models before the deadline would be selected in the FL process. This solution may lead to a slow convergence rate and global model overfitting issues due to the limited client selection. In this paper, we propose the Latency awarE Semi-synchronous client Selection and mOdel aggregation for federated learNing (LESSON) method that allows all the clients to participate in the whole FL process but with different frequencies. That is, faster clients would be scheduled to upload their models more frequently than slow clients, thus resolving the straggler problem and accelerating the convergence speed, while avoiding model overfitting. Also, LESSON is capable of adjusting the tradeoff between the model accuracy and convergence rate by varying the deadline. Extensive simulations have been conducted to compare the performance of LESSON with the other two baseline methods, i.e., FedAvg and FedCS. The simulation results demonstrate that LESSON achieves faster convergence speed than FedAvg and FedCS, and higher model accuracy than FedCS.

Privacy, security, and bandwidth constraints have led to federated learning (FL) in wireless systems, where training a machine learning (ML) model is accomplished collaboratively without sharing raw data. Often, such collaborative FL strategies necessitate model aggregation at a server. On the other hand, decentralized FL necessitates that participating clients reach a consensus ML model by exchanging parameter updates. In this work, we propose the over-the-air clustered wireless FL (CWFL) strategy, which eliminates the need for a strong central server and yet achieves an accuracy similar to the server-based strategy while using fewer channel uses as compared to decentralized FL. We theoretically show that the convergence rate of CWFL per cluster is O(1/T) while mitigating the impact of noise. Using the MNIST and CIFAR datasets, we demonstrate the accuracy performance of CWFL for the different number of clusters across communication rounds.

最近，基于区块链的联合学习（BFL）引起了密集的研究关注，因为培训过程是可审核的，并且该体系结构无助于避免了Vanilla Federated学习（VFL）中参数服务器的单点故障。然而，BFL大大升级了通信流量量，因为BFL客户端获得的所有本地模型更新（即，模型参数的更改）都将转移给所有矿工进行验证以及所有客户端以进行聚合。相比之下，参数服务器和VFL中的客户端仅保留汇总模型更新。因此，BFL的巨大沟通流量将不可避免地损害培训效率，并阻碍BFL现实的部署。为了提高BFL的实用性，我们是第一个通过压缩BFL中的通信（称为BCFL）来提出基于快速区块链的联合学习框架的人之一。同时，我们得出了BCFL的收敛速率，而非凸损失损失。为了最大化最终模型的准确性，我们进一步提出问题，以最大程度地减少收敛率的训练损失，而相对于压缩率和块生成速率的训练时间有限，这是BI-CONVEX优化问题，可以是有效解决。最后，为了证明BCFL的效率，我们对标准CIFAR-10和女权主义数据集进行了广泛的实验。我们的实验结果不仅验证了我们的分析的正确性，而且还表明BCFL可以显着将通信流量降低95-98％，或者与BFL相比，训练时间缩短了90-95％。