Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes, and one of the major causes of vision impairment in the global population. As the early-stage manifestation of DR is usually very mild and hard to detect, an accurate diagnosis via eye-screening is clinically important to prevent vision loss at later stages. In this work, we propose an ensemble method to automatically grade DR using ultra-wide optical coherence tomography angiography (UW-OCTA) images available from Diabetic Retinopathy Analysis Challenge (DRAC) 2022. First, we adopt the state-of-the-art classification networks, i.e., ResNet, DenseNet, EfficientNet, and VGG, and train them to grade UW-OCTA images with different splits of the available dataset. Ultimately, we obtain 25 models, of which, the top 16 models are selected and ensembled to generate the final predictions. During the training process, we also investigate the multi-task learning strategy, and add an auxiliary classification task, the Image Quality Assessment, to improve the model performance. Our final ensemble model achieved a quadratic weighted kappa (QWK) of 0.9346 and an Area Under Curve (AUC) of 0.9766 on the internal testing dataset, and the QWK of 0.839 and the AUC of 0.8978 on the DRAC challenge testing dataset.
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With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) in medical image processing, deep learning in color fundus photography (CFP) analysis is also evolving. Although there are some open-source, labeled datasets of CFPs in the ophthalmology community, large-scale datasets for screening only have labels of disease categories, and datasets with annotations of fundus structures are usually small in size. In addition, labeling standards are not uniform across datasets, and there is no clear information on the acquisition device. Here we release a multi-annotation, multi-quality, and multi-device color fundus image dataset for glaucoma analysis on an original challenge -- Retinal Fundus Glaucoma Challenge 2nd Edition (REFUGE2). The REFUGE2 dataset contains 2000 color fundus images with annotations of glaucoma classification, optic disc/cup segmentation, as well as fovea localization. Meanwhile, the REFUGE2 challenge sets three sub-tasks of automatic glaucoma diagnosis and fundus structure analysis and provides an online evaluation framework. Based on the characteristics of multi-device and multi-quality data, some methods with strong generalizations are provided in the challenge to make the predictions more robust. This shows that REFUGE2 brings attention to the characteristics of real-world multi-domain data, bridging the gap between scientific research and clinical application.
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Recent studies suggest that early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR) can be diagnosed by monitoring vascular changes in the deep vascular complex. In this work, we investigate a novel method for automated DR grading based on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images. Our work combines OCTA scans with their vessel segmentations, which then serve as inputs to task specific networks for lesion segmentation, image quality assessment and DR grading. For this, we generate synthetic OCTA images to train a segmentation network that can be directly applied on real OCTA data. We test our approach on MICCAI 2022's DR analysis challenge (DRAC). In our experiments, the proposed method performs equally well as the baseline model.
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早期发现视网膜疾病是预防患者部分或永久失明的最重要手段之一。在这项研究中,提出了一种新型的多标签分类系统,用于使用从各种来源收集的眼底图像来检测多种视网膜疾病。首先,使用许多公开可用的数据集来构建一个新的多标签视网膜疾病数据集,即梅里德数据集。接下来,应用了一系列后处理步骤,以确保图像数据的质量和数据集中存在的疾病范围。在眼底多标签疾病分类中,首次通过大量实验优化的基于变压器的模型用于图像分析和决策。进行了许多实验以优化所提出的系统的配置。结果表明,在疾病检测和疾病分类方面,该方法的性能比在同一任务上的最先进作品要好7.9%和8.1%。获得的结果进一步支持了基于变压器的架构在医学成像领域的潜在应用。
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在过去的几年中,卷积神经网络(CNN)占据了计算机视野的领域,这要归功于它们提取功能及其在分类问题中出色的表现,例如在自动分析X射线中。不幸的是,这些神经网络被认为是黑盒算法,即不可能了解该算法如何实现最终结果。要将这些算法应用于不同领域并测试方法论的工作原理,我们需要使用可解释的AI技术。医学领域的大多数工作都集中在二进制或多类分类问题上。但是,在许多现实生活中,例如胸部X射线射线,可以同时出现不同疾病的放射学迹象。这引起了所谓的“多标签分类问题”。这些任务的缺点是类不平衡,即不同的标签没有相同数量的样本。本文的主要贡献是一种深度学习方法,用于不平衡的多标签胸部X射线数据集。它为当前未充分利用的Padchest数据集建立了基线,并基于热图建立了可解释的AI技术。该技术还包括概率和模型间匹配。我们系统的结果很有希望,尤其是考虑到使用的标签数量。此外,热图与预期区域相匹配,即它们标志着专家将用来做出决定的区域。
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Color fundus photography and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) are the two most cost-effective tools for glaucoma screening. Both two modalities of images have prominent biomarkers to indicate glaucoma suspected. Clinically, it is often recommended to take both of the screenings for a more accurate and reliable diagnosis. However, although numerous algorithms are proposed based on fundus images or OCT volumes in computer-aided diagnosis, there are still few methods leveraging both of the modalities for the glaucoma assessment. Inspired by the success of Retinal Fundus Glaucoma Challenge (REFUGE) we held previously, we set up the Glaucoma grAding from Multi-Modality imAges (GAMMA) Challenge to encourage the development of fundus \& OCT-based glaucoma grading. The primary task of the challenge is to grade glaucoma from both the 2D fundus images and 3D OCT scanning volumes. As part of GAMMA, we have publicly released a glaucoma annotated dataset with both 2D fundus color photography and 3D OCT volumes, which is the first multi-modality dataset for glaucoma grading. In addition, an evaluation framework is also established to evaluate the performance of the submitted methods. During the challenge, 1272 results were submitted, and finally, top-10 teams were selected to the final stage. We analysis their results and summarize their methods in the paper. Since all these teams submitted their source code in the challenge, a detailed ablation study is also conducted to verify the effectiveness of the particular modules proposed. We find many of the proposed techniques are practical for the clinical diagnosis of glaucoma. As the first in-depth study of fundus \& OCT multi-modality glaucoma grading, we believe the GAMMA Challenge will be an essential starting point for future research.
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糖尿病足溃疡分类系统使用伤口感染(伤口内的细菌)和缺血(限制血供给)作为重要的临床指标治疗和预测伤口愈合。研究使用自动化计算机化方法在糖尿病足伤中使用自动化计算机化方法的使用和缺血的使用是有限的,这是有限的,因为存在的公开可用数据集和严重数据不平衡存在。糖尿病脚溃疡挑战2021提供了一种具有更大量数据集的参与者,其总共包括15,683只糖尿病足溃疡贴剂,用于训练5,734,用于测试,额外的3,994个未标记的贴片,以促进半监督和弱的发展 - 监督深度学习技巧。本文提供了对糖尿病足溃疡攻击2021中使用的方法的评估,并总结了从每个网络获得的结果。最佳性能的网络是前3种型号的结果的集合,宏观平均F1分数为0.6307。
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自动检测视网膜结构,例如视网膜血管(RV),凹起的血管区(FAZ)和视网膜血管连接(RVJ),对于了解眼睛的疾病和临床决策非常重要。在本文中,我们提出了一种新型的基于投票的自适应特征融合多任务网络(VAFF-NET),用于在光学相干性层析成像(OCTA)中对RV,FAZ和RVJ进行联合分割,检测和分类。提出了一个特定于任务的投票门模块,以适应并融合两个级别的特定任务的不同功能:来自单个编码器的不同空间位置的特征,以及来自多个编码器的功能。特别是,由于八八座图像中微脉管系统的复杂性使视网膜血管连接连接到分叉/跨越具有挑战性的任务的同时定位和分类,因此我们通过结合热图回归和网格分类来专门设计任务头。我们利用来自各种视网膜层的三个不同的\ textit {en face}血管造影,而不是遵循仅使用单个\ textit {en face}的现有方法。为了促进进一步的研究,已经发布了这些数据集的部分数据集,并已发布了公共访问:https://github.com/imed-lab/vaff-net。
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大型,注释的数据集在医学图像分析中不广泛使用,这是由于时间,成本和标记大型数据集相关的挑战。未标记的数据集更容易获取,在许多情况下,专家可以为一小部分图像提供标签是可行的。这项工作提出了一个信息理论的主动学习框架,该框架可以根据评估数据集中最大化预期信息增益(EIG)来指导未标记池的最佳图像选择。实验是在两个不同的医学图像分类数据集上进行的:多类糖尿病性视网膜病变量表分类和多级皮肤病变分类。结果表明,通过调整EIG来说明班级不平衡,我们提出的适应预期信息增益(AEIG)的表现优于几个流行的基线,包括基于多样性的核心和基于不确定性的最大熵抽样。具体而言,AEIG仅占总体表现的95%,只有19%的培训数据,而其他活跃的学习方法则需要约25%。我们表明,通过仔细的设计选择,我们的模型可以集成到现有的深度学习分类器中。
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卷积神经网络在皮肤病变图像分类中表现出皮肤科医生水平的表现,但是由于训练数据中看到的偏见而引起的预测不规则性是在可能在广泛部署之前解决的问题。在这项工作中,我们使用两种领先的偏见未学习技术从自动化的黑色素瘤分类管道中稳健地消除了偏见和虚假变化。我们表明,可以使用这些偏置去除方法合理地减轻先前研究中介绍的手术标记和统治者引入的偏见。我们还证明了与用于捕获病变图像的成像仪器有关的杂化变异的概括优势。我们的实验结果提供了证据,表明上述偏见的影响大大降低了,不同的偏见技术在不同的任务方面具有出色的作用。
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基于自我监督的基于学习的预科可以使用小标签的数据集开发可靠和广义的深度学习模型,从而减轻了标签生成的负担。本文旨在评估基于CL的预处理对可转介的性能与非转介糖尿病性视网膜病(DR)分类的影响。我们已经开发了一个基于CL的框架,具有神经风格转移(NST)增强,以生成具有更好表示和初始化的模型,以检测颜色底面图像中的DR。我们将CL预估计的模型性能与用成像网权重预测的两个最先进的基线模型进行了比较。我们通过减少标记的训练数据(降至10%)进一步研究模型性能,以测试使用小标签数据集训练模型的鲁棒性。该模型在EYEPACS数据集上进行了培训和验证,并根据芝加哥伊利诺伊大学(UIC)的临床数据进行了独立测试。与基线模型相比,我们的CL预处理的基础网模型具有更高的AUC(CI)值(0.91(0.898至0.930),在UIC数据上为0.80(0.783至0.820)和0.83(0.783至0.820)(0.801至0.853)。在10%标记的培训数据时,在UIC数据集上测试时,基线模型中的FoldusNet AUC为0.81(0.78至0.84),比0.58(0.56至0.64)和0.63(0.56至0.64)和0.63(0.60至0.66)。基于CL的NST预处理可显着提高DL分类性能,帮助模型良好(可从Eyepacs转移到UIC数据),并允许使用小的带注释的数据集进行培训,从而减少临床医生的地面真相注释负担。
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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a degenerative disorder affecting the macula, a key area of the retina for visual acuity. Nowadays, it is the most frequent cause of blindness in developed countries. Although some promising treatments have been developed, their effectiveness is low in advanced stages. This emphasizes the importance of large-scale screening programs. Nevertheless, implementing such programs for AMD is usually unfeasible, since the population at risk is large and the diagnosis is challenging. All this motivates the development of automatic methods. In this sense, several works have achieved positive results for AMD diagnosis using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, none incorporates explainability mechanisms, which limits their use in clinical practice. In that regard, we propose an explainable deep learning approach for the diagnosis of AMD via the joint identification of its associated retinal lesions. In our proposal, a CNN is trained end-to-end for the joint task using image-level labels. The provided lesion information is of clinical interest, as it allows to assess the developmental stage of AMD. Additionally, the approach allows to explain the diagnosis from the identified lesions. This is possible thanks to the use of a CNN with a custom setting that links the lesions and the diagnosis. Furthermore, the proposed setting also allows to obtain coarse lesion segmentation maps in a weakly-supervised way, further improving the explainability. The training data for the approach can be obtained without much extra work by clinicians. The experiments conducted demonstrate that our approach can identify AMD and its associated lesions satisfactorily, while providing adequate coarse segmentation maps for most common lesions.
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青光眼是最严重的眼部疾病之一,其特征是快速进展,导致不可逆的失明。通常,由于疾病早期缺乏明显的症状,人们的视力已经显着降解时,进行诊断。人口的常规青光眼筛查应改善早期检测,但是,由于手动诊断对有限的专家施加的过多负载,词源检查的理想频率通常是不可行的。考虑到检测青光眼的基本方法是分析视轴与光检查比率的底面图像,机器学习算法可以为图像处理和分类提供复杂的方法。在我们的工作中,我们提出了一种先进的图像预处理技术,并结合了深层分类模型的多视图网络,以对青光眼进行分类。我们的青光眼自动化视网膜检测网络(Gardnet)已在鹿特丹Eyepacs Airogs数据集上成功测试,AUC为0.92,然后在RIM-ONE DL数据集上进行了微调,并在AUC上进行了测试,并在AUC上胜过0.9308的AUC。 - 0.9272。我们的代码将在接受后在GitHub上提供。
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通过卫星摄像机获取关于地球表面的大面积的信息使我们能够看到远远超过我们在地面上看到的更多。这有助于我们在检测和监测土地使用模式,大气条件,森林覆盖和许多非上市方面的地区的物理特征。所获得的图像不仅跟踪连续的自然现象,而且对解决严重森林砍伐的全球挑战也至关重要。其中亚马逊盆地每年占最大份额。适当的数据分析将有助于利用可持续健康的氛围来限制对生态系统和生物多样性的不利影响。本报告旨在通过不同的机器学习和优越的深度学习模型用大气和各种陆地覆盖或土地使用亚马逊雨林的卫星图像芯片。评估是基于F2度量完成的,而用于损耗函数,我们都有S形跨熵以及Softmax交叉熵。在使用预先训练的ImageNet架构中仅提取功能之后,图像被间接馈送到机器学习分类器。鉴于深度学习模型,通过传输学习使用微调Imagenet预训练模型的集合。到目前为止,我们的最佳分数与F2度量为0.927。
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计算机辅助诊断数字病理学正在变得普遍存在,因为它可以提供更有效和客观的医疗保健诊断。最近的进展表明,卷积神经网络(CNN)架构是一种完善的深度学习范式,可用于设计一种用于乳腺癌检测的计算机辅助诊断(CAD)系统。然而,探索了污染变异性因污染变异性和染色常规化的影响,尚未得到很好的挑战。此外,对于高吞吐量筛选可能是重要的网络模型的性能分析,这也不适用于高吞吐量筛查,也不熟悉。要解决这一挑战,我们考虑了一些当代CNN模型,用于涉及(1)的乳房组织病理学图像的二进制分类。使用基于自适应颜色解卷积(ACD)的颜色归一化算法来处理污染归一化图像的数据以处理染色变量; (2)应用基于转移学习的一些可动性更高效的CNN模型的培训,即视觉几何组网络(VGG16),MobileNet和效率网络。我们在公开的Brankhis数据集上验证了培训的CNN网络,适用于200倍和400x放大的组织病理学图像。实验分析表明,大多数情况下预染额网络在数据增强乳房组织病理学图像中产生更好的质量,而不是污染归一化的情况。此外,我们使用污染标准化图像评估了流行轻量级网络的性能和效率,并发现在测试精度和F1分数方面,高效网络优于VGG16和MOBILENET。我们观察到在测试时间方面的效率比其他网络更好; vgg net,mobilenet,在分类准确性下没有太大降低。
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Pneumonia, a respiratory infection brought on by bacteria or viruses, affects a large number of people, especially in developing and impoverished countries where high levels of pollution, unclean living conditions, and overcrowding are frequently observed, along with insufficient medical infrastructure. Pleural effusion, a condition in which fluids fill the lung and complicate breathing, is brought on by pneumonia. Early detection of pneumonia is essential for ensuring curative care and boosting survival rates. The approach most usually used to diagnose pneumonia is chest X-ray imaging. The purpose of this work is to develop a method for the automatic diagnosis of bacterial and viral pneumonia in digital x-ray pictures. This article first presents the authors' technique, and then gives a comprehensive report on recent developments in the field of reliable diagnosis of pneumonia. In this study, here tuned a state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural network to classify plant diseases based on images and tested its performance. Deep learning architecture is compared empirically. VGG19, ResNet with 152v2, Resnext101, Seresnet152, Mobilenettv2, and DenseNet with 201 layers are among the architectures tested. Experiment data consists of two groups, sick and healthy X-ray pictures. To take appropriate action against plant diseases as soon as possible, rapid disease identification models are preferred. DenseNet201 has shown no overfitting or performance degradation in our experiments, and its accuracy tends to increase as the number of epochs increases. Further, DenseNet201 achieves state-of-the-art performance with a significantly a smaller number of parameters and within a reasonable computing time. This architecture outperforms the competition in terms of testing accuracy, scoring 95%. Each architecture was trained using Keras, using Theano as the backend.
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在过去的几年中,用于计算机视觉的深度学习技术的快速发展极大地促进了医学图像细分的性能(Mediseg)。但是,最近的梅赛格出版物通常集中于主要贡献的演示(例如,网络体系结构,培训策略和损失功能),同时不知不觉地忽略了一些边缘实施细节(也称为“技巧”),导致了潜在的问题,导致了潜在的问题。不公平的实验结果比较。在本文中,我们为不同的模型实施阶段(即,预培训模型,数据预处理,数据增强,模型实施,模型推断和结果后处理)收集了一系列Mediseg技巧,并在实验中探索了有效性这些技巧在一致的基线模型上。与仅关注分割模型的优点和限制分析的纸驱动调查相比,我们的工作提供了大量的可靠实验,并且在技术上更可操作。通过对代表性2D和3D医疗图像数据集的广泛实验结果,我们明确阐明了这些技巧的效果。此外,根据调查的技巧,我们还开源了一个强大的梅德西格存储库,其每个组件都具有插件的优势。我们认为,这项里程碑的工作不仅完成了对最先进的Mediseg方法的全面和互补的调查,而且还提供了解决未来医学图像处理挑战的实用指南,包括但不限于小型数据集学习,课程不平衡学习,多模式学习和领域适应。该代码已在以下网址发布:https://github.com/hust-linyi/mediseg
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多模式信息在医疗任务中经常可用。通过结合来自多个来源的信息,临床医生可以做出更准确的判断。近年来,在临床实践中使用了多种成像技术进行视网膜分析:2D眼底照片,3D光学相干断层扫描(OCT)和3D OCT血管造影等。我们的论文研究了基于深度学习的三种多模式信息融合策略,以求解视网膜视网膜分析任务:早期融合,中间融合和分层融合。常用的早期和中间融合很简单,但不能完全利用模式之间的互补信息。我们开发了一种分层融合方法,该方法着重于将网络多个维度的特征组合在一起,并探索模式之间的相关性。这些方法分别用于使用公共伽马数据集(Felcus Photophs和OCT)以及Plexelite 9000(Carl Zeis Meditec Inc.)的私人数据集,将这些方法应用于青光眼和糖尿病性视网膜病变分类。我们的分层融合方法在病例中表现最好,并为更好的临床诊断铺平了道路。
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这项研究的目的是开发一个强大的基于深度学习的框架,以区分Covid-19,社区获得的肺炎(CAP)和基于使用各种方案和放射剂量在不同成像中心获得的胸部CT扫描的正常病例和正常情况。我们表明,虽然我们的建议模型是在使用特定扫描协议仅从一个成像中心获取的相对较小的数据集上训练的,但该模型在使用不同技术参数的多个扫描仪获得的异质测试集上表现良好。我们还表明,可以通过无监督的方法来更新模型,以应对火车和测试集之间的数据移动,并在从其他中心接收新的外部数据集时增强模型的鲁棒性。我们采用了合奏体系结构来汇总该模型的多个版本的预测。为了初始培训和开发目的,使用了171 Covid-19、60 CAP和76个正常情况的内部数据集,其中包含使用恒定的标准辐射剂量扫描方案从一个成像中心获得的体积CT扫描。为了评估模型,我们回顾了四个不同的测试集,以研究数据特征对模型性能的转移的影响。在测试用例中,有与火车组相似的CT扫描,以及嘈杂的低剂量和超低剂量CT扫描。此外,从患有心血管疾病或手术病史的患者中获得了一些测试CT扫描。这项研究中使用的整个测试数据集包含51 covid-19、28 CAP和51例正常情况。实验结果表明,我们提出的框架在所有测试集上的表现良好,达到96.15%的总准确度(95%CI:[91.25-98.74]),COVID-119,COVID-96.08%(95%CI:[86.54-99.5],95%),[86.54-99.5],),,),敏感性。帽敏感性为92.86%(95%CI:[76.50-99.19])。
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皮肤病变的准确诊断是大型皮肤图像中的关键任务。在本研究中,我们形成了一种新型的图像特征,称为混合特征,其具有比单个方法特征更强的辨别能力。本研究涉及一种新技术,在训练过程期间,我们将手工特征或特征传递到完全连接的卷积神经网络(CNN)模型中。根据我们的文献回顾,直到现在,在培训过程中将手工特征注入CNN模型中,没有研究或调查对分类绩效的影响。此外,我们还调查了分割面膜的影响及其对整体分类性能的影响。我们的模型实现了92.3%的平衡式多条准确度,比典型的单一方法为深度学习的单一方法分类器架构优于6.8%。
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