可解释的机器学习提供了有关哪些因素推动了黑盒系统的一定预测以及是否信任高风险决策或大规模部署的洞察力。现有方法主要集中于选择解释性输入功能,这些功能遵循本地添加剂或实例方法。加性模型使用启发式采样扰动来依次学习实例特定解释器。因此,该过程效率低下,并且容易受到条件较差的样品的影响。同时,实例技术直接学习本地采样分布,并可以从其他输入中利用全球信息。但是,由于严格依赖预定义的功能,他们只能解释单一级预测并在不同设置上遇到不一致的情况。这项工作利用了这两种方法的优势,并提出了一个全球框架,用于同时学习多个目标类别的本地解释。我们还提出了一种自适应推理策略,以确定特定实例的最佳功能数量。我们的模型解释器极大地超过了忠诚的添加和实例的对应物,而在各种数据集和Black-box模型体系结构上获得了高水平的简洁性。
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众所周知,端到端的神经NLP体系结构很难理解,这引起了近年来为解释性建模的许多努力。模型解释的基本原则是忠诚,即,解释应准确地代表模型预测背后的推理过程。这项调查首先讨论了忠诚的定义和评估及其对解释性的意义。然后,我们通过将方法分为五类来介绍忠实解释的最新进展:相似性方法,模型内部结构的分析,基于反向传播的方法,反事实干预和自我解释模型。每个类别将通过其代表性研究,优势和缺点来说明。最后,我们从它们的共同美德和局限性方面讨论了上述所有方法,并反思未来的工作方向忠实的解释性。对于有兴趣研究可解释性的研究人员,这项调查将为该领域提供可访问且全面的概述,为进一步探索提供基础。对于希望更好地了解自己的模型的用户,该调查将是一项介绍性手册,帮助选择最合适的解释方法。
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可解释的机器学习旨在了解复杂的黑盒系统的推理过程,这些系统因缺乏解释性而臭名昭著。一种不断增长的解释方法是通过反事实解释,这超出了为什么系统做出一定决定,以进一步提供有关用户可以采取哪些方法来改变结果的建议。反事实示例必须能够应对黑框分类器的原始预测,同时还满足实用应用程序的各种约束。这些限制存在于一个和另一个之间的权衡处,对现有作品提出了根本的挑战。为此,我们提出了一个基于随机学习的框架,可以有效地平衡反事实权衡。该框架由具有互补角色的一代和特征选择模块组成:前者的目标是建模有效的反事实的分布,而后者则以允许可区分训练和摊销优化的方式执行其他约束。我们证明了我们方法在产生可行和合理的反事实中的有效性,这些反事实比现有方法更多样化,尤其是比具有相同能力的对应物更有效的方式。
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Deep Learning and Machine Learning based models have become extremely popular in text processing and information retrieval. However, the non-linear structures present inside the networks make these models largely inscrutable. A significant body of research has focused on increasing the transparency of these models. This article provides a broad overview of research on the explainability and interpretability of natural language processing and information retrieval methods. More specifically, we survey approaches that have been applied to explain word embeddings, sequence modeling, attention modules, transformers, BERT, and document ranking. The concluding section suggests some possible directions for future research on this topic.
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Despite widespread adoption, machine learning models remain mostly black boxes. Understanding the reasons behind predictions is, however, quite important in assessing trust, which is fundamental if one plans to take action based on a prediction, or when choosing whether to deploy a new model. Such understanding also provides insights into the model, which can be used to transform an untrustworthy model or prediction into a trustworthy one.In this work, we propose LIME, a novel explanation technique that explains the predictions of any classifier in an interpretable and faithful manner, by learning an interpretable model locally around the prediction. We also propose a method to explain models by presenting representative individual predictions and their explanations in a non-redundant way, framing the task as a submodular optimization problem. We demonstrate the flexibility of these methods by explaining different models for text (e.g. random forests) and image classification (e.g. neural networks). We show the utility of explanations via novel experiments, both simulated and with human subjects, on various scenarios that require trust: deciding if one should trust a prediction, choosing between models, improving an untrustworthy classifier, and identifying why a classifier should not be trusted.
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我们介绍了一个简单而直观的框架,该框架通过对输入特征重要性的概率评估来提供统计模型的定量解释。核心思想来自利用Dirichlet分布来定义输入功能的重要性,并通过大致贝叶斯推断学习。学到的重要性具有概率的解释,并提供了每个输入特征与模型输出的相对重要性,从而评估了对其重要性量化的信心。由于在解释上使用了Dirichlet分布,因此我们可以定义封闭形式的差异来衡量不同模型下所学到的重要性之间的相似性。我们利用这种差异来研究特征重要性的解释性权衡,并在现代机器学习中的基本概念(例如隐私和公平)中进行了折衷。此外,BIF可以在两个层面上工作:全局说明(所有数据实例中的特征重要性)和局部说明(每个数据实例的个人特征重要性)。考虑到表格数据集和图像数据集,我们显示了方法对各种合成和真实数据集的有效性。该代码可在https://github.com/kamadforge/featimp_dp上获得。
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近年来,人们对开发自然语言处理(NLP)中可解释模型的利益越来越多。大多数现有模型旨在识别输入功能,例如对于模型预测而言重要的单词或短语。然而,在NLP中开发的神经模型通常以层次结构的方式构成单词语义,文本分类需要层次建模来汇总本地信息,以便处理主题和标签更有效地转移。因此,单词或短语的解释不能忠实地解释文本分类中的模型决策。本文提出了一种新型的层次解释性神经文本分类器,称为提示,该分类器可以自动以层次结构方式以标记相关主题的形式生成模型预测的解释。模型解释不再处于单词级别,而是基于主题作为基本语义单元。评论数据集和新闻数据集的实验结果表明,我们所提出的方法与现有最新的文本分类器相当地达到文本分类结果,并比其他可解释的神经文本更忠实于模型的预测和更好地理解人类的解释分类器。
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Explainability has been widely stated as a cornerstone of the responsible and trustworthy use of machine learning models. With the ubiquitous use of Deep Neural Network (DNN) models expanding to risk-sensitive and safety-critical domains, many methods have been proposed to explain the decisions of these models. Recent years have also seen concerted efforts that have shown how such explanations can be distorted (attacked) by minor input perturbations. While there have been many surveys that review explainability methods themselves, there has been no effort hitherto to assimilate the different methods and metrics proposed to study the robustness of explanations of DNN models. In this work, we present a comprehensive survey of methods that study, understand, attack, and defend explanations of DNN models. We also present a detailed review of different metrics used to evaluate explanation methods, as well as describe attributional attack and defense methods. We conclude with lessons and take-aways for the community towards ensuring robust explanations of DNN model predictions.
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当代预测模型很难解释,因为他们的深网利用了输入要素之间的许多复杂关系。这项工作通过测量相关特征对网络相对于输入的功能熵的贡献,提出了模型可解释性的理论框架。我们依赖于对数 - 索波列夫的不等式,该不平等是通过功能性渔民信息与数据的协方差界定功能熵的。这提供了一种衡量特征子集对决策功能的信息贡献的原则方法。通过广泛的实验,我们表明我们的方法超过了基于图像,文本和音频等各种数据信号的现有基于基于可解释性抽样的方法。
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如今,人工智能(AI)已成为临床和远程医疗保健应用程序的基本组成部分,但是最佳性能的AI系统通常太复杂了,无法自我解释。可解释的AI(XAI)技术被定义为揭示系统的预测和决策背后的推理,并且在处理敏感和个人健康数据时,它们变得更加至关重要。值得注意的是,XAI并未在不同的研究领域和数据类型中引起相同的关注,尤其是在医疗保健领域。特别是,许多临床和远程健康应用程序分别基于表格和时间序列数据,而XAI并未在这些数据类型上进行分析,而计算机视觉和自然语言处理(NLP)是参考应用程序。为了提供最适合医疗领域表格和时间序列数据的XAI方法的概述,本文提供了过去5年中文献的审查,说明了生成的解释的类型以及为评估其相关性所提供的努力和质量。具体而言,我们确定临床验证,一致性评估,客观和标准化质量评估以及以人为本的质量评估作为确保最终用户有效解释的关键特征。最后,我们强调了该领域的主要研究挑战以及现有XAI方法的局限性。
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无法解释的黑框模型创建场景,使异常引起有害响应,从而造成不可接受的风险。这些风险促使可解释的人工智能(XAI)领域通过评估黑盒神经网络中的局部解释性来改善信任。不幸的是,基本真理对于模型的决定不可用,因此评估仅限于定性评估。此外,可解释性可能导致有关模型或错误信任感的不准确结论。我们建议通过探索Black-Box模型的潜在特征空间来从用户信任的有利位置提高XAI。我们提出了一种使用典型的几弹网络的Protoshotxai方法,该方法探索了不同类别的非线性特征之间的对比歧管。用户通过扰动查询示例的输入功能并记录任何类的示例子集的响应来探索多种多样。我们的方法是第一个可以将其扩展到很少的网络的本地解释的XAI模型。我们将ProtoShotxai与MNIST,Omniglot和Imagenet的最新XAI方法进行了比较,以进行定量和定性,Protoshotxai为模型探索提供了更大的灵活性。最后,Protoshotxai还展示了对抗样品的新颖解释和检测。
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Artificial intelligence(AI) systems based on deep neural networks (DNNs) and machine learning (ML) algorithms are increasingly used to solve critical problems in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and precision medicine. However, complex DNN or ML models that are unavoidably opaque and perceived as black-box methods, may not be able to explain why and how they make certain decisions. Such black-box models are difficult to comprehend not only for targeted users and decision-makers but also for AI developers. Besides, in sensitive areas like healthcare, explainability and accountability are not only desirable properties of AI but also legal requirements -- especially when AI may have significant impacts on human lives. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is an emerging field that aims to mitigate the opaqueness of black-box models and make it possible to interpret how AI systems make their decisions with transparency. An interpretable ML model can explain how it makes predictions and which factors affect the model's outcomes. The majority of state-of-the-art interpretable ML methods have been developed in a domain-agnostic way and originate from computer vision, automated reasoning, or even statistics. Many of these methods cannot be directly applied to bioinformatics problems, without prior customization, extension, and domain adoption. In this paper, we discuss the importance of explainability with a focus on bioinformatics. We analyse and comprehensively overview of model-specific and model-agnostic interpretable ML methods and tools. Via several case studies covering bioimaging, cancer genomics, and biomedical text mining, we show how bioinformatics research could benefit from XAI methods and how they could help improve decision fairness.
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对于使用高性能机器学习算法通常不透明的决策,人们越来越担心。用特定于领域的术语对推理过程的解释对于在医疗保健等风险敏感领域中采用至关重要。我们认为,机器学习算法应该可以通过设计来解释,并且表达这些解释的语言应与域和任务有关。因此,我们将模型的预测基于数据的用户定义和特定于任务的二进制函数,每个都对最终用户有明确的解释。然后,我们最大程度地减少了在任何给定输入上准确预测所需的预期查询数。由于解决方案通常是棘手的,因此在事先工作之后,我们根据信息增益顺序选择查询。但是,与以前的工作相反,我们不必假设查询在有条件地独立。取而代之的是,我们利用随机生成模型(VAE)和MCMC算法(未经调整的Langevin)来选择基于先前的查询 - 答案的输入的最有用的查询。这使得在线确定要解决预测歧义所需的任何深度的查询链。最后,关于视觉和NLP任务的实验证明了我们的方法的功效及其优越性比事后解释的优势。
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As the societal impact of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) grows, the goals for advancing DNNs become more complex and diverse, ranging from improving a conventional model accuracy metric to infusing advanced human virtues such as fairness, accountability, transparency (FaccT), and unbiasedness. Recently, techniques in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) are attracting considerable attention, and have tremendously helped Machine Learning (ML) engineers in understanding AI models. However, at the same time, we started to witness the emerging need beyond XAI among AI communities; based on the insights learned from XAI, how can we better empower ML engineers in steering their DNNs so that the model's reasonableness and performance can be improved as intended? This article provides a timely and extensive literature overview of the field Explanation-Guided Learning (EGL), a domain of techniques that steer the DNNs' reasoning process by adding regularization, supervision, or intervention on model explanations. In doing so, we first provide a formal definition of EGL and its general learning paradigm. Secondly, an overview of the key factors for EGL evaluation, as well as summarization and categorization of existing evaluation procedures and metrics for EGL are provided. Finally, the current and potential future application areas and directions of EGL are discussed, and an extensive experimental study is presented aiming at providing comprehensive comparative studies among existing EGL models in various popular application domains, such as Computer Vision (CV) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) domains.
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越来越多的电子健康记录(EHR)数据和深度学习技术进步的越来越多的可用性(DL)已经引发了在开发基于DL的诊断,预后和治疗的DL临床决策支持系统中的研究兴趣激增。尽管承认医疗保健的深度学习的价值,但由于DL的黑匣子性质,实际医疗环境中进一步采用的障碍障碍仍然存在。因此,有一个可解释的DL的新兴需求,它允许最终用户评估模型决策,以便在采用行动之前知道是否接受或拒绝预测和建议。在这篇综述中,我们专注于DL模型在医疗保健中的可解释性。我们首先引入深入解释性的方法,并作为该领域的未来研究人员或临床从业者的方法参考。除了这些方法的细节之外,我们还包括对这些方法的优缺点以及它们中的每个场景都适合的讨论,因此感兴趣的读者可以知道如何比较和选择它们供使用。此外,我们讨论了这些方法,最初用于解决一般域问题,已经适应并应用于医疗保健问题以及如何帮助医生更好地理解这些数据驱动技术。总的来说,我们希望这项调查可以帮助研究人员和从业者在人工智能(AI)和临床领域了解我们为提高其DL模型的可解释性并相应地选择最佳方法。
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最先进的实体匹配(EM)方法很难解释,并且为EM带来可解释的AI具有重要的价值。不幸的是,大多数流行的解释性方法无法开箱即用,需要适应。在本文中,我们确定了将本地事后特征归因方法应用于实体匹配的三个挑战:跨记录的交互作用,不匹配的解释和灵敏度变化。我们提出了新颖的模型 - 静态和模式 - 富含模型的方法柠檬柠檬,该方法通过(i)产生双重解释来避免交叉记录的互动效果来应对所有三个挑战,(ii)介绍了归因潜力的新颖概念,以解释两个记录如何能够拥有如何具有匹配,(iii)自动选择解释粒度以匹配匹配器和记录对的灵敏度。公共数据集上的实验表明,所提出的方法更忠实于匹配器,并且在帮助用户了解匹配器的决策边界的工作中比以前的工作更具忠诚度。此外,用户研究表明,与标准的解释相比石灰的适应。
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由于它们在建模复杂的问题和处理高维数据集的有效性,因此已显示深神网络(DNN)在广泛的应用领域中的传统机器学习算法优于传统的机器学习算法。但是,许多现实生活数据集具有越来越高的维度,其中大量功能可能与手头的任务无关。包含此类功能不仅会引入不必要的噪声,还会提高计算复杂性。此外,由于许多特征之间的非线性和依赖性高,DNN模型往往不可避免地是不透明的,并且被视为黑盒方法,因为它们的内部功能不佳。解释良好的模型可以识别具有统计学意义的特征,并解释其影响模型结果的方式。在本文中,我们提出了一种有效的方法,可以在高维数据集的情况下提高黑框模型的分类任务。为此,我们首先在高维数据集上训练黑框模型,以了解执行分类的嵌入。为了分解黑框模型的内部工作原理并确定TOP-K重要特征,我们采用了不同的探测和扰动技术。然后,我们通过在TOP-K特征空间上通过可解释的替代模型来近似黑框模型的行为。最后,我们从替代模型中得出决策规则和本地解释,以解释个人决策。当在不同数据集上测试,尺寸在50到20,000之间的不同数据集上进行测试时,我们的方法优于最先进的方法,例如TABNET,XGBOOST和基于Shap的可解释性技术。
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Interpretability provides a means for humans to verify aspects of machine learning (ML) models and empower human+ML teaming in situations where the task cannot be fully automated. Different contexts require explanations with different properties. For example, the kind of explanation required to determine if an early cardiac arrest warning system is ready to be integrated into a care setting is very different from the type of explanation required for a loan applicant to help determine the actions they might need to take to make their application successful. Unfortunately, there is a lack of standardization when it comes to properties of explanations: different papers may use the same term to mean different quantities, and different terms to mean the same quantity. This lack of a standardized terminology and categorization of the properties of ML explanations prevents us from both rigorously comparing interpretable machine learning methods and identifying what properties are needed in what contexts. In this work, we survey properties defined in interpretable machine learning papers, synthesize them based on what they actually measure, and describe the trade-offs between different formulations of these properties. In doing so, we enable more informed selection of task-appropriate formulations of explanation properties as well as standardization for future work in interpretable machine learning.
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深层神经网络以其对各种机器学习和人工智能任务的精湛处理而闻名。但是,由于其过度参数化的黑盒性质,通常很难理解深层模型的预测结果。近年来,已经提出了许多解释工具来解释或揭示模型如何做出决策。在本文中,我们回顾了这一研究,并尝试进行全面的调查。具体来说,我们首先介绍并阐明了人们通常会感到困惑的两个基本概念 - 解释和解释性。为了解决解释中的研究工作,我们通过提出新的分类法来阐述许多解释算法的设计。然后,为了了解解释结果,我们还调查了评估解释算法的性能指标。此外,我们总结了使用“可信赖”解释算法评估模型的解释性的当前工作。最后,我们审查并讨论了深层模型的解释与其他因素之间的联系,例如对抗性鲁棒性和从解释中学习,并介绍了一些开源库,以解释算法和评估方法。
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本次调查绘制了用于分析社交媒体数据的生成方法的研究状态的广泛的全景照片(Sota)。它填补了空白,因为现有的调查文章在其范围内或被约会。我们包括两个重要方面,目前正在挖掘和建模社交媒体的重要性:动态和网络。社会动态对于了解影响影响或疾病的传播,友谊的形成,友谊的形成等,另一方面,可以捕获各种复杂关系,提供额外的洞察力和识别否则将不会被注意的重要模式。
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