Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) were introduced by Goodfellow in 2014, and since then have become popular for constructing generative artificial intelligence models. However, the drawbacks of such networks are numerous, like their longer training times, their sensitivity to hyperparameter tuning, several types of loss and optimization functions and other difficulties like mode collapse. Current applications of GANs include generating photo-realistic human faces, animals and objects. However, I wanted to explore the artistic ability of GANs in more detail, by using existing models and learning from them. This dissertation covers the basics of neural networks and works its way up to the particular aspects of GANs, together with experimentation and modification of existing available models, from least complex to most. The intention is to see if state of the art GANs (specifically StyleGAN2) can generate album art covers and if it is possible to tailor them by genre. This was attempted by first familiarizing myself with 3 existing GANs architectures, including the state of the art StyleGAN2. The StyleGAN2 code was used to train a model with a dataset containing 80K album cover images, then used to style images by picking curated images and mixing their styles.
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这是一门专门针对STEM学生开发的介绍性机器学习课程。我们的目标是为有兴趣的读者提供基础知识,以在自己的项目中使用机器学习,并将自己熟悉术语作为进一步阅读相关文献的基础。在这些讲义中,我们讨论受监督,无监督和强化学习。注释从没有神经网络的机器学习方法的说明开始,例如原理分析,T-SNE,聚类以及线性回归和线性分类器。我们继续介绍基本和先进的神经网络结构,例如密集的进料和常规神经网络,经常性的神经网络,受限的玻尔兹曼机器,(变性)自动编码器,生成的对抗性网络。讨论了潜在空间表示的解释性问题,并使用梦和对抗性攻击的例子。最后一部分致力于加强学习,我们在其中介绍了价值功能和政策学习的基本概念。
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与CNN的分类,分割或对象检测相比,生成网络的目标和方法根本不同。最初,它们不是作为图像分析工具,而是生成自然看起来的图像。已经提出了对抗性训练范式来稳定生成方法,并已被证明是非常成功的 - 尽管绝不是第一次尝试。本章对生成对抗网络(GAN)的动机进行了基本介绍,并通​​过抽象基本任务和工作机制并得出了早期实用方法的困难来追溯其成功的道路。将显示进行更稳定的训练方法,也将显示出不良收敛及其原因的典型迹象。尽管本章侧重于用于图像生成和图像分析的gan,但对抗性训练范式本身并非特定于图像,并且在图像分析中也概括了任务。在将GAN与最近进入场景的进一步生成建模方法进行对比之前,将闻名图像语义分割和异常检测的架构示例。这将允许对限制的上下文化观点,但也可以对gans有好处。
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Our goal with this survey is to provide an overview of the state of the art deep learning technologies for face generation and editing. We will cover popular latest architectures and discuss key ideas that make them work, such as inversion, latent representation, loss functions, training procedures, editing methods, and cross domain style transfer. We particularly focus on GAN-based architectures that have culminated in the StyleGAN approaches, which allow generation of high-quality face images and offer rich interfaces for controllable semantics editing and preserving photo quality. We aim to provide an entry point into the field for readers that have basic knowledge about the field of deep learning and are looking for an accessible introduction and overview.
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Alphazero,Leela Chess Zero和Stockfish Nnue革新了计算机国际象棋。本书对此类引擎的技术内部工作进行了完整的介绍。该书分为四个主要章节 - 不包括第1章(简介)和第6章(结论):第2章引入神经网络,涵盖了所有用于构建深层网络的基本构建块,例如Alphazero使用的网络。内容包括感知器,后传播和梯度下降,分类,回归,多层感知器,矢量化技术,卷积网络,挤压网络,挤压和激发网络,完全连接的网络,批处理归一化和横向归一化和跨性线性单位,残留层,剩余层,过度效果和底漆。第3章介绍了用于国际象棋发动机以及Alphazero使用的经典搜索技术。内容包括minimax,alpha-beta搜索和蒙特卡洛树搜索。第4章展示了现代国际象棋发动机的设计。除了开创性的Alphago,Alphago Zero和Alphazero我们涵盖Leela Chess Zero,Fat Fritz,Fat Fritz 2以及有效更新的神经网络(NNUE)以及MAIA。第5章是关于实施微型α。 Shexapawn是国际象棋的简约版本,被用作为此的示例。 Minimax搜索可以解决六ap峰,并产生了监督学习的培训位置。然后,作为比较,实施了类似Alphazero的训练回路,其中通过自我游戏进行训练与强化学习结合在一起。最后,比较了类似α的培训和监督培训。
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这本数字本书包含在物理模拟的背景下与深度学习相关的一切实际和全面的一切。尽可能多,所有主题都带有Jupyter笔记本的形式的动手代码示例,以便快速入门。除了标准的受监督学习的数据中,我们将看看物理丢失约束,更紧密耦合的学习算法,具有可微分的模拟,以及加强学习和不确定性建模。我们生活在令人兴奋的时期:这些方法具有从根本上改变计算机模拟可以实现的巨大潜力。
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The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.
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从文本描述中综合现实图像是计算机视觉中的主要挑战。当前对图像合成方法的文本缺乏产生代表文本描述符的高分辨率图像。大多数现有的研究都依赖于生成的对抗网络(GAN)或变异自动编码器(VAE)。甘斯具有产生更清晰的图像的能力,但缺乏输出的多样性,而VAE擅长生产各种输出,但是产生的图像通常是模糊的。考虑到gan和vaes的相对优势,我们提出了一个新的有条件VAE(CVAE)和条件gan(CGAN)网络架构,用于合成以文本描述为条件的图像。这项研究使用条件VAE作为初始发电机来生成文本描述符的高级草图。这款来自第一阶段的高级草图输出和文本描述符被用作条件GAN网络的输入。第二阶段GAN产生256x256高分辨率图像。所提出的体系结构受益于条件加强和有条件的GAN网络的残留块,以实现结果。使用CUB和Oxford-102数据集进行了多个实验,并将所提出方法的结果与Stackgan等最新技术进行了比较。实验表明,所提出的方法生成了以文本描述为条件的高分辨率图像,并使用两个数据集基于Inception和Frechet Inception评分产生竞争结果
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Training generative adversarial networks (GAN) using too little data typically leads to discriminator overfitting, causing training to diverge. We propose an adaptive discriminator augmentation mechanism that significantly stabilizes training in limited data regimes. The approach does not require changes to loss functions or network architectures, and is applicable both when training from scratch and when fine-tuning an existing GAN on another dataset. We demonstrate, on several datasets, that good results are now possible using only a few thousand training images, often matching StyleGAN2 results with an order of magnitude fewer images. We expect this to open up new application domains for GANs. We also find that the widely used CIFAR-10 is, in fact, a limited data benchmark, and improve the record FID from 5.59 to 2.42.
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建模生物软组织是由于材料异质性而部分复杂的。微观结构模式在定义这些组织的机械行为方面起着主要作用,既具有挑战性,又难以模拟。最近,基于机器学习的方法来预测异质材料的机械行为,使得更彻底地探索与异质材料块相关的大量输入参数空间。具体而言,我们可以训练机器学习(ML)模型,以近似于计算上昂贵的异质材料模拟,其中ML模型在模拟的数据集上进行了训练,该模拟捕获了感兴趣的材料中存在的空间异质性范围。但是,在更广泛地将这些技术应用于生物组织时,存在一个主要的局限性:相关的微观结构模式既具有挑战性又难以分析。因此,可用于表征正在研究的输入域的有用示例的数量有限。在这项工作中,我们研究了基于ML的生成模型以及程序方法的功效,作为增强有限输入模式数据集的工具。我们发现,具有自适应判别器增强器的基于样式的生成对抗网络能够成功利用1,000个示例模式来创建最真实的生成模式。通常,与真实模式有足够相似之处的不同生成模式可以用作有限元模拟的输入,以有意义地增强训练数据集。为了实现这一方法论贡献,我们创建了一个基于Cahn-Hilliard模式的有限元分析模拟的开放访问数据集。我们预计未来的研究人员将能够利用此数据集并基于此处介绍的工作。
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生成的对抗网络由于研究人员的最新性能在生成新图像时仅使用目标分布的数据集,因此引起了研究人员的关注。已经表明,真实图像的频谱和假图像之间存在差异。由于傅立叶变换是一种徒图映射,因此说该模型在学习原始分布方面有一个重大问题是一个公平的结论。在这项工作中,我们研究了当前gan的架构和数学理论中提到的缺点的可能原因。然后,我们提出了一个新模型,以减少实际图像和假图像频谱之间的差异。为此,我们使用几何深度学习的蓝图为频域设计了一个全新的架构。然后,我们通过将原始数据的傅立叶域表示作为训练过程中的主要特征来表明生成图像的质量的有希望的改善。
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In recent years, deep learning has infiltrated every field it has touched, reducing the need for specialist knowledge and automating the process of knowledge discovery from data. This review argues that astronomy is no different, and that we are currently in the midst of a deep learning revolution that is transforming the way we do astronomy. We trace the history of astronomical connectionism from the early days of multilayer perceptrons, through the second wave of convolutional and recurrent neural networks, to the current third wave of self-supervised and unsupervised deep learning. We then predict that we will soon enter a fourth wave of astronomical connectionism, in which finetuned versions of an all-encompassing 'foundation' model will replace expertly crafted deep learning models. We argue that such a model can only be brought about through a symbiotic relationship between astronomy and connectionism, whereby astronomy provides high quality multimodal data to train the foundation model, and in turn the foundation model is used to advance astronomical research.
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食物对于人类生存至关重要。如此之多,以至于我们开发了不同的食谱来满足我们的口味需求。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种新颖的方式,可以使用变压器(特别是自动回归语言模型)从头开始创建新的细餐食谱。考虑到一小部分食物食谱数据集,我们尝试训练模型以识别烹饪技术,提出新颖的食谱并测试用最小数据进行微调的功能。
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We describe a new training methodology for generative adversarial networks. The key idea is to grow both the generator and discriminator progressively: starting from a low resolution, we add new layers that model increasingly fine details as training progresses. This both speeds the training up and greatly stabilizes it, allowing us to produce images of unprecedented quality, e.g., CELEBA images at 1024 2 . We also propose a simple way to increase the variation in generated images, and achieve a record inception score of 8.80 in unsupervised CIFAR10. Additionally, we describe several implementation details that are important for discouraging unhealthy competition between the generator and discriminator. Finally, we suggest a new metric for evaluating GAN results, both in terms of image quality and variation. As an additional contribution, we construct a higher-quality version of the CELEBA dataset.
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Generative adversarial networks (GANs) provide a way to learn deep representations without extensively annotated training data. They achieve this through deriving backpropagation signals through a competitive process involving a pair of networks. The representations that can be learned by GANs may be used in a variety of applications, including image synthesis, semantic image editing, style transfer, image super-resolution and classification. The aim of this review paper is to provide an overview of GANs for the signal processing community, drawing on familiar analogies and concepts where possible. In addition to identifying different methods for training and constructing GANs, we also point to remaining challenges in their theory and application.
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The style-based GAN architecture (StyleGAN) yields state-of-the-art results in data-driven unconditional generative image modeling. We expose and analyze several of its characteristic artifacts, and propose changes in both model architecture and training methods to address them. In particular, we redesign the generator normalization, revisit progressive growing, and regularize the generator to encourage good conditioning in the mapping from latent codes to images. In addition to improving image quality, this path length regularizer yields the additional benefit that the generator becomes significantly easier to invert. This makes it possible to reliably attribute a generated image to a particular network. We furthermore visualize how well the generator utilizes its output resolution, and identify a capacity problem, motivating us to train larger models for additional quality improvements. Overall, our improved model redefines the state of the art in unconditional image modeling, both in terms of existing distribution quality metrics as well as perceived image quality.
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这项研究建议使用生成模型(GAN)来增强欧洲裔欧洲裔数据集用于土地使用和土地覆盖(LULC)分类任务。我们使用DCGAN和WGAN-GP为数据集中的每个类生成图像。然后,我们探讨了在每种情况下将原始数据集增加约10%的效果对模型性能。GAN体系结构的选择似乎对模型性能没有明显的影响。然而,几何增强和GAN生成图像的结合改善了基线结果。我们的研究表明,GANS的增强可以改善卫星图像上深层分类模型的普遍性。
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生成模型生成的合成数据可以增强医学成像中渴望数据深度学习模型的性能和能力。但是,(1)(合成)数据集的可用性有限,并且(2)生成模型训练很复杂,这阻碍了它们在研究和临床应用中的采用。为了减少此入口障碍,我们提出了Medigan,Medigan是一站式商店,用于验证的生成型号,该型号是开源框架 - 不合骨python图书馆。 Medigan允许研究人员和开发人员仅在几行代码中创建,增加和域名。在基于收集的最终用户需求的设计决策的指导下,我们基于生成模型的模块化组件(i)执行,(ii)可视化,(iii)搜索和排名以及(iv)贡献。图书馆的可伸缩性和设计是通过其越来越多的综合且易于使用的验证生成模型来证明的,该模型由21种模型组成,利用9种不同的生成对抗网络体系结构在4个域中在11个数据集中训练,即乳腺摄影,内窥镜检查,X射线和X射线和X射线镜头,X射线和X型。 MRI。此外,在这项工作中分析了Medigan的3个应用,其中包括(a)启用社区范围内的限制数据共享,(b)研究生成模型评估指标以及(c)改进临床下游任务。在(b)中,扩展了公共医学图像综合评估和报告标准,我们根据图像归一化和特定于放射学特征提取了Fr \'Echet Inception距离变异性。
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利用深度学习的最新进展,文本到图像生成模型目前具有吸引公众关注的优点。其中两个模型Dall-E 2和Imagen已经证明,可以从图像的简单文本描述中生成高度逼真的图像。基于一种称为扩散模型的新型图像生成方法,文本对图像模型可以生产许多不同类型的高分辨率图像,其中人类想象力是唯一的极限。但是,这些模型需要大量的计算资源来训练,并处理从互联网收集的大量数据集。此外,代码库和模型均未发布。因此,它可以防止AI社区尝试这些尖端模型,从而使其结果复制变得复杂,即使不是不可能。在本文中,我们的目标是首先回顾这些模型使用的不同方法和技术,然后提出我们自己的文本模型模型实施。高度基于DALL-E 2,我们引入了一些轻微的修改,以应对所引起的高计算成本。因此,我们有机会进行实验,以了解这些模型的能力,尤其是在低资源制度中。特别是,我们提供了比Dall-e 2的作者(包括消融研究)更深入的分析。此外,扩散模型使用所谓的指导方法来帮助生成过程。我们引入了一种新的指导方法,该方法可以与其他指导方法一起使用,以提高图像质量。最后,我们的模型产生的图像质量相当好,而不必维持最先进的文本对图像模型的重大培训成本。
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模型反转攻击(MIAS)旨在创建合成图像,通过利用模型的学习知识来反映目标分类器的私人培训数据中的班级特征。先前的研究开发了生成的MIA,该MIA使用生成的对抗网络(GAN)作为针对特定目标模型的图像先验。这使得攻击时间和资源消耗,不灵活,并且容易受到数据集之间的分配变化的影响。为了克服这些缺点,我们提出了插头攻击,从而放宽了目标模型和图像之前的依赖性,并启用单个GAN来攻击广泛的目标,仅需要对攻击进行少量调整。此外,我们表明,即使在公开获得的预训练的gan和强烈的分配转变下,也可以实现强大的MIA,而先前的方法无法产生有意义的结果。我们的广泛评估证实了插头攻击的鲁棒性和灵活性,以及​​它们创建高质量图像的能力,揭示了敏感的类特征。
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