在这项应用研究努力中,已经探讨了在这种应用的研究中探讨了加剧或减少种族系统性不公正的各种形式的人工智能。在调查使用算法以自动化在种族敏感环境中的人为决策中,已经利用了识别,分析和辩论系统问题的每个主题问题。通过分析历史全身模式,隐含偏差,现有算法风险以及基于自然语言处理的AI(例如风险评估工具)的法律影响,已经断言,例如风险评估工具,具有种族歧视的结果。得出结论,需要更多的诉讼政策来规范和限制内部政府机构和公司如何利用算法,隐私和安全风险以及审计要求,以便与过去的种族不公正结果和实践分歧。
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值得信赖的人工智能(AI)已成为一个重要的话题,因为在AI系统及其创造者中的信任已经丢失。研究人员,公司和政府具有远离技术开发,部署和监督的边缘化群体的长期和痛苦的历史。结果,这些技术对小群体的有用甚至有害。我们争辩说,渴望信任的任何AI开发,部署和监测框架必须纳入女权主义,非剥削参与性设计原则和强大,外部和持续监测和测试。我们还向考虑到透明度,公平性和问责制的可靠性方面的重要性,特别是考虑对任何值得信赖的AI系统的核心价值观的正义和转移权力。创建值得信赖的AI通过资金,支持和赋予Grassroots组织,如AI Queer等基层组织开始,因此AI领域具有多样性和纳入可信和有效地发展的可信赖AI。我们利用AI的专家知识Queer通过其多年的工作和宣传来讨论以及如何以及如何在数据集和AI系统中使用如何以及如何在数据集和AI系统中使用以及沿着这些线路的危害。基于此,我们分享了对AI的性别方法,进一步提出了Queer认识论并分析它可以带来AI的好处。我们还讨论了如何在愿景中讨论如何使用此Queer认识论,提出与AI和性别多样性和隐私和酷儿数据保护相关的框架。
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教育技术,以及他们部署的学校教育系统,制定了特定的意识形态,了解有关知识的重要事项以及学习者应该如何学习。作为人工智能技术 - 在教育和超越 - 可能导致边缘社区的不公平结果,已经制定了各种方法来评估和减轻AI的有害影响。然而,我们争辩于本文认为,在AI模型中的性能差异的基础上评估公平的主导范式是面对教育AI系统(RE)生产的系统性不公平。我们在批判理论和黑色女权主义奖学金中汲取了结构性不公正的镜头,以批判性地审查了几个普遍研究的和广泛采用的教育AI类别,并探讨了他们如何融入和重现结构不公正和不公平的历史遗产和不公平的历史遗产。他们模型绩效的奇偶阶段。我们关闭了替代愿景,为教育ai提供更公平的未来。
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Xenophobia is one of the key drivers of marginalisation, discrimination, and conflict, yet many prominent machine learning (ML) fairness frameworks fail to comprehensively measure or mitigate the resulting xenophobic harms. Here we aim to bridge this conceptual gap and help facilitate safe and ethical design of artificial intelligence (AI) solutions. We ground our analysis of the impact of xenophobia by first identifying distinct types of xenophobic harms, and then applying this framework across a number of prominent AI application domains, reviewing the potential interplay between AI and xenophobia on social media and recommendation systems, healthcare, immigration, employment, as well as biases in large pre-trained models. These help inform our recommendations towards an inclusive, xenophilic design of future AI systems.
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Advocates of algorithmic techniques like data mining argue that these techniques eliminate human biases from the decision-making process. But an algorithm is only as good as the data it works with. Data is frequently imperfect in ways that allow these algorithms to inherit the prejudices of prior decision makers. In other cases, data may simply reflect the widespread biases that persist in society at large. In still others, data mining can discover surprisingly useful regularities that are really just preexisting patterns of exclusion and inequality. Unthinking reliance on data mining can deny historically disadvantaged and vulnerable groups full participation in society. Worse still, because the resulting discrimination is almost always an unintentional emergent property of the algorithm's use rather than a conscious choice by its programmers, it can be unusually hard to identify the source of the problem or to explain it to a court. This Essay examines these concerns through the lens of American antidiscrimination law-more particularly, through Title
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机器学习显着增强了机器人的能力,使他们能够在人类环境中执行广泛的任务并适应我们不确定的现实世界。机器学习各个领域的最新作品强调了公平性的重要性,以确保这些算法不会再现人类的偏见并导致歧视性结果。随着机器人学习系统在我们的日常生活中越来越多地执行越来越多的任务,了解这种偏见的影响至关重要,以防止对某些人群的意外行为。在这项工作中,我们从跨学科的角度进行了关于机器人学习公平性的首次调查,该研究跨越了技术,道德和法律挑战。我们提出了偏见来源的分类法和由此产生的歧视类型。使用来自不同机器人学习域的示例,我们研究了不公平结果和减轻策略的场景。我们通过涵盖不同的公平定义,道德和法律考虑以及公平机器人学习的方法来介绍该领域的早期进步。通过这项工作,我们旨在为公平机器人学习中的开创性发展铺平道路。
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我们生活中情绪的重要性和普及性使得情感计算了一个非常重要和充满活力的工作。自动情感识别(AER)和情感分析的系统可以是巨大进展的促进者(例如,改善公共卫生和商业),而且还有巨大伤害的推动者(例如,用于抑制持不同政见者和操纵选民)。因此,情感计算社区必须积极地与其创作的道德后果搞。在本文中,我已经从AI伦理和情感认可文学中综合和组织信息,以提出与AER相关的五十个道德考虑因素。值得注意的是,纸张捏出了隐藏在如何框架的假设,并且在经常对数据,方法和评估的选择中的选择。特别关注在隐私和社会群体上的AER对AER的影响。沿途,关键建议是针对负责任的航空制作的。纸张的目标是促进和鼓励更加思考为什么自动化,如何自动化,以及如何在建立AER系统之前判断成功。此外,该纸张作为情感认可的有用介绍文件(补充调查文章)。
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在本文中,我们认为AI伦理必须超出基于比赛的代表和偏见的概念,以及那些探讨影响这些系统的设计,开发和部署的更深层次关系的概念。最近关于AI系统偏差的道德考虑的许多讨论都以种族偏见为中心。我们争辩说,AI中的抗粘接需要更多的检查本体的内部空间,为设计,开发和部署AI系统提供基础。从社会文化背景的角度来看,从社会文化背景的角度来看这个争论意味着什么,其中开发,开发和部署并专注于与抗黑色种族主义的交叉口(防粘土)。要将这些多个视角展示在一起并展示面对去偏置的尝试中的防粘性的一个例子,我们讨论了审计现有开源语义网络(ConceptNet)的结果。我们使用本讨论在AI系统的设计,开发和部署方面进一步上下文中的抗粘接性,并建议在试图打击AI系统中的防粘性时可能会询问问题。
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2021年4月,欧洲委员会提出了对人工智能的规定,称为AI法案。我们概述了该法案,分析了其影响,借鉴了当代AI对过去四十年来欧盟产品安全制度的实践的研究。AI行为的各个方面,例如不同风险水平的不同规则,有意义。但我们还发现,AI法案草案的一些规定令人惊讶的法律影响,而其他人可能在达到其指定的目标方面可能在很大程度上无效。几个总体方面,包括执法制度和最大统一的风险抢先抢占合法的国家AI政策,提出重大关注。这些问题应作为立法过程中的优先考虑。
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随着全球人口越来越多的人口驱动世界各地的快速城市化,有很大的需要蓄意审议值得生活的未来。特别是,随着现代智能城市拥抱越来越多的数据驱动的人工智能服务,值得记住技术可以促进繁荣,福祉,城市居住能力或社会正义,而是只有当它具有正确的模拟补充时(例如竭尽全力,成熟机构,负责任治理);这些智能城市的最终目标是促进和提高人类福利和社会繁荣。研究人员表明,各种技术商业模式和特征实际上可以有助于极端主义,极化,错误信息和互联网成瘾等社会问题。鉴于这些观察,解决了确保了诸如未来城市技术基岩的安全,安全和可解释性的哲学和道德问题,以为未来城市的技术基岩具有至关重要的。在全球范围内,有能够更加人性化和以人为本的技术。在本文中,我们分析和探索了在人以人为本的应用中成功部署AI的安全,鲁棒性,可解释性和道德(数据和算法)挑战的关键挑战,特别强调这些概念/挑战的融合。我们对这些关键挑战提供了对现有文献的详细审查,并分析了这些挑战中的一个可能导致他人的挑战方式或帮助解决其他挑战。本文还建议了这些域的当前限制,陷阱和未来研究方向,以及如何填补当前的空白并导致更好的解决方案。我们认为,这种严谨的分析将为域名的未来研究提供基准。
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The optimal liability framework for AI systems remains an unsolved problem across the globe. In a much-anticipated move, the European Commission advanced two proposals outlining the European approach to AI liability in September 2022: a novel AI Liability Directive and a revision of the Product Liability Directive. They constitute the final, and much-anticipated, cornerstone of AI regulation in the EU. Crucially, the liability proposals and the EU AI Act are inherently intertwined: the latter does not contain any individual rights of affected persons, and the former lack specific, substantive rules on AI development and deployment. Taken together, these acts may well trigger a Brussels effect in AI regulation, with significant consequences for the US and other countries. This paper makes three novel contributions. First, it examines in detail the Commission proposals and shows that, while making steps in the right direction, they ultimately represent a half-hearted approach: if enacted as foreseen, AI liability in the EU will primarily rest on disclosure of evidence mechanisms and a set of narrowly defined presumptions concerning fault, defectiveness and causality. Hence, second, the article suggests amendments, which are collected in an Annex at the end of the paper. Third, based on an analysis of the key risks AI poses, the final part of the paper maps out a road for the future of AI liability and regulation, in the EU and beyond. This includes: a comprehensive framework for AI liability; provisions to support innovation; an extension to non-discrimination/algorithmic fairness, as well as explainable AI; and sustainability. I propose to jump-start sustainable AI regulation via sustainability impact assessments in the AI Act and sustainable design defects in the liability regime. In this way, the law may help spur not only fair AI and XAI, but potentially also sustainable AI (SAI).
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“算法公平性”的新兴领域提供了一种用于推理算法预测和决策的公平的一组新颖的方法。甚至作为算法公平已经成为提高域名在此类公共政策中平等的努力的突出成分,它也面临着显着的限制和批评。最基本的问题是称为“公平性不可能”的数学结果(公平的数学定义之间的不相容性)。此外,满足公平标准的许多算法实际上加剧了压迫。这两个问题呼吁质疑算法公平是否可以在追求平等中发挥富有成效的作用。在本文中,我将这些问题诊断为算法公平方法的乘积,并提出了该领域的替代路径。 “正式算法公平”的主导方法遭受了基本限制:它依赖于狭窄的分析框架,这些分析框架仅限于特定决策过程,孤立于这些决定的背景。鉴于这种缺点,我借鉴了法律和哲学的实质性平等的理论,提出了一种替代方法:“实质性算法公平。”实质性算法公平性采用更广泛的范围来分析公平性,超出特定决策点,以考虑社会等级,以及算法促进的决策的影响。因此,实质性算法公平表明,改革,使压迫压迫和逃避公平的不可能性。此外,实质性算法公平呈现出算法公平领域的新方向:远离“公平性”的正式数学模型,并朝着算法促进平等的实质性评估。
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部署的AI系统通常不起作用。它们可以随意地构造,不加选择地部署并欺骗性地促进。然而,尽管有这一现实,但学者,新闻界和决策者对功能的关注很少。这导致技术和政策解决方案的重点是“道德”或价值一致的部署,通常会跳过先前的问题,即给定系统功能或完全提供任何好处。描述各种功能失败的危害,我们分析一组案例研究,以创建已知的AI功能问题的分类法。然后,我们指出的是政策和组织响应,这些策略和组织响应经常被忽略,并在功能成为重点后变得更容易获得。我们认为功能是一项有意义的AI政策挑战,是保护受影响社区免受算法伤害的必要第一步。
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Several policy options exist, or have been proposed, to further responsible artificial intelligence (AI) development and deployment. Institutions, including U.S. government agencies, states, professional societies, and private and public sector businesses, are well positioned to implement these policies. However, given limited resources, not all policies can or should be equally prioritized. We define and review nine suggested policies for furthering responsible AI, rank each policy on potential use and impact, and recommend prioritization relative to each institution type. We find that pre-deployment audits and assessments and post-deployment accountability are likely to have the highest impact but also the highest barriers to adoption. We recommend that U.S. government agencies and companies highly prioritize development of pre-deployment audits and assessments, while the U.S. national legislature should highly prioritize post-deployment accountability. We suggest that U.S. government agencies and professional societies should highly prioritize policies that support responsible AI research and that states should highly prioritize support of responsible AI education. We propose that companies can highly prioritize involving community stakeholders in development efforts and supporting diversity in AI development. We advise lower levels of prioritization across institutions for AI ethics statements and databases of AI technologies or incidents. We recognize that no one policy will lead to responsible AI and instead advocate for strategic policy implementation across institutions.
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Artificial intelligence is not only increasingly used in business and administration contexts, but a race for its regulation is also underway, with the EU spearheading the efforts. Contrary to existing literature, this article suggests, however, that the most far-reaching and effective EU rules for AI applications in the digital economy will not be contained in the proposed AI Act - but have just been enacted in the Digital Markets Act. We analyze the impact of the DMA and related EU acts on AI models and their underlying data across four key areas: disclosure requirements; the regulation of AI training data; access rules; and the regime for fair rankings. The paper demonstrates that fairness, in the sense of the DMA, goes beyond traditionally protected categories of non-discrimination law on which scholarship at the intersection of AI and law has so far largely focused on. Rather, we draw on competition law and the FRAND criteria known from intellectual property law to interpret and refine the DMA provisions on fair rankings. Moreover, we show how, based on CJEU jurisprudence, a coherent interpretation of the concept of non-discrimination in both traditional non-discrimination and competition law may be found. The final part sketches specific proposals for a comprehensive framework of transparency, access, and fairness under the DMA and beyond.
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在过去的十年中,许多组织制作了旨在从规范意义上进行标准化的文件,并为我们最近和快速的AI开发促进指导。但是,除了一些荟萃分析和该领域的批判性评论外,尚未分析这些文档中提出的思想的全部内容和分歧。在这项工作中,我们试图扩展过去研究人员所做的工作,并创建一种工具,以更好地数据可视化这些文档的内容和性质。我们还提供了通过将工具应用于200个文档的样本量获得的结果的批判性分析。
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在这一荟萃术中,我们探索了道德人工智能(AI)设计实施的三个不同角度,包括哲学伦理观点,技术观点和通过政治镜头进行框架。我们的定性研究包括一篇文献综述,该综述通过讨论前面发表的对比度上下,自下而上和混合方法的价值和缺点,突出了这些角度的交叉引用。对该框架的小说贡献是政治角度,该角度构成了人工智能中的道德规范,要么由公司和政府决定,并通过政策或法律(来自顶部)强加于人,或者是人民要求的道德(从底部出现) ,以及自上而下,自下而上和混合技术,即AI在道德构造和考虑到其用户中的发展方式以及对世界的预期和意外后果和长期影响。作为自下而上的应用技术方法和AI伦理原则作为一种实际的自上而下方法,重点是强化学习。这项调查包括现实世界中的案例研究,以基于历史事实,当前的世界环境以及随之而来的现实,就AI的伦理和理论未来的思想实验进行了有关AI伦理和理论未来思想实验的哲学辩论。
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刻板印象,偏见和歧视已在机器学习(ML)方法(例如计算机视觉(CV)[18,80],自然语言处理(NLP)[6]或两者兼有大图像和大图像和两者兼而有之)标题模型,例如OpenAI剪辑[14]。在本文中,我们评估了ML偏差如何在世界内部和自主作用的机器人中表现出来。我们审核了最近发表的几种剪贴式机器人操纵方法之一,向其呈现在表面上有人脸的图片,这些物体在种族和性别之间各不相同,以及包含与常见刻板印象相关的术语的任务说明。我们的实验明确表明机器人对性别,种族和科学持有的较大的构成观念的作用,并大规模地划分了。此外,经过审核的方法不太可能认识有色人种和有色人种。我们的跨学科社会技术分析跨越了科学技术与社会(STS),批判性研究,历史,安全,机器人技术和AI等领域和应用。我们发现,由大型数据集和溶解模型提供动力的机器人(有时称为“基础模型”,例如剪辑),其中包含人类风险在物理上放大恶性刻板印象;而且,仅纠正差异将不足以使问题的复杂性和规模不足。取而代之的是,我们建议机器人学习方法在适当的时候暂停,重新设计甚至损坏,直到结果被证明是安全,有效和公正的,才能暂停,重新工作甚至损坏其他有害结果。最后,我们讨论了有关身份安全评估框架和设计正义等主题的新的跨学科研究的全面政策变化,以及更好地理解和解决这些危害的主题。
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We are currently unable to specify human goals and societal values in a way that reliably directs AI behavior. Law-making and legal interpretation form a computational engine that converts opaque human values into legible directives. "Law Informs Code" is the research agenda capturing complex computational legal processes, and embedding them in AI. Similar to how parties to a legal contract cannot foresee every potential contingency of their future relationship, and legislators cannot predict all the circumstances under which their proposed bills will be applied, we cannot ex ante specify rules that provably direct good AI behavior. Legal theory and practice have developed arrays of tools to address these specification problems. For instance, legal standards allow humans to develop shared understandings and adapt them to novel situations. In contrast to more prosaic uses of the law (e.g., as a deterrent of bad behavior through the threat of sanction), leveraged as an expression of how humans communicate their goals, and what society values, Law Informs Code. We describe how data generated by legal processes (methods of law-making, statutory interpretation, contract drafting, applications of legal standards, legal reasoning, etc.) can facilitate the robust specification of inherently vague human goals. This increases human-AI alignment and the local usefulness of AI. Toward society-AI alignment, we present a framework for understanding law as the applied philosophy of multi-agent alignment. Although law is partly a reflection of historically contingent political power - and thus not a perfect aggregation of citizen preferences - if properly parsed, its distillation offers the most legitimate computational comprehension of societal values available. If law eventually informs powerful AI, engaging in the deliberative political process to improve law takes on even more meaning.
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本章讨论了数据组织自动化过程的棱镜的AI,并举例说明了解释性能够在从当前的AI系统中移动到下一个系统的作用,其中人类的作用被从中抬起数据注释器为使用AI系统工作的AI系统。
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