Stereo matching is one of the most active research areas in computer vision. While a large number of algorithms for stereo correspondence have been developed, relatively little work has been done on characterizing their performance. In this paper, we present a taxonomy of dense, two-frame stereo methods. Our taxonomy is designed to assess the different components and design decisions made in individual stereo algorithms. Using this taxonomy, we compare existing stereo methods and present experiments evaluating the performance of many different variants. In order to establish a common software platform and a collection of data sets for easy evaluation, we have designed a stand-alone, flexible C++ implementation that enables the evaluation of individual components and that can easily be extended to include new algorithms. We have also produced several new multi-frame stereo data sets with ground truth and are making both the code and data sets available on the Web. Finally, we include a comparative evaluation of a large set of today's best-performing stereo algorithms.

The quantitative evaluation of optical flow algorithms by Barron et al. (1994) led to significant advances in performance. The challenges for optical flow algorithms today go beyond the datasets and evaluation methods proposed in that paper. Instead, they center on problems associated with complex natural scenes, including nonrigid motion, real sensor noise, and motion discontinuities. We propose a new set of benchmarks and evaluation methods for the next generation of optical flow algorithms. To that end, we contribute four types of data to test different aspects of optical flow algorithms: (1) sequences with nonrigid motion where the ground-truth flow is determined by A preliminary version of this paper appeared in the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (Baker et al. 2007).

使用FASS-MVS，我们提出了一种具有表面感知半全局匹配的快速多视图立体声的方法，其允许从UAV捕获的单眼航空视频数据中快速深度和正常地图估计。反过来，由FASS-MVS估计的数据促进在线3D映射，这意味着在获取或接收到图像数据时立即和递增地生成场景的3D地图。 FASS-MVS由分层处理方案组成，其中深度和正常数据以及相应的置信度分数以粗略的方式估计，允许有效地处理由倾斜图像所固有的大型场景深度低无人机。实际深度估计采用用于致密多图像匹配的平面扫描算法，以产生深度假设，通过表面感知半全局优化来提取实际深度图，从而减少了SGM的正平行偏压。给定估计的深度图，然后通过将深度图映射到点云中并计算狭窄的本地邻域内的普通向量来计算像素 - 方面正常信息。在彻底的定量和消融研究中，我们表明，由FASS-MV计算的3D信息的精度接近离线多视图立体声的最先进方法，误差甚至没有一个幅度而不是科麦。然而，同时，FASS-MVS的平均运行时间估计单个深度和正常地图的距离小于ColMAP的14％，允许在1-中执行全高清图像的在线和增量处理2 Hz。

培训和测试监督对象检测模型需要大量带有地面真相标签的图像。标签定义图像中的对象类及其位置，形状以及可能的其他信息，例如姿势。即使存在人力，标签过程也非常耗时。我们引入了一个新的标签工具，用于2D图像以及3D三角网格：3D标记工具（3DLT）。这是一个独立的，功能丰富和跨平台软件，不需要安装，并且可以在Windows，MacOS和基于Linux的发行版上运行。我们不再像当前工具那样在每个图像上分别标记相同的对象，而是使用深度信息从上述图像重建三角形网格，并仅在上述网格上标记一次对象。我们使用注册来简化3D标记，离群值检测来改进2D边界框的计算和表面重建，以将标记可能性扩展到大点云。我们的工具经过最先进的方法测试，并且在保持准确性和易用性的同时，它极大地超过了它们。

传统上，本征成像或内在图像分解被描述为将图像分解为两层：反射率，材料的反射率;和一个阴影，由光和几何之间的相互作用产生。近年来，深入学习技术已广泛应用，以提高这些分离的准确性。在本调查中，我们概述了那些在知名内在图像数据集和文献中使用的相关度量的结果，讨论了预测所需的内在图像分解的适用性。虽然Lambertian的假设仍然是许多方法的基础，但我们表明，对图像形成过程更复杂的物理原理组件的潜力越来越意识到，这是光学准确的材料模型和几何形状，更完整的逆轻型运输估计。考虑使用的前瞻和模型以及驾驶分解过程的学习架构和方法，我们将这些方法分类为分解的类型。考虑到最近神经，逆和可微分的渲染技术的进步，我们还提供了关于未来研究方向的见解。

现代光学卫星传感器使高分辨率立体声重建。但是在观察地球从空间推动立体声匹配时挑战成像条件。在实践中，由此产生的数字表面模型（DSM）相当嘈杂，并且通常不会达到3D城市建模等高分辨率应用所需的准确性。可以说，基于低电平图像相似性的立体声对应不足，并且应该互补关于超出基本局部平滑度的预期表面几何的先验知识。为此，我们介绍了Resptepth，这是一个卷积神经网络，其在示例数据之前学习如此表达几何。 Restepth在调节图像上的细化时改进初始原始的立体声DSM。即，它充当了一个智能，学习的后处理过滤器，可以无缝地补充任何立体声匹配管道。在一系列实验中，我们发现所提出的方法始终如一地改善了定量和定性的立体声DSM。我们表明，网络权重中的先前编码捕获了城市设计的有意义的几何特征，这也概括了不同地区，甚至从一个城市到另一个城市。此外，我们证明，通过对各种立体对的训练，RESPTH可以在成像条件和采集几何体中获得足够的不变性。

Modern mobile burst photography pipelines capture and merge a short sequence of frames to recover an enhanced image, but often disregard the 3D nature of the scene they capture, treating pixel motion between images as a 2D aggregation problem. We show that in a "long-burst", forty-two 12-megapixel RAW frames captured in a two-second sequence, there is enough parallax information from natural hand tremor alone to recover high-quality scene depth. To this end, we devise a test-time optimization approach that fits a neural RGB-D representation to long-burst data and simultaneously estimates scene depth and camera motion. Our plane plus depth model is trained end-to-end, and performs coarse-to-fine refinement by controlling which multi-resolution volume features the network has access to at what time during training. We validate the method experimentally, and demonstrate geometrically accurate depth reconstructions with no additional hardware or separate data pre-processing and pose-estimation steps.

综合照片 - 现实图像和视频是计算机图形的核心，并且是几十年的研究焦点。传统上，使用渲染算法（如光栅化或射线跟踪）生成场景的合成图像，其将几何形状和材料属性的表示为输入。统称，这些输入定义了实际场景和呈现的内容，并且被称为场景表示（其中场景由一个或多个对象组成）。示例场景表示是具有附带纹理的三角形网格（例如，由艺术家创建），点云（例如，来自深度传感器），体积网格（例如，来自CT扫描）或隐式曲面函数（例如，截短的符号距离）字段）。使用可分辨率渲染损耗的观察结果的这种场景表示的重建被称为逆图形或反向渲染。神经渲染密切相关，并将思想与经典计算机图形和机器学习中的思想相结合，以创建用于合成来自真实观察图像的图像的算法。神经渲染是朝向合成照片现实图像和视频内容的目标的跨越。近年来，我们通过数百个出版物显示了这一领域的巨大进展，这些出版物显示了将被动组件注入渲染管道的不同方式。这种最先进的神经渲染进步的报告侧重于将经典渲染原则与学习的3D场景表示结合的方法，通常现在被称为神经场景表示。这些方法的一个关键优势在于它们是通过设计的3D-一致，使诸如新颖的视点合成捕获场景的应用。除了处理静态场景的方法外，我们还涵盖了用于建模非刚性变形对象的神经场景表示...

Multilayer Neural Networks trained with the backpropagation algorithm constitute the best example of a successful Gradient-Based Learning technique. Given an appropriate network architecture, Gradient-Based Learning algorithms can be used to synthesize a complex decision surface that can classify high-dimensional patterns such as handwritten characters, with minimal preprocessing. This paper reviews various methods applied to handwritten character recognition and compares them on a standard handwritten digit recognition task. Convolutional Neural Networks, that are specifically designed to deal with the variability of 2D shapes, are shown to outperform all other techniques.Real-life document recognition systems are composed of multiple modules including eld extraction, segmentation, recognition, and language modeling. A new learning paradigm, called Graph Transformer Networks (GTN), allows such multi-module systems to be trained globally using Gradient-Based methods so as to minimize an overall performance measure.Two systems for on-line handwriting recognition are described. Experiments demonstrate the advantage of global training, and the exibility of Graph Transformer Networks.A Graph Transformer Network for reading bank check is also described. It uses Convolutional Neural Network character recognizers combined with global training techniques to provides record accuracy on business and personal checks. It is deployed commercially and reads several million checks per day.

This paper proposes a novel model and dataset for 3D scene flow estimation with an application to autonomous driving. Taking advantage of the fact that outdoor scenes often decompose into a small number of independently moving objects, we represent each element in the scene by its rigid motion parameters and each superpixel by a 3D plane as well as an index to the corresponding object. This minimal representation increases robustness and leads to a discrete-continuous CRF where the data term decomposes into pairwise potentials between superpixels and objects. Moreover, our model intrinsically segments the scene into its constituting dynamic components. We demonstrate the performance of our model on existing benchmarks as well as a novel realistic dataset with scene flow ground truth. We obtain this dataset by annotating 400 dynamic scenes from the KITTI raw data collection using detailed 3D CAD models for all vehicles in motion. Our experiments also reveal novel challenges which cannot be handled by existing methods.

这些年来，展示技术已经发展。开发实用的HDR捕获，处理和显示解决方案以将3D技术提升到一个新的水平至关重要。多曝光立体声图像序列的深度估计是开发成本效益3D HDR视频内容的重要任务。在本文中，我们开发了一种新颖的深度体系结构，以进行多曝光立体声深度估计。拟议的建筑有两个新颖的组成部分。首先，对传统立体声深度估计中使用的立体声匹配技术进行了修改。对于我们体系结构的立体深度估计部分，部署了单一到stereo转移学习方法。拟议的配方规避了成本量构造的要求，该要求由基于重新编码的单码编码器CNN取代，具有不同的重量以进行功能融合。基于有效网络的块用于学习差异。其次，我们使用强大的视差特征融合方法组合了从不同暴露水平上从立体声图像获得的差异图。使用针对不同质量度量计算的重量图合并在不同暴露下获得的差异图。获得的最终预测差异图更强大，并保留保留深度不连续性的最佳功能。提出的CNN具有使用标准动态范围立体声数据或具有多曝光低动态范围立体序列的训练的灵活性。在性能方面，所提出的模型超过了最新的单眼和立体声深度估计方法，无论是定量还是质量地，在具有挑战性的场景流以及暴露的Middlebury立体声数据集上。该体系结构在复杂的自然场景中表现出色，证明了其对不同3D HDR应用的有用性。

事件摄像机是由生物启发的传感器，比传统摄像机具有优势。它们不同步，用微秒的分辨率对场景进行采样，并产生亮度变化。这种非常规的输出引发了新型的计算机视觉方法，以释放相机的潜力。我们解决了SLAM的基于事件的立体3D重建问题。大多数基于事件的立体声方法都试图利用相机跨相机的高时间分辨率和事件同时性，以建立匹配和估计深度。相比之下，我们研究了如何通过融合有效的单眼方法来融合差异空间图像（DSIS）来估计深度。我们开发融合理论，并将其应用于设计产生最先进结果的多相机3D重建算法，正如我们通过与四种基线方法进行比较并在各种可用数据集上进行测试的确认。

Fast and easy handheld capture with guideline: closest object moves at most D pixels between views Promote sampled views to local light field via layered scene representation Blend neighboring local light fields to render novel views

基于成本的图像补丁匹配是计算机视觉，摄影测量和遥感的各种技术的核心。当需要在源图像和目标图像中的参考补丁之间的子像素视差时，必须内插的成本函数或目标图像。虽然基于成本的插值是最容易实现的，但是多个工程已经表明，基于图像的插值可以提高子像素匹配的准确性，但通常以昂贵的搜索过程的成本。然而，这是有问题的，特别是对于诸如立体声匹配或光学流量计算的非常计算密集型应用。在本文中，我们示出了用于一维匹配的壳体差异计算的闭合形式公式，例如，在搜索空间的纠正立体声图像的情况下，在使用标准的NCC，SSD和SAD时存在一个维度。成本函数。然后，我们展示了如何将所提出的公式概括为高维搜索空间的情况，这是未经化的立体声匹配和光学流量提取所必需的。我们还将结果与传统的成本卷插值公式以及最先进的成本的细化方法进行比较，并表明所提出的公式对基于最先进的成本提供了较小的改进在一维搜索空间的情况下的方法，以及搜索空间是二维时的显着改进。

Recent work has shown that optical flow estimation can be formulated as a supervised learning task and can be successfully solved with convolutional networks. Training of the so-called FlowNet was enabled by a large synthetically generated dataset. The present paper extends the concept of optical flow estimation via convolutional networks to disparity and scene flow estimation. To this end, we propose three synthetic stereo video datasets with sufficient realism, variation, and size to successfully train large networks. Our datasets are the first large-scale datasets to enable training and evaluating scene flow methods. Besides the datasets, we present a convolutional network for real-time disparity estimation that provides state-of-the-art results. By combining a flow and disparity estimation network and training it jointly, we demonstrate the first scene flow estimation with a convolutional network.

where the highest resolution is required, using facial performance capture as a case in point.

现代计算机视觉已超越了互联网照片集的领域，并进入了物理世界，通过非结构化的环境引导配备摄像头的机器人和自动驾驶汽车。为了使这些体现的代理与现实世界对象相互作用，相机越来越多地用作深度传感器，重建了各种下游推理任务的环境。机器学习辅助的深度感知或深度估计会预测图像中每个像素的距离。尽管已经在深入估算中取得了令人印象深刻的进步，但仍然存在重大挑战：（1）地面真相深度标签很难大规模收集，（2）通常认为相机信息是已知的，但通常是不可靠的，并且（3）限制性摄像机假设很常见，即使在实践中使用了各种各样的相机类型和镜头。在本论文中，我们专注于放松这些假设，并描述将相机变成真正通用深度传感器的最终目标的贡献。

我们的工作针对自动分析，以量化细菌细菌群体的生长动力学。我们提出了一种创新的方法，通过自动化新的，特定的成本功能的自动化最小化对可变形细胞运动的框架跟踪。这种最小化由专用的玻尔兹曼机器（随机复发神经网络）实现。通过连续的两个成本函数的最小化，对细胞分裂的自动检测进行了类似的处理，从而交替地识别儿童对和父母的识别。我们使用（i）记录模拟细胞菌落的记录来验证提出的自动细胞跟踪算法，这些算法与微流体陷阱和（ii）真实数据密切模仿大肠杆菌的生长动力学。在一批1100个模拟图像框架上，每帧的单元格登记精度范围从94.5％到100％，平均水平很高。我们使用大肠杆菌菌落的实验图像序列（即实际数据）进行的初始测试也产生令人信服的结果，注册精度范围从90％到100％。

We present a unified formulation and model for three motion and 3D perception tasks: optical flow, rectified stereo matching and unrectified stereo depth estimation from posed images. Unlike previous specialized architectures for each specific task, we formulate all three tasks as a unified dense correspondence matching problem, which can be solved with a single model by directly comparing feature similarities. Such a formulation calls for discriminative feature representations, which we achieve using a Transformer, in particular the cross-attention mechanism. We demonstrate that cross-attention enables integration of knowledge from another image via cross-view interactions, which greatly improves the quality of the extracted features. Our unified model naturally enables cross-task transfer since the model architecture and parameters are shared across tasks. We outperform RAFT with our unified model on the challenging Sintel dataset, and our final model that uses a few additional task-specific refinement steps outperforms or compares favorably to recent state-of-the-art methods on 10 popular flow, stereo and depth datasets, while being simpler and more efficient in terms of model design and inference speed.