自我对准过程可以提供准确的罪恶初始态度。常规的两种方法通常包括粗糙和细微的对齐过程。粗对齐通常基于OBA(基于优化的对准)方法,批次估计自我对准开始时恒定的初始态度。 OBA迅速收敛,但是准确性很低,因为该方法不考虑IMU的偏差错误。细胞对齐应用递归的贝叶斯滤波器,这使得对IMU的系统误差估计更加准确,但与此同时,态度误差以较大的标题未对准角缓慢收敛。研究人员提出了统一的自我对准以在一个过程中实现自我对准,但是当未对准角度很大时,基于递归贝叶斯过滤器的现有方法仍然很慢。在本文中,提出了基于批处理估计器FGO(因子图优化)的统一方法。据作者所知,这是第一种批处理方法,能够同时估算IMU的所有系统误差和恒定的初始态度,并具有快速的收敛性和高精度。通过对旋转罪的模拟和物理实验来验证该方法的有效性。
translated by 谷歌翻译
A reliable self-contained navigation system is essential for autonomous vehicles. Based on our previous study on Wheel-INS \cite{niu2019}, a wheel-mounted inertial measurement unit (Wheel-IMU)-based dead reckoning (DR) system, in this paper, we propose a multiple IMUs-based DR solution for the wheeled robots. The IMUs are mounted at different places of the wheeled vehicles to acquire various dynamic information. In particular, at least one IMU has to be mounted at the wheel to measure the wheel velocity and take advantages of the rotation modulation. The system is implemented through a distributed extended Kalman filter structure where each subsystem (corresponding to each IMU) retains and updates its own states separately. The relative position constraints between the multiple IMUs are exploited to further limit the error drift and improve the system robustness. Particularly, we present the DR systems using dual Wheel-IMUs, one Wheel-IMU plus one vehicle body-mounted IMU (Body-IMU), and dual Wheel-IMUs plus one Body-IMU as examples for analysis and comparison. Field tests illustrate that the proposed multi-IMU DR system outperforms the single Wheel-INS in terms of both positioning and heading accuracy. By comparing with the centralized filter, the proposed distributed filter shows unimportant accuracy degradation while holds significant computation efficiency. Moreover, among the three multi-IMU configurations, the one Body-IMU plus one Wheel-IMU design obtains the minimum drift rate. The position drift rates of the three configurations are 0.82\% (dual Wheel-IMUs), 0.69\% (one Body-IMU plus one Wheel-IMU), and 0.73\% (dual Wheel-IMUs plus one Body-IMU), respectively.
translated by 谷歌翻译
本文解决了现场机器人动态运动下动态在线估计和3轴磁力计的硬铁和软铁偏置的动态在线估计和补偿问题,利用了3轴磁力计和3轴角度的偏置测量速率传感器。所提出的磁力计和角速度偏差估计器(MAVBE)利用了对经受角速度偏移的磁力计信号的非线性处理动态的15状态过程模型,同时估计9个磁力计偏置参数和3个角速率传感器偏置参数,在扩展卡尔曼过滤器框架。偏置参数局部可操作性在数值评估。偏置补偿信号与3轴加速度计信号一起用于估计偏置补偿磁力大地测量标题。与Chesapeake Bay,MD,MD,MD,MD,MD,MD,MD,MD,MD的数值模拟,实验室实验和全规模场试验中,评估了所提出的MAVBE方法的性能。对于所提出的Mavbe,(i)仪器态度不需要估计偏差,结果表明(ii)偏差是本地可观察的,(iii)偏差估计迅速收敛到真正的偏置参数,(iv)仅适用于适度的仪器偏压估计收敛需要激发,并且(v)对磁力计硬铁和柔软铁偏差的补偿显着提高了动态前线估计精度。
translated by 谷歌翻译
自动水下车辆(AUV)通常在许多水下应用中使用。最近,在文献中,多旋翼无人自动驾驶汽车(UAV)的使用引起了更多关注。通常,两个平台都采用惯性导航系统(INS)和协助传感器进行准确的导航解决方案。在AUV导航中,多普勒速度日志(DVL)主要用于帮助INS,而对于无人机,通常使用全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)接收器。辅助传感器和INS之间的融合需要在估计过程中定义步长参数。它负责解决方案频率更新,并最终导致其准确性。步长的选择在计算负载和导航性能之间构成了权衡。通常,与INS操作频率(数百个HERTZ)相比,帮助传感器更新频率要慢得多。对于大多数平台来说,这种高率是不必要的,特别是对于低动力学AUV。在这项工作中,提出了基于监督机器学习的自适应调整方案,以选择适当的INS步骤尺寸。为此,定义了一个速度误差,允许INS/DVL或INS/GNSS在亚最佳工作条件下起作用,并最大程度地减少计算负载。模拟和现场实验的结果显示了使用建议的方法的好处。此外,建议的框架可以应用于任何类型的传感器或平台之间的任何其他融合场景。
translated by 谷歌翻译
本文提出了在不同运动条件下不同帧中的惯性测量单元(IMU)预融合的统一数学框架。导航状态精确地离散化为三部分:本地增量,全局状态和全局增量。全局增量可以在不同的帧中计算,例如局部大地测量导航帧和地球中心固定帧。称为IMU预融合的本地增量可以根据代理的运动和IMU的等级的不同假设计算。因此,在不同环境下的惯性集成导航系统的在线状态估计更准确和更方便。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Visual Inertial Odometry (VIO) is the problem of estimating a robot's trajectory by combining information from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and a camera, and is of great interest to the robotics community. This paper develops a novel Lie group symmetry for the VIO problem and applies the recently proposed equivariant filter. The symmetry is shown to be compatible with the invariance of the VIO reference frame, lead to exact linearisation of bias-free IMU dynamics, and provide equivariance of the visual measurement function. As a result, the equivariant filter (EqF) based on this Lie group is a consistent estimator for VIO with lower linearisation error in the propagation of state dynamics and a higher order equivariant output approximation than standard formulations. Experimental results on the popular EuRoC and UZH FPV datasets demonstrate that the proposed system outperforms other state-of-the-art VIO algorithms in terms of both speed and accuracy.
translated by 谷歌翻译
对于大多数LIDAR惯性进程,精确的初始状态,包括LiDAR和6轴IMU之间的时间偏移和外部转换,起着重要作用,通常被视为先决条件。但是,这种信息可能不会始终在定制的激光惯性系统中获得。在本文中,我们提出了liinit:一个完整​​的实时激光惯性系统初始化过程,该过程校准了激光雷达和imus之间的时间偏移和外部参数,以及通过对齐从激光雷达估计的状态来校准重力矢量和IMU偏置通过IMU测量的测量。我们将提出的方法实现为初始化模块,如果启用了,该模块会自动检测到收集的数据的激发程度并校准,即直接偏移,外部偏移,外部,重力向量和IMU偏置,然后是这样的。用作实时激光惯性射测系统的高质量初始状态值。用不同类型的LIDAR和LIDAR惯性组合进行的实验表明我们初始化方法的鲁棒性,适应性和效率。我们的LIDAR惯性初始化过程LIINIT和测试数据的实现在GitHub上开源,并集成到最先进的激光辐射射击轨道测定系统FastLiO2中。
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们为腿部机器人提供了一个开源视觉惯性训练率(VILO)状态估计解决方案Cerberus,该机器人使用一组标准传感器(包括立体声摄像机,IMU,联合编码器,,imu,联合编码器)实时实时估算各个地形的位置和接触传感器。除了估计机器人状态外,我们还执行在线运动学参数校准并接触离群值拒绝以大大减少位置漂移。在各种室内和室外环境中进行的硬件实验验证了Cerberus中的运动学参数可以将估计的漂移降低到长距离高速运动中的1%以下。我们的漂移结果比文献中报道的相同的一组传感器组比任何其他状态估计方法都要好。此外,即使机器人经历了巨大的影响和摄像头遮挡,我们的状态估计器也表现良好。状态估计器的实现以及用于计算我们结果的数据集,可在https://github.com/shuoyangrobotics/cerberus上获得。
translated by 谷歌翻译
姿势估计对于机器人感知,路径计划等很重要。机器人姿势可以在基质谎言组上建模,并且通常通过基于滤波器的方法进行估算。在本文中,我们在存在随机噪声的情况下建立了不变扩展Kalman滤波器(IEKF)的误差公式,并将其应用于视觉辅助惯性导航。我们通过OpenVINS平台上的数值模拟和实验评估我们的算法。在Euroc公共MAV数据集上执行的仿真和实验都表明,我们的算法优于某些基于最先进的滤波器方法,例如基于Quaternion的EKF,首先估计Jacobian EKF等。
translated by 谷歌翻译
A monocular visual-inertial system (VINS), consisting of a camera and a low-cost inertial measurement unit (IMU), forms the minimum sensor suite for metric six degreesof-freedom (DOF) state estimation. However, the lack of direct distance measurement poses significant challenges in terms of IMU processing, estimator initialization, extrinsic calibration, and nonlinear optimization. In this work, we present VINS-Mono: a robust and versatile monocular visual-inertial state estimator. Our approach starts with a robust procedure for estimator initialization and failure recovery. A tightly-coupled, nonlinear optimization-based method is used to obtain high accuracy visual-inertial odometry by fusing pre-integrated IMU measurements and feature observations. A loop detection module, in combination with our tightly-coupled formulation, enables relocalization with minimum computation overhead. We additionally perform four degrees-of-freedom pose graph optimization to enforce global consistency. We validate the performance of our system on public datasets and real-world experiments and compare against other state-of-the-art algorithms. We also perform onboard closed-loop autonomous flight on the MAV platform and port the algorithm to an iOS-based demonstration. We highlight that the proposed work is a reliable, complete, and versatile system that is applicable for different applications that require high accuracy localization. We open source our implementations for both PCs 1 and iOS mobile devices 2 .
translated by 谷歌翻译
在这封信中,我们提出了一个可靠的实时,实时的,惯性导航系统(INS) - 中心的GNSS-视觉惯性导航系统(IC-GVIN),用于轮式机器人,其中在两个状态估计中都可以完全利用精确的INS和视觉过程。为了改善系统的鲁棒性,通过严格的离群策略,在整个基于关键帧的视觉过程中采用了INS信息。采用GNSS来执行IC-GVIN的准确和方便的初始化,并进一步用于在大规模环境中实现绝对定位。 IMU,Visual和GNSS测量值紧密地融合在因子图优化的框架内。进行了专用的实验,以评估轮式机器人上IC-GVIN的鲁棒性和准确性。 IC-GVIN在带有移动对象的各种视觉降低场景中表现出卓越的鲁棒性。与最先进的视觉惯性导航系统相比,所提出的方法在各种环境中都能提高鲁棒性和准确性。我们开源的代码与GitHub上的数据集结合在一起
translated by 谷歌翻译
尽管密集的视觉大满贯方法能够估计环境的密集重建,但它们的跟踪步骤缺乏稳健性,尤其是当优化初始化较差时。稀疏的视觉大满贯系统通过将惯性测量包括在紧密耦合的融合中,达到了高度的准确性和鲁棒性。受这一表演的启发,我们提出了第一个紧密耦合的密集RGB-D惯性大满贯系统。我们的系统在GPU上运行时具有实时功能。它共同优化了相机姿势,速度,IMU偏见和重力方向,同时建立了全球一致,完全密集的基于表面的3D重建环境。通过一系列关于合成和现实世界数据集的实验,我们表明我们密集的视觉惯性大满贯系统对于低纹理和低几何变化的快速运动和时期比仅相关的RGB-D仅相关的SLAM系统更强大。
translated by 谷歌翻译
近几十年来,Camera-IMU(惯性测量单元)传感器融合已经过度研究。已经提出了具有自校准的运动估计的许多可观察性分析和融合方案。然而,它一直不确定是否在一般运动下观察到相机和IMU内在参数。为了回答这个问题,我们首先证明,对于全球快门Camera-IMU系统,所有内在和外在参数都可以观察到未知的地标。鉴于此,滚动快门(RS)相机的时间偏移和读出时间也证明是可观察到的。接下来,为了验证该分析并解决静止期间结构无轨滤波器的漂移问题,我们开发了一种基于关键帧的滑动窗滤波器(KSWF),用于测量和自校准,它适用于单眼RS摄像机或立体声RS摄像机。虽然关键帧概念广泛用于基于视觉的传感器融合,但对于我们的知识,KSWF是支持自我校准的首先。我们的模拟和实际数据测试验证了,可以使用不同运动的机会主义地标的观察来完全校准相机-IMU系统。实际数据测试确认了先前的典故,即保持状态矢量的地标可以弥补静止漂移,并显示基于关键帧的方案是替代治疗方法。
translated by 谷歌翻译
在本文中,提出了一个基于Chebyshev多项式优化(CHEVOPT)的后时间最大估计的新框架,它提出了将非线性连续时状态估计转换为恒定参数优化的问题。具体而言,随时间变化的系统状态由Chebyshev多项式表示,未知的Chebyshev系数通过最大程度地减少先验,动力学和测量的加权总和来优化。在最小二乘意义上,提出的CHEVOPT是最佳的连续时间估计,需要进行批处理处理。还提出了递归滑动窗口版本,以满足实时应用程序的要求。与众所周知的高斯过滤器相比,Chevopt可以更好地解决动力学和测量中的非线性。指示性示例的数值结果表明,所提出的Chevopt在扩展/无情的卡尔曼过滤器和扩展的批次/固定lag更平滑的情况下,取得了明显提高的精度,闭上了cramer-rao的下限。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Estimation algorithms, such as the sliding window filter, produce an estimate and uncertainty of desired states. This task becomes challenging when the problem involves unobservable states. In these situations, it is critical for the algorithm to ``know what it doesn't know'', meaning that it must maintain the unobservable states as unobservable during algorithm deployment. This letter presents general requirements for maintaining consistency in sliding window filters involving unobservable states. The value of these requirements when designing a navigation solution is experimentally shown within the context of visual-inertial SLAM making use of IMU preintegration.
translated by 谷歌翻译
视觉惯性导航系统的能力很强大,能够准确估计移动系统在复杂环境中排除全球导航卫星系统的使用。但是,这些导航系统依赖于所使用的传感器的准确和最新的临时校准。因此,这些参数的在线估计器在弹性系统中很有用。本文介绍了现有基于卡尔曼过滤器的框架的扩展,以估算和校准多相机IMU系统的外部参数。除了将过滤器框架扩展到包括多个摄像头传感器外,还重新制定了测量模型以利用通常在基准检测软件中提供的测量数据。使用二级过滤层来估计没有传感器数据的闭环反馈的时间翻译参数。与离线方法相比,使用实验性校准结果,包括使用具有非重叠视野的摄像机来验证滤波器公式的稳定性和准确性。最后,广义过滤代码已经开源,可以在线提供。
translated by 谷歌翻译
机器人应用不断努力朝着更高的自主权努力。为了实现这一目标,高度健壮和准确的状态估计是必不可少的。事实证明,结合视觉和惯性传感器方式可以在短期应用中产生准确和局部一致的结果。不幸的是,视觉惯性状态估计器遭受长期轨迹漂移的积累。为了消除这种漂移,可以将全球测量值融合到状态估计管道中。全球测量的最著名和广泛可用的来源是全球定位系统(GPS)。在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的方法,该方法完全结合了立体视觉惯性同时定位和映射(SLAM),包括视觉循环封闭,并在基于紧密耦合且基于优化的框架中融合了全球传感器模式。结合了测量不确定性,我们提供了一个可靠的标准来解决全球参考框架初始化问题。此外,我们提出了一个类似环路的优化方案,以补偿接收GPS信号中断电中累积的漂移。在数据集和现实世界中的实验验证表明,与现有的最新方法相比,与现有的最新方法相比,我们对GPS辍学方法的鲁棒性以及其能够估算高度准确且全球一致的轨迹的能力。
translated by 谷歌翻译
我们在本文中介绍Raillomer,实现实时准确和鲁棒的内径测量和轨道车辆的测绘。 Raillomer从两个Lidars,IMU,火车车程和全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)接收器接收测量。作为前端,来自IMU / Royomer缩放组的估计动作De-Skews DeSoised Point云并为框架到框架激光轨道测量产生初始猜测。作为后端,配制了基于滑动窗口的因子图以共同优化多模态信息。另外,我们利用来自提取的轨道轨道和结构外观描述符的平面约束,以进一步改善对重复结构的系统鲁棒性。为了确保全局常见和更少的模糊映射结果,我们开发了一种两级映射方法,首先以本地刻度执行扫描到地图,然后利用GNSS信息来注册模块。该方法在聚集的数据集上广泛评估了多次范围内的数据集,并且表明Raillomer即使在大或退化的环境中也能提供排入量级定位精度。我们还将Raillomer集成到互动列车状态和铁路监控系统原型设计中,已经部署到实验货量交通铁路。
translated by 谷歌翻译
Accurate and safety-quantifiable localization is of great significance for safety-critical autonomous systems, such as unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). The visual odometry-based method can provide accurate positioning in a short period but is subjected to drift over time. Moreover, the quantification of the safety of the localization solution (the error is bounded by a certain value) is still a challenge. To fill the gaps, this paper proposes a safety-quantifiable line feature-based visual localization method with a prior map. The visual-inertial odometry provides a high-frequency local pose estimation which serves as the initial guess for the visual localization. By obtaining a visual line feature pair association, a foot point-based constraint is proposed to construct the cost function between the 2D lines extracted from the real-time image and the 3D lines extracted from the high-precision prior 3D point cloud map. Moreover, a global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) inspired method is employed to quantify the safety of the derived localization solution. Among that, an outlier rejection (also well-known as fault detection and exclusion) strategy is employed via the weighted sum of squares residual with a Chi-squared probability distribution. A protection level (PL) scheme considering multiple outliers is derived and utilized to quantify the potential error bound of the localization solution in both position and rotation domains. The effectiveness of the proposed safety-quantifiable localization system is verified using the datasets collected in the UAV indoor and UGV outdoor environments.
translated by 谷歌翻译
A reliable pose estimator robust to environmental disturbances is desirable for mobile robots. To this end, inertial measurement units (IMUs) play an important role because they can perceive the full motion state of the vehicle independently. However, it suffers from accumulative error due to inherent noise and bias instability, especially for low-cost sensors. In our previous studies on Wheel-INS \cite{niu2021, wu2021}, we proposed to limit the error drift of the pure inertial navigation system (INS) by mounting an IMU to the wheel of the robot to take advantage of rotation modulation. However, it still drifted over a long period of time due to the lack of external correction signals. In this letter, we propose to exploit the environmental perception ability of Wheel-INS to achieve simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) with only one IMU. To be specific, we use the road bank angles (mirrored by the robot roll angles estimated by Wheel-INS) as terrain features to enable the loop closure with a Rao-Blackwellized particle filter. The road bank angle is sampled and stored according to the robot position in the grid maps maintained by the particles. The weights of the particles are updated according to the difference between the currently estimated roll sequence and the terrain map. Field experiments suggest the feasibility of the idea to perform SLAM in Wheel-INS using the robot roll angle estimates. In addition, the positioning accuracy is improved significantly (more than 30\%) over Wheel-INS. Source code of our implementation is publicly available (https://github.com/i2Nav-WHU/Wheel-SLAM).
translated by 谷歌翻译