This paper concerns the study of optimal (supremum and infimum) uncertainty bounds for systems where the input (or prior) probability measure is only partially/imperfectly known (e.g., with only statistical moments and/or on a coarse topology) rather than fully specified. Such partial knowledge provides constraints on the input probability measures. The theory of Optimal Uncertainty Quantification allows us to convert the task into a constraint optimization problem where one seeks to compute the least upper/greatest lower bound of the system's output uncertainties by finding the extremal probability measure of the input. Such optimization requires repeated evaluation of the system's performance indicator (input to performance map) and is high-dimensional and non-convex by nature. Therefore, it is difficult to find the optimal uncertainty bounds in practice. In this paper, we examine the use of machine learning, especially deep neural networks, to address the challenge. We achieve this by introducing a neural network classifier to approximate the performance indicator combined with the stochastic gradient descent method to solve the optimization problem. We demonstrate the learning based framework on the uncertainty quantification of the impact of magnesium alloys, which are promising light-weight structural and protective materials. Finally, we show that the approach can be used to construct maps for the performance certificate and safety design in engineering practice.
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Uncertainty is prevalent in engineering design, statistical learning, and decision making broadly. Due to inherent risk-averseness and ambiguity about assumptions, it is common to address uncertainty by formulating and solving conservative optimization models expressed using measure of risk and related concepts. We survey the rapid development of risk measures over the last quarter century. From its beginning in financial engineering, we recount their spread to nearly all areas of engineering and applied mathematics. Solidly rooted in convex analysis, risk measures furnish a general framework for handling uncertainty with significant computational and theoretical advantages. We describe the key facts, list several concrete algorithms, and provide an extensive list of references for further reading. The survey recalls connections with utility theory and distributionally robust optimization, points to emerging applications areas such as fair machine learning, and defines measures of reliability.
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Optimization equips engineers and scientists in a variety of fields with the ability to transcribe their problems into a generic formulation and receive optimal solutions with relative ease. Industries ranging from aerospace to robotics continue to benefit from advancements in optimization theory and the associated algorithmic developments. Nowadays, optimization is used in real time on autonomous systems acting in safety critical situations, such as self-driving vehicles. It has become increasingly more important to produce robust solutions by incorporating uncertainty into optimization programs. This paper provides a short survey about the state of the art in optimization under uncertainty. The paper begins with a brief overview of the main classes of optimization without uncertainty. The rest of the paper focuses on the different methods for handling both aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty. Many of the applications discussed in this paper are within the domain of control. The goal of this survey paper is to briefly touch upon the state of the art in a variety of different methods and refer the reader to other literature for more in-depth treatments of the topics discussed here.
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物理信息的神经网络(PINN)是神经网络(NNS),它们作为神经网络本身的组成部分编码模型方程,例如部分微分方程(PDE)。如今,PINN是用于求解PDE,分数方程,积分分化方程和随机PDE的。这种新颖的方法已成为一个多任务学习框架,在该框架中,NN必须在减少PDE残差的同时拟合观察到的数据。本文对PINNS的文献进行了全面的综述:虽然该研究的主要目标是表征这些网络及其相关的优势和缺点。该综述还试图将出版物纳入更广泛的基于搭配的物理知识的神经网络,这些神经网络构成了香草·皮恩(Vanilla Pinn)以及许多其他变体,例如物理受限的神经网络(PCNN),各种HP-VPINN,变量HP-VPINN,VPINN,VPINN,变体。和保守的Pinn(CPINN)。该研究表明,大多数研究都集中在通过不同的激活功能,梯度优化技术,神经网络结构和损耗功能结构来定制PINN。尽管使用PINN的应用范围广泛,但通过证明其在某些情况下比有限元方法(FEM)等经典数值技术更可行的能力,但仍有可能的进步,最著名的是尚未解决的理论问题。
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我们考虑了使用显微镜或X射线散射技术产生的图像数据自组装的模型的贝叶斯校准。为了说明BCP平衡结构中的随机远程疾病,我们引入了辅助变量以表示这种不确定性。然而,这些变量导致了高维图像数据的综合可能性,通常可以评估。我们使用基于测量运输的可能性方法以及图像数据的摘要统计数据来解决这一具有挑战性的贝叶斯推理问题。我们还表明,可以计算出有关模型参数的数据中的预期信息收益(EIG),而无需额外的成本。最后,我们介绍了基于二嵌段共聚物薄膜自组装和自上而下显微镜表征的ohta-kawasaki模型的数值案例研究。为了进行校准,我们介绍了一些基于域的能量和傅立叶的摘要统计数据,并使用EIG量化了它们的信息性。我们证明了拟议方法研究数据损坏和实验设计对校准结果的影响的力量。
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社会和自然中的极端事件,例如大流行尖峰,流氓波浪或结构性失败,可能会带来灾难性的后果。极端的表征很困难,因为它们很少出现,这似乎是由良性的条件引起的,并且属于复杂且通常是未知的无限维系统。这种挑战使他们将其描述为“毫无意义”。我们通过将贝叶斯实验设计(BED)中的新型训练方案与深神经操作员(DNOS)合奏结合在一起来解决这些困难。这个模型不足的框架配对了一个床方案,该床方案积极选择数据以用近似于无限二二维非线性运算符的DNO集合来量化极端事件。我们发现,这个框架不仅清楚地击败了高斯流程(GPS),而且只有两个成员的浅色合奏表现最好; 2)无论初始数据的状态如何(即有或没有极端),都会发现极端; 3)我们的方法消除了“双研究”现象; 4)与逐步全球Optima相比,使用次优的采集点的使用不会阻碍床的性能; 5)蒙特卡洛的获取优于高量级的标准优化器。这些结论共同构成了AI辅助实验基础设施的基础,该基础设施可以有效地推断并查明从物理到社会系统的许多领域的关键情况。
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The notion of uncertainty is of major importance in machine learning and constitutes a key element of machine learning methodology. In line with the statistical tradition, uncertainty has long been perceived as almost synonymous with standard probability and probabilistic predictions. Yet, due to the steadily increasing relevance of machine learning for practical applications and related issues such as safety requirements, new problems and challenges have recently been identified by machine learning scholars, and these problems may call for new methodological developments. In particular, this includes the importance of distinguishing between (at least) two different types of uncertainty, often referred to as aleatoric and epistemic. In this paper, we provide an introduction to the topic of uncertainty in machine learning as well as an overview of attempts so far at handling uncertainty in general and formalizing this distinction in particular.
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健壮的学习是科学机器学习(SCIML)的重要问题。文献中有几篇关于该主题的作品。但是,对方法的需求不断增加,可以同时考虑SCIML模型识别中涉及的所有不同不确定性组成部分。因此,这项工作提出了一种对SCIML的不确定性评估的综合方法,该方法还考虑了识别过程中涉及的几种不确定性来源。提出的方法中考虑的不确定性是缺乏理论和因果模型,对数据腐败或不完美的敏感性以及计算工作。因此,可以为SCIML领域中的不确定性感知模型提供总体策略。该方法通过案例研究验证,开发了用于聚合反应器的软传感器。结果表明,已识别的软传感器对于不确定性是可靠的,并以所提出的方法的一致性证实。
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在工程应用中定期遇到时间和空间相关的不确定参数。通常,这些不确定因素被占用随机字段和进程,这需要了解出现不可用的出现概率分布函数的知识。在这些情况下,非概率方法如间隔分析和模糊集合理论是有用的不确定性措施。涉及模糊和间隔字段的部分微分方程是使用有限元方法来解决的,其中使用某些基函数扩展方法采样输入字段。然而,这种方法是有问题的,因为它依赖于关于空间相关领域的知识。在这项工作中,我们利用物理信息的神经网络(Pinns)来解决间隔和模糊部分微分方程。得到的网络结构被称为间隔物理信息的神经网络(IPInns)和模糊物理信息的神经网络(FPInns),其显示了获得涉及空间和/或时间不确定参数字段的方程的有界解的有希望的结果。与有限元接近相比,不需要输入字段的相关长度规范以及不需要Monte-Carlo仿真。实际上,关于输入间隔字段的信息直接获得作为所提出的解决方案方案的副产物。此外,保留了PinNS的所有主要优点,即该方案的网外性质,并且易于逆问题设置。
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人工智能(AI)和机器学习(ML)的最新表现突破,尤其是深度学习的进步(DL),功能强大,易于使用的ML库(例如Scikit-Learn,Tensorflow,Pytorch。),Pytorch。,Pytorch。。核工程师对AI/ML的前所未有的兴趣,并增加了计算能力。对于基于物理学的计算模型,已经广泛研究了验证,验证和不确定性定量(VVUQ),并且已经开发了许多方法。但是,ML模型的VVUQ的研究相对较少,尤其是在核工程中。在这项工作中,我们专注于ML模型的UQ作为ML VVUQ的初步步骤,更具体地说,是Deep Neural Networks(DNNS),因为它们是用于回归和分类任务的最广泛使用的监督ML算法。这项工作旨在量化DNN的预测或近似不确定性,当它们用作昂贵的物理模型的替代模型时。比较了DNN UQ的三种技术,即Monte Carlo辍学(MCD),深层合奏(DE)和贝叶斯神经网络(BNNS)。两个核工程示例用于基准这些方法,(1)使用野牛代码的时间依赖性裂变气体释放数据,以及(2)基于BFBT基准测试的无效分数模拟使用痕量代码。发现这三种方法通常需要不同的DNN体系结构和超参数来优化其性能。 UQ结果还取决于可用培训数据的量和数据的性质。总体而言,所有这三种方法都可以提供对近似不确定性的合理估计。当平均预测接近测试数据时,不确定性通常较小,而BNN方法通常会产生比MCD和DE更大的不确定性。
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我们提出了对使用Rademacher和Vapnik-Chervonenkis边界学习有条件的价值(VAR)和预期短缺的两步方法的非反应收敛分析。我们的VAR方法扩展到了一次学习的问题,该问题对应于不同的分数水平。这导致基于神经网络分位数和最小二乘回归的有效学习方案。引入了一个后验蒙特卡洛(非巢)程序,以估计地面真相和ES的距离,而无需访问后者。使用高斯玩具模型中的数值实验和财务案例研究中的目标是学习动态初始边缘的情况。
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Recent years have witnessed a growth in mathematics for deep learning--which seeks a deeper understanding of the concepts of deep learning with mathematics, and explores how to make it more robust--and deep learning for mathematics, where deep learning algorithms are used to solve problems in mathematics. The latter has popularised the field of scientific machine learning where deep learning is applied to problems in scientific computing. Specifically, more and more neural network architectures have been developed to solve specific classes of partial differential equations (PDEs). Such methods exploit properties that are inherent to PDEs and thus solve the PDEs better than classical feed-forward neural networks, recurrent neural networks, and convolutional neural networks. This has had a great impact in the area of mathematical modeling where parametric PDEs are widely used to model most natural and physical processes arising in science and engineering, In this work, we review such methods and extend them for parametric studies as well as for solving the related inverse problems. We equally proceed to show their relevance in some industrial applications.
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我们提出了一种从有限的训练数据学习高维参数映射的解析替代框架。在许多需要重复查询复杂计算模型的许多应用中出现了对参数代理的需求。这些应用包括贝叶斯逆问题,最佳实验设计和不确定度的最佳设计和控制等“外环”问题,以及实时推理和控制问题。许多高维参数映射承认低维结构,这可以通过映射信息的输入和输出的绘图信息的减少基础来利用。利用此属性,我们通过自适应地构造其输入和输出的缩小基础之间的Reset近似来制定用于学习这些地图的低维度近似的框架。最近的近似近似理论作为控制流的离散化,我们证明了我们所提出的自适应投影Reset框架的普遍近似性,这激励了Resnet构造的相关迭代算法。该策略代表了近似理论和算法的汇合,因为两者都使用顺序最小化流量。在数值例子中,我们表明,在训练数据少量的培训数据中,能够实现显着高精度,使其能够实现培训数据生成的最小计算投资的理想代理策略。
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神经网络的经典发展主要集中在有限维欧基德空间或有限组之间的学习映射。我们提出了神经网络的概括,以学习映射无限尺寸函数空间之间的运算符。我们通过一类线性积分运算符和非线性激活函数的组成制定运营商的近似,使得组合的操作员可以近似复杂的非线性运算符。我们证明了我们建筑的普遍近似定理。此外,我们介绍了四类运算符参数化:基于图形的运算符,低秩运算符,基于多极图形的运算符和傅里叶运算符,并描述了每个用于用每个计算的高效算法。所提出的神经运营商是决议不变的:它们在底层函数空间的不同离散化之间共享相同的网络参数,并且可以用于零击超分辨率。在数值上,与现有的基于机器学习的方法,达西流程和Navier-Stokes方程相比,所提出的模型显示出卓越的性能,而与传统的PDE求解器相比,与现有的基于机器学习的方法有关的基于机器学习的方法。
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在这项工作中,我们提出了一个新的高斯进程回归(GPR)方法:物理信息辅助Kriging(PHIK)。在标准数据驱动的Kriging中,感兴趣的未知功能通常被视为高斯过程,其中具有假定的静止协方差,其具有从数据估计的QuandEdmente。在PHIK中,我们从可用随机模型的实现中计算平均值和协方差函数,例如,从管理随机部分微分方程解决方案的实现。这种构造的高斯过程通常是非静止的,并且不承担特定形式的协方差。我们的方法避免了数据驱动的GPR方法中的优化步骤来识别超参数。更重要的是,我们证明了确定性线性操作员形式的物理约束在得到的预测中保证。当在随机模型实现中包含错误时,我们还提供了保留物理约束时的误差估计。为了降低获取随机模型的计算成本,我们提出了一种多级蒙特卡罗估计的平均和协方差函数。此外,我们介绍了一种有源学习算法,指导选择附加观察位置。 PHIK的效率和准确性被证明重建部分已知的修饰的Branin功能,研究三维传热问题,并从稀疏浓度测量学习保守的示踪剂分布。
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作为行业4.0时代的一项新兴技术,数字双胞胎因其承诺进一步优化流程设计,质量控制,健康监测,决策和政策制定等,通过全面对物理世界进行建模,以进一步优化流程设计,质量控制,健康监测,决策和政策,因此获得了前所未有的关注。互连的数字模型。在一系列两部分的论文中,我们研究了不同建模技术,孪生启用技术以及数字双胞胎常用的不确定性量化和优化方法的基本作用。第二篇论文介绍了数字双胞胎的关键启示技术的文献综述,重点是不确定性量化,优化方法,开源数据集和工具,主要发现,挑战和未来方向。讨论的重点是当前的不确定性量化和优化方法,以及如何在数字双胞胎的不同维度中应用它们。此外,本文介绍了一个案例研究,其中构建和测试了电池数字双胞胎,以说明在这两部分评论中回顾的一些建模和孪生方法。 GITHUB上可以找到用于生成案例研究中所有结果和数字的代码和预处理数据。
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High-dimensional PDEs have been a longstanding computational challenge. We propose to solve highdimensional PDEs by approximating the solution with a deep neural network which is trained to satisfy the differential operator, initial condition, and boundary conditions. Our algorithm is meshfree, which is key since meshes become infeasible in higher dimensions. Instead of forming a mesh, the neural network is trained on batches of randomly sampled time and space points. The algorithm is tested on a class of high-dimensional free boundary PDEs, which we are able to accurately solve in up to 200 dimensions. The algorithm is also tested on a high-dimensional Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman PDE and Burgers' equation. The deep learning algorithm approximates the general solution to the Burgers' equation for a continuum of different boundary conditions and physical conditions (which can be viewed as a high-dimensional space). We call the algorithm a "Deep Galerkin Method (DGM)" since it is similar in spirit to Galerkin methods, with the solution approximated by a neural network instead of a linear combination of basis functions. In addition, we prove a theorem regarding the approximation power of neural networks for a class of quasilinear parabolic PDEs.
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概率密度演化的推导提供了对许多随机系统及其性能的行为的宝贵洞察力。但是,对于大多数实时应用程序,对概率密度演变的数值确定是一项艰巨的任务。后者是由于所需的时间和空间离散方案引起的,这些方案使大多数计算解决方案过于效率和不切实际。在这方面,有效的计算替代模型的开发至关重要。关于物理受限网络的最新研究表明,可以通过编码对深神经网络的物理洞察力来实现合适的替代物。为此,目前的工作介绍了Deeppdem,它利用物理信息网络的概念通过提出深度学习方法来解决概率密度的演变。 Deeppdem了解随机结构的一般密度演化方程(GDEE)。这种方法为无网格学习方法铺平了道路,该方法可以通过以前的模拟数据解决密度演化问题。此外,它还可以作为优化方案或实时应用程序中任何其他时空点的溶液的有效替代物。为了证明所提出的框架的潜在适用性,研究了两个具有不同激活功能的网络体系结构以及两个优化器。关于三个不同问题的数值实施验证了所提出方法的准确性和功效。
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Explicitly accounting for uncertainties is paramount to the safety of engineering structures. Optimization which is often carried out at the early stage of the structural design offers an ideal framework for this task. When the uncertainties are mainly affecting the objective function, robust design optimization is traditionally considered. This work further assumes the existence of multiple and competing objective functions that need to be dealt with simultaneously. The optimization problem is formulated by considering quantiles of the objective functions which allows for the combination of both optimality and robustness in a single metric. By introducing the concept of common random numbers, the resulting nested optimization problem may be solved using a general-purpose solver, herein the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). The computational cost of such an approach is however a serious hurdle to its application in real-world problems. We therefore propose a surrogate-assisted approach using Kriging as an inexpensive approximation of the associated computational model. The proposed approach consists of sequentially carrying out NSGA-II while using an adaptively built Kriging model to estimate the quantiles. Finally, the methodology is adapted to account for mixed categorical-continuous parameters as the applications involve the selection of qualitative design parameters as well. The methodology is first applied to two analytical examples showing its efficiency. The third application relates to the selection of optimal renovation scenarios of a building considering both its life cycle cost and environmental impact. It shows that when it comes to renovation, the heating system replacement should be the priority.
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我们考虑使用昂贵的功能评估(也称为实验)的黑匣子多目标优化(MOO)的问题,其中目标是通过最小化实验的总资源成本来近似真正的帕累托解决方案。例如,在硬件设计优化中,我们需要使用昂贵的计算模拟找到权衡性能,能量和面积开销的设计。关键挑战是选择使用最小资源揭示高质量解决方案的实验顺序。在本文中,我们提出了一种基于输出空间熵(OSE)搜索原理来解决MOO问题的一般框架:选择最大化每单位资源成本的信息的实验,这是真正的帕累托前线所获得的信息。我们适当地实例化了OSE搜索的原理,以导出以下四个Moo问题设置的高效算法:1)最基本的EM单一保真设置,实验昂贵且准确; 2)处理EM黑匣子约束}在不执行实验的情况下无法进行评估; 3)离散的多保真设置,实验可以在消耗的资源量和评估准确度时变化; 4)EM连续保真设置,其中连续函数近似导致巨大的实验空间。不同综合和现实世界基准测试的实验表明,基于OSE搜索的算法在既有计算效率和MOO解决方案的准确性方面改进了最先进的方法。
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